by Robert Bryce
14 NBC Universal, “Company Overview,” http://www.nbcuni.com/About_NBC_Universal/Company_Overview/.
15 The Daily Beast, “Top 9 Moments from Miss USA,” April 20, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-04-20/the-best-and-worst-of-the-miss-usa-pageant/.
16 U.S. Department of Energy, “Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy,” http://www.energy.gov/organization/dr_steven_chu.htm.
17 The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, “July 21, 2009: Steven Chu,” video available at http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/tue-july-21-2009/steven-chu.
18 CNN.com, “Then & Now: Heidi Fleiss,” June 19, 2005, http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/02/28/cnn25.tan.fleiss/.
19 Henry Brean, “Heidi Fleiss Gives Up on Plan for Brothel for Women,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, February 10, 2009, http://www.lvrj.com/news/39357657.html.
20 See the Center for Internet Addiction Recovery, http://www.netaddiction.com/.
21 Peter Tertzakian and Keith Hollihan, The End of Energy Obesity: Breaking Today’s Energy Addiction for a Prosperous and Secure Tomorrow (New York: Wiley, 2009), 12.
22 CBS News, “Transcript of Barack Obama’s Speech,” February 10, 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/10/politics/main2458099.shtml.
23 According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 (http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2009_downloads/renewables_section_2009.pdf), India’s consumption is about 2.9 million barrels per day. The country has 1.1 billion people. See Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/IN.html.
24 Jerome Taylor, “Ethical Travel Company Drops Carbon Offsetting,” The Independent , November 7, 2009, http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/ethical-travel-company-drops-carbon-offsetting-18165 54. html.
25 Louise Story, “FTC Asks If Carbon-Offset Money Is Well Spent,” New York Times, January 9, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/09/business/09offsets.html; Christopher Joyce, “Carbon Offsets: Government Warns of Fraud Risk,” National Public Radio, January 3, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17814838.
26 Taylor, “Ethical Travel Company.”
27 See Ecorazzi website, http://www.ecorazzi.com/2007/02/16/live-earth-to-be-carbon-neutral-model-of-sustainable-entertainment/.
28 Jerd Smith, “Bet Made on Carbon Offsets,” Rocky Mountain News, July 26, 2008, http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2008/jul/26/bet-made-on-carbon-offsets/.
29 Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Vatican Seeks to Be Carbon Neutral,” New York Times, September 3, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/business/worldbusiness/03iht-carbon.4.7366547.html.
30 For specs on the Toyota Sequoia, see Cargurus.com, http://www.cargurus.com/Cars/Overview-c21323-2009-Sequoia.html.
31 Revenue data from Yahoo! Finance, “Income Statement,” http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=CVX&annual.
32 See http://www.willyoujoinus.com/commitment/mediagallery/.
33 For an example, see http://www.willyoujoinus.com/assets/downloads/media/Chevron_Iwill_use%20less%20energy.pdf.
34 Karlyn Bowman, “The Federal Government: Losing Public Support,” Roll Call, October 5, 2006.
35 In 2008, Exxon Mobil paid about $116.2 billion in taxes. See Robert Bryce, “Exxon, Big Oil Profits Evil Only Until You Weigh Their Tax Bills,” US News & World Report, February 11, 2009, http://www.usnews.com/articles/opinion/2009/02/11/exxon-big-oil-profits-evil-only-until-you-weigh-their-tax-bills.html.
36 Drew Thornley, “Energy & the Environment: Myths & Facts,” Manhattan Institute, 2009, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/EnergyMyth_2ndEdition.pdf, 35.
37 James Howard Kunstler, The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005), jacket flap.
38 California Progress Report, “President Clinton: Why I Support Proposition 87 and Why the Oil Companies are Wrong—The Complete Speech Delivered at UCLA,” October 14, 2006, http://www.californiaprogressreport.com/2006/10/first-_thank_y.html.
39 Michael Moore, “Goodbye, GM,” The Daily Beast, June 1, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-06-01/goodbye-gm/full/.
40 US Global Change Research Program, “Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States,” June 16, 2009, http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts/download-the-report, 9.
41 Ibid., 12.
42 Ibid., 157.
43 For more on Smil, see his website, http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~vsmil/.
44 Robert Bryce, “An Interview with Vaclav Smil,” Energy Tribune, July 2007, http://www.robertbryce.com/smil.
45 ScienceDaily, “Scientific Literacy: How Do Americans Stack Up?” February 27, 2007, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070218134322.htm.
46 California Academy of Sciences, “American Adults Flunk Basic Science,” February 25, 2009, http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2009/scientific_literacy.php.
