14
E. Perret, Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1889), p. 103.
15
Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 1, p. 222; id., 349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 2005), p. 52; A. Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (London, 1977), pp. 75–6.
16
Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 55–6.
17
Perret, Les Français en Orient, p. 106; Hodasevich, A Voice, p. 32; M. Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia (Kiev, 1893), p. 21.
18
R. Egerton, Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War (London, 2000), p. 82.
19
Small, The Crimean War, p. 47; N. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence (London, 1994), p. 39.
20
M. Masquelez, Journal d’un officier de zouaves (Paris, 1858), pp. 107–8; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, pp. 226–8; Molènes, Les Commentaires d’un soldat, pp. 232–3; A. Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée 1853–1856 (Paris, 1995), pp. 294–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5575, l. 4.
21
Small, The Crimean War, p. 50; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, pp. 230–31; E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 20; Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 69–70.
22
Ibid., p. 70; J. Spilsbury, The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War (London, 2005), p. 61; A. Massie, The National Army Museum Book of the Crimean War: The Untold Stories (London, 2004), p. 36.
23
Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 64–5; Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, vol. 2, pp. 332 ff.; NAM 1976–06–10 (‘Crimean Journal, 1854’, pp. 54–5).
24
Small, The Crimean War, pp. 51–4; Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 65–9; E. Totleben, Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 194.
25
A. Khrushchev, Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1889), p. 13; Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 73–6; Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 20.
26
A. du Picq, Battle Studies (Charleston, SC, 2006), pp. 112, 223.
27
Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoivoiny, vol. 1, pp. 267–8; Baron de Bazancourt, The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 260–62.
28
NAM 1974–02–22–86–4 (21 Sept. 1872); Bonham-Carter, Surgeon in the Crimea, p. 73.
29
S. Calthorpe, Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff (London, 1858), pp. 76–7.
30
Seaton, The Crimean War, pp. 96–7; Kh. Giubbenet, Slovo ob uchastii narodov v popechenii o ranenyh voinakh i neskol’ko vospominanii iz krymskoi kampanii (Kiev, 1868), p. 15.
31
The Times, 1 Dec. 1854.
32
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 234; Egerton, Death or Glory, pp. 219–20; H. Drummond, Letters from the Crimea (London, 1855), pp. 49–50.
33
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, 11. 41–2; H. Elphinstone, Journal of the Operations Conducted by the Corps of Royal Engineers (London, 1859), pp. 21–2; J. Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War (Durham, NC, 1979), pp. 302–5; Totleben, Opisanie, vol. 1, pp. 66 ff.
34
Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 1, pp. 268–9.
35
Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista) (St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 4–5; Gouttman, La Guerre de Crimée, p. 305.
36
Egerton, Death or Glory, p. 92.
37
NAM 1989–06–41 (Nolan diary, p. 35).
38
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 239; Perret, Les Français en Orient, pp. 119–20.
39
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, ll. 62–3; Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 1, pp. 293–302; Tarle, krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 23; Hodasevich, A Voice, pp. 119–21.
40
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5492, ll. 57–8; Markevich, Tavricheskaia guberniia, pp. 9–10; ‘1854 g.’, Russkaia starina, 19 (1877), p. 338; Rakov, Moi vospominaniia, pp. 16–39; Molènes, Les Commentaires d’un soldat, pp. 46, 71–2.
41
T. Royle, Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856 (London, 1999), p. 244.
42
J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 104.
CHAPTER 8.SEVASTOPOL IN THE AUTUMN
1
L. Tolstoy, The Sebastopol Sketches, trans. D. McDuff (London, 1986), pp. 39, 42–3. Reproduced by permission.
2
M. Vrochenskii, Sevastopol’skii razgrom: Vospominaniia uchastnika slavnoi oborony Sevastopolia (Kiev, 1893), p. 9; N. Berg, Desiat’ dnei v Sevastopole (Moscow, 1855), p. 15.
3
Tolstoy, Sebastopol Sketches, p. 43; E. Ershov, Sevastopol’skie vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera v semi tetradakh (St Petersburg, 1858), p. 29.