47 The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, “Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media,” July 9, 2009, http://people-press.org/report/528/.
48 C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 4. Available at http://books.google.com/books?id=OyHm4sc6IPoC&dq=cp+snow+two+cultures&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=G7EySqSpE4G-MpvHiY8K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#PPA4,M1.
49 Ibid., 14.
50 Or, as Bill Spencer, the former director of Sematech, explained the first two laws of thermodynamics to me in the fall of 2009: “You can’t get something for nothing; and you can’t even break even.”
51 Titu Andreescu, Joseph A. Gallian, Jonathan M. Kane, and Janet E. Mertz, “Cross-Cultural Analysis of Students with Exceptional Talent in Mathematical Problem Solving,” Notices of the AMS 55, no. 10 (November 2008): 1256, available at http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/national/10math_report.pdf.
52 Ibid., 1254.
53 U.S. Department of Education, “Final Report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel,” 2008, http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/mathpanel/report/final-report.pdf, xiii.
54 Ibid., 3.
55 Ibid.
56 The best analogy for electricity is to compare it to water flowing through a pipe. Voltage is akin to the pressure of the water flowing through the pipe. The current, which is akin to the flow of the water, is measured in amperes (amps). And the resistance to flow, which is measured in ohms, is similar to the resistance of a waterwheel that gets rotated by the flow of the water.
Chapter 3
1 Carl Lira, “Biography of James Watt,” n.d, http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html.
2 Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 27.
3 Marshall Brain, “How Horsepower Works,” n.d., http://www.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.htm/printable.
4 Joule invented the British Thermal Unit (Btu).
5 One joule is the amount of energy needed to move an object with a force of 1 newton (N) over a distance of 1 meter (m). The newton is a unit of force named after Isaac Newton. One watt is equal to 1 joule per second (1 W = 1 J/s). Americans are well acquainted with the watt from buying lightbulbs, hair dryers, and various other appliances.
6 Wikipedia, “Joule,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule.
7 Richard A. Muller, Physics for Future Presidents: The Science Behind the Headlines (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 72.
8 Renewableenergyworld.com, “US Geothermal Capacity Could Top 10 GW,” October 2, 2009, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/10/us-geothermal-capacity-could-top-10-gw.
9 Arnulf Grübler, “Transitions in Energy Use,” Encyclopedia of Earth, 2008, http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_transitions, 163.
10 Energy-density
metrics for area are uncommon.
11 John Pearley Huffman, “Generations,” May 8, 2003, http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=93327#3.
12 “2010 Ford Fusion Review,” n.d., http://www.edmunds.com/ford/fusion/2010/review.html.
13 Here’s the math. The Fusion produces 70 horsepower per liter, while the Model T produces 7.6, and 70 divided by 7.6 equals 9.2. Thus, the Fusion engine has 9.2 times greater power density than the engine from the Model T.
14 Vaclav Smil, Energies: An Illustrated Guide to the Biosphere and Civilization (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999), 123.
15 Ibid., 120.
16 Jad Mouawad and Kate Galbraith, “Plugged-In Age Feeds a Hunger for Electricity,” New York Times, September 20, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/business/energy-environment/20efficiency.html?scp=2&sq=mouawad%20and%20electricity&st=cse.
17 International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2008, 180.
18 Ibid., 390.
19 Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, “Apollo 11 Factoids,” n.d., http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/apollo11/factoids.html.
20 Announced by an unnamed American Airlines pilot during Dallas to Austin flight, July 11, 2009.
21 John Kiewicz, “Top Fuel by the Numbers,” Motor Trend, February 2005, http://sciencececc.ep.profweb.qc.ca/physique/Documents/Mecanique/Top_Fuel_by_the_Numbers.pdf.
22 Federation of American Scientists, n.d., http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m1.htm.
23 CarandDriver.com, “We Drive a Honda F1 Car—The Big Day,” n.d., http://www.caranddriver.com/features/09q1/we_drive_a_honda_f1_car-sport/the_big_day_page_3.
24 MotorTrend.com, n.d., http://www.motortrend.com/new_cars/04/ferrari/f430/index.html.
25 InternetAutoguide, n.d., http://www.internetautoguide.com/car-specifications/09-int/1999/acura/tl/index.html.
26 “2010 Ford Fusion Review.”
27 John Pearley Huffman, “Generations,” May 8, 2003, http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=93327#3.
28 Calculated by author from home A/C unit, which draws 19.2 amps at 220 volts, for 4,224 watts.
29 Wikipedia, “Honda Super Cub,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Super_Cub.
30 Based on author’s personal Yard Machines lawnmower.
31 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 27, 2009.