4
M. Bot’anov, Vospominaniia sevastopoltsa i kavkatsa 45 let spustia (Vitebsk, 1899), p. 6.
5
E. Totleben, Opisanie oborony g. Sevastopolia, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1863–78), vol. 1, p. 218; Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1857), p. 7; Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii: Pis’ma iz kryma i Sevastopolia (Moscow, 1855), p.19; WO 28/188, Burgoyne to Airey, 4 Oct. 1854; FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 8 Oct. 1854.
6
Tolstoy’s Letters, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian, 2 vols. (London, 1978), vol. 1, p. 44. The scene was reproduced in Sebastopol Sketches (p. 57).
7
S. Gershel’man, Nravstvennyi element pod Sevastopolem (St Petersburg, 1897), p. 84; R. Egerton, Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War (London, 2000), p. 91.
8
E. Tarle, Krymskaia voina, 2 vols. (Moscow, 1944), vol. 2, p. 38; Gershel’man, Nravstvennyi element, pp. 70–71; Totleben, Opisanie, vol. 1, pp. 198 ff.; J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 133.
9
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5613, 1. 12; N. Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny i oborony Sevastopolia, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 1900), vol. 2, p. 31.
10
NAM 1968–07–292 (Cathcart to Raglan, 27 Sept. 1854); NAM 1983–11–13–310 (12 Oct. 1854).
11
E. Perret, Les Français en Orient: Récits de Crimée 1854–1856 (Paris, 1889), pp. 142–4; Baron de Bazancourt, The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol, 2 vols. (London, 1856), vol. 1, pp. 343–8.
12
NAM 1982–12–29–13 (Letter, 12 Oct. 1854).
13
H. Clifford, Letters and Sketches from the Crimea (London, 1956), p. 69; E. Wood, The Crimea in 1854 and 1894 (London, 1895), pp. 88–9.
14
S. Calthorpe, Letters from Headquarters; or the Realities of the War in the Crimea by an Officer of the Staff (London, 1858), p. 111.
15
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii, p. 16.
16
V. Bariatinskii, Vospominaniia 1852–55 gg. (Moscow, 1904), pp. 39–42; A. Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (London, 1977), pp. 126–9.
17
NAM 1969–01–46 (Private journal, 17 Oct. 1854); Den’ i noch’ v Sevastopole: Stseny iz boevoi zhizni (iz zapisok artillerista) (St Petersburg, 1903), pp. 7, 11.
18
A. Khrushchev, Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 1889), p. 30; WO 28/188, Lushington to Airey, 18 Oct. 1854.
19
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), p. 87.
20
Sevastopol’ v nyneshnem sostoianii, p. 16.
21
WO 28/188, B
urgoyne to Raglan, 6 Oct. 1854; J. Spilsbury, The Thin Red Line: An Eyewitness History of the Crimean War (London, 2005), p. 138.
22
Calthorpe, Letters, p. 125; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), p. 125; H. Rappaport, No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War (London, 2007), pp. 82–3.
23
D. Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking: The Crimean War Reminiscences of John Elijah Blunt, Civilian Interpreter’, Crimean War Research Society: Special Publication, 33 (n.d.), pp. 24, 32, 55.
24
Mrs Duberly’s War, p. 93; NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 119–20; W. Munro, Records of Service and Campaigning in Many Lands, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 2, p. 88.
25
H. Franks, Leaves from a Soldier’s Notebook (London, 1904), p. 80; NAM 1958–04–32 (Forrest letter, 27 Oct. 1854).
26
Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 155–6; H. Small, The Crimean War: Queen Victoria’s War with the Russian Tsars (Stroud, 2007), pp. 71–2.
27
Small, The Crimean War, pp. 73–82.
28
R. Portal, Letters from the Crimea, 1854–55 (Winchester, 1900), p. 112. For a version of events that has Nolan trying to redirect the charge, see D. Austin, ‘Nolan Did Try to Redirect the Light Brigade’, War Correspondent, 23/4 (2006), pp. 20–21.
29
Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 161–2.
30
S. Kozhukov, ‘Iz krymskikh vospominanii o poslednei voine’, Russkii arkhiv, 2 (1869), pp. 023–025.
31
G. Paget, The Light Cavalry Brigade in the Crimea (London, 1881), p. 73.
32
Mrs Duberly’s War, p. 95.
33
Small, The Crimean War, pp. 64, 86–8; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5585, l. 31; Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 2, pp. 144–7.
34
N. Woods, The Past Campaign: A Sketch of the War in the East, 2 vols. (London, 1855), vol. 2, pp. 12–14; Austin, ‘Blunt Speaking’, pp. 54–6.
35
N. Dubrovin, 349-dnevnaia zashchita Sevastopolia (St Petersburg, 2005), p. 91; A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), p. 161.
36
A. Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea: Its Origin and an Account of Its Progress down to the Death of Lord Raglan, 8 vols. (London, 1863), vol. 5, pp. 1–24.
37
NAM 1963–11–151 (Letter, 27 Oct. 1854); NAM 1986–03–103 (Letter, 31 Oct. 1854).
38
Tarle, Krymskaia voina, vol. 2, p. 140.
39
B. Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War (The Hague, 1959), p. 145.
40
NAM 1994–02–172 (Letter, 22 Feb. 1855).
41
Khrushchev, Istoriia oborony Sevastopolia, pp. 38–42; Seaton, The Crimean War, pp. 161–4.
42
A. Andriianov, Inkermanskii boi i oborona Sevastopolia (nabroski uchastnika) (St Petersburg, 1903), p. 16.
43
Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 2, pp. 194–5; Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 196–8.
44
NAM 1968–07–264–1 (‘The 95th Regiment at Inkerman’).
45
Ibid.
46
Andriianov, Inkermanskii boi, p. 20.
47
P. Alabin, Chetyre voiny: Pokhodnye zapiski v voinu 1853, 1854, 1855 i 1856 godov, 2 vols. (Viatka, 1861), vol. 2, pp. 74–5; Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 2, pp. 203–5.
48
Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, pp. 211–12.
49
G. Higginson, Seventy-One Years of a Guardsman’s Life (London, 1916), pp. 197–8; Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, vol. 5, pp. 221–57.
50
R. Hodasevich, A Voice from within the Walls of Sebastopol: A Narrative of the Campaign in the Crimea and the Events of the Siege (London, 1856), pp. 190–8; Seaton, The Crimean War, p. 169.
51
L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 278.
52
J. Cler, Reminiscences of an Officer of Zouaves (New York, 1860), p. 211; Historique de 2e Régiment de Zouaves 1830–1887 (Oran, 1887), pp. 66–7.
53
Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, p. 214.
54
Higginson, Seventy-One Years, p. 200; Spilsbury, Thin Red Line, p. 232.
55
Seaton, The Crimean War, pp. 175–6.
56
M. O. Cullet, Un régiment de ligne pendant la guerre d’orient: Notes et souvenirs d’un officier d’infanterie 1854–1855–1856 (Lyon, 1894), p. 112.
57
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, pp. 281–3.
58
Woods, The Past Campaign, vol. 2, pp. 143–4; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 278; Cler, Reminiscences, p. 216; A. de Damas, Souvenirs religieux et militaires de la Crimée (Paris, 1857), p. 70.
59
RA VIC/MAIN/F/1/38.
60
Cler, Reminiscences, pp. 219–20.
61
RA VIC/MAIN/F/1/36 (Colonel E. Birch Reynardson to Colonel Phipps, Sebastopol, 7 Nov.); H. Drummond, Letters from the Crimea (London, 1855), p. 75; A Knouting for the Czar! Being Some Words on the Battles of Inkerman, Balaklava and Alma by a Soldier (London, 1855), pp. 5–9.
62
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5634, ll. 1–18; Bazancourt, The Crimean Expedition , pp. 116–17; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, pp. 278–9; Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, vol. 5, pp. 324, 460–63.
63
FO 78/1040, Rose to Clarendon, 7 Nov. 1854.
64
Small, The Crimean War, p. 209.
65
NAM 1984–09–31–63 (Letter, 7 Nov. 1854); Vospominaniia ob odnom iz doblestnykh zashchitnikov Sevastopolia, pp. 11, 15; RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5629, 1. 7; d. 5687, 1. 1; Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 2, p. 384.
66
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5450, ll. 34–42; d. 5452, ch. 2, ll. 16–18; Dubrovin, Istoriia krymskoi voiny, vol. 2, pp. 272–3; Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov, p. 165.
67
Tolstoy’s Diaries, vol. 1: 1847–1894, ed. and trans. R. F. Christian (London, 1985), p. 95.
68
H. Troyat, Tolstoy (London, 1970), pp. 161–2.
69
Tolstoy’s Letters, vol. 1, p. 45; A. Opul’skii, L. N. Tolstoi v krymu: Literaturno-kraevedcheskii ocherk (Simferopol, 1960), pp. 27–30.
70
Troyat, Tolstoy, p. 162.
71
Tolstoy’s Letters, vol. 1, pp. 44–5.
CHAPTER 9 . GENERALS JANUARY AND FEBRUARY
1
NAM 1988–06–29–1 (Letter, 17 Nov. 1854).
2
Mrs Duberly’s War: Journal and Letters from the Crimea, ed. C. Kelly (Oxford, 2007), pp. 102–3; NAM 1968–07–288 (Cambridge to Raglan, 15 Nov. 1854).
3
Ia. Rebrov, Pis’ma sevastopol’tsa (Novocherkassk, 1876), p. 26.
4
Lettres d’un soldat à sa mère de 1849 à 1870: Afrique, Crimée, Italie, Mexique (Montbéliard, 1910), p. 66; L. Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave: Campagnes de Crimée et d’Italie (Paris, 1869), p. 288; V. Bonham-Carter (ed.), Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson Recorded in Letters to His Family (London, 1968), p. 104.
5
WO 28/162, ‘Letters and Papers Relating to the Administration of the Cavalry Division’.
6
NAM 1982–12–29–23 (Letter, 22 Nov. 1854); D. Boulger (ed.), General Gordon’s Letters from the Crimea, the Danube and Armenia (London, 1884), p. 14; K. Vitzthum von Eckstadt, St Petersburg and London in the Years 1852–64, 2 vols. (London, 1887), vol. 1
, p. 143.
7
J. Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée: Lettres d’un officier français à sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 144.
8
J. Baudens, La Guerre de Crimée: Les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, etc. (Paris, 1858), pp. 63–6; Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 248.
9
Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 151; Mrs Duberly’s War, pp. 110–11.
10
NAM 1968–07–270 (‘Letters from the Crimea Written during the Years 1854, 55 and 56 by a Staff Officer Who Was There’), pp. 188–9.
11
I. G. Douglas and G. Ramsay (eds.), The Panmure Papers, Being a Selection from the Correspondence of Fox Maule, 2nd Baron Panmure, afterwards 11th Earl of Dalhousie, 2 vols. (London, 1908), vol. 1, pp. 151–2; B. Gooch, The New Bonapartist Generals in the Crimean War (The Hague, 1959), pp. 159–60.
12
C. Mismer, Souvenirs d’un dragon de l’armée de Crimée (Paris, 1887), pp. 59–60, 96–7.
13
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 291; Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, pp. 225–6.
14
Mrs Duberly’s War, p. 118.
15
Noir, Souvenirs d’un simple zouave, p. 288; H. Rappaport, No Place for Ladies: The Untold Story of Women in the Crimean War (London, 2007), p. 38; Bonham-Carter, Surgeon in the Crimea, p. 65.
16
NAM 1996–05–4–19 (Pine letter, 8 Jan. 1855); Mismer, Souvenirs d’un dragon, pp. 124–5; NAM 1996–05–4 (Letter, 8 Jan. 1855).
17
NAM 1984–09–31–79 (4 Feb. 1855); NAM 1976–08–32 (Hagger letter, 1 Dec. 1854); G. Bell, Rough Notes by an Old Soldier: During Fifty Years’ Service, from Ensign G.B. to Major-General, C.B., 2 vols. (London, 1867), vol. 2, pp. 232–3.
18
K. Chesney, Crimean War Reader (London, 1960), p. 154; Herbé, Français et russes en Crimée, p. 343.
19
Baudens, La Guerre de Crimée, pp. 101–3; J. Shepherd, The Crimean Doctors: A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War, 2 vols. (Liverpool, 1991), vol. 1, pp. 135–6, 237; Health of the Army in Turkey and Crimea: Paper, being a medical and surgical history of the British army which served in Turkey and the Crimea during the Russian war, Parliamentary Papers 1857–8, vol. 38, part 2, p. 465.
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