32 “Home Wattage Calculator,” n.d., http://www.poweredgenerators.com/wattage-calculator.html. This source puts a toaster at 1,250 watts.
33 Ben Hewitt, “Tour de Lance,” Wired, July 2004, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.07/armstrong.html.
34 “Home Wattage Calculator,” n.d., http://www.poweredgenerators.com/wattage-calculator.html. This source puts a coffeemaker at 800 watts.
35 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 27, 2009.
36 Stan Jakuba, “Power Consumption and Generation in Bicycling and in Walking,” n.d. Jakuba estimates that walking at a speed of 2 miles per hour generates 106 watts.
37 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 27, 2009.
38 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 27, 2009.
39 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 26, 2009.
40 “Home Wattage Calculator,” n.d., http://www.poweredgenerators.com/wattage-calculator.html. This source puts a table fan at 25 watts.
41 Measured at author’s home with a Kill A Watt, August 26, 2009.
Chapter 4
1 U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, “Series Q 148–162, Motor-Vehicle Factory Sales and Registrations, and Motor-Fuel Usage: 1900 to 1970,” 716.
2 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2009_downloads/renewables_section_2009.pdf.
3 Energy Information Administration, Table 1.3, “Primary Energy Consumption by Source, 1949–2008,” http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/ptb0103.html.
4 Vaclav Smil, Global Catastrophes and Trends: The Next Fifty Years (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008), 90.
5 Jeff Goodell, Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America’s Energy Future (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 75. Goodell reported that the first significant rail line was built in the British coal town of Darlington to carry coal to the port at Stockton.
6 Peter W. Huber and Mark P. Mills, The Bottomless Well: The Twilight of Fuel, the Virtue of Waste, and Why We Will Never Run Out of Energy (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 4–5.
7 American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity, “Your State,” n.d., http://www.cleancoalusa.org/docs/state/.
8 Jalal Torabzadeh, “A Message from the Chair,” Los Angeles Basin SPE Section Newsletter, June 2009, http://www.laspe.org/newsletters/june09nltr.pdf.
9 Advanced Resources International, “Bringing Real Information on Energy Forward: Economic Considerations Associated with Regulating the American Oil and Natural Gas Industry,” April 24, 2009, http://s3.amazonaws.com/propublica/assets/natural_gas/economic_consequences_report_april2009.pdf, 2.
10 That well was drilled about 43 miles south of Morgan City, Louisiana.
11 Halliburton, “Brown & Root and Kerr-McGee Celebrate 50th Anniversary of First Producing Offshore Oil Well Out-of-Sight-Of-Land,” November 14, 1997, http://www.halliburton.com/news/archive/1997/bresnws_111497.jsp.
12 Anadarko CEO James Hackett, interview with author for Energy Tribune, June 12, 2009, http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=1906.
13 Transocean, “Transocean Inc. and ChevronTexaco Announce New World Water-Depth Drilling Record in 10,011 Feet of Water,” November 17, 2003, http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Transocean_Inc_and_ChevronTexaco_Announce_New_World_Water_Depth_Drilling_Record_in_10_011_Feet_of_Water-20C4.html.
14 Note that “extended-reach” wells are known for having long lateral (horizontal) sections. Transocean, “Transocean GSF Rig 127 Drills Deepest Extended-Reach Well,” May 21, 2008, http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/Transocean-GSF-Rig-127-Drills-Deepest-Extended-Reach-Well-283C4.html.
15 Robert Bryce, Cronies: Oil, the Bushes, and the Rise of Texas, America’s Superstate (New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), 26.
16 William Fisher, geology professor, University of Texas at Austin, personal communication with author, April 8, 2009.
17 Huber and Mills, Bottomless Well, 170.
Chapter 5
1 Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008), 168.
2 Ibid., 172.
3 Ibid., 159.
4 Vaclav Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867–1914 and Their Lasting Impact (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 89.
5 Ibid., 60.
6 “Yuhuan 1,000MW Ultra-Supercritical Pressure Boilers, China,” n.d., http://www.power-technology.com/projects/yuhuancoal/. For more on ultra-supercritical technology, see “Supercritical Pressure Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plant,” n.d., http://www.hitachi.com/environment/showcase/solution/energy/thermal_power.html.
7 Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century, 56. For weight and power rating, see American Society of Mechanical Engineers, “National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks: Edison ‘Jumbo’ Engine-Driven Dynamo and Marine-Type Triple Expansion Engine-Driven Dynamo,” May 29, 1980, http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5537.pdf.
8 “Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano,” n.d., http://www.autobytel.com/content/research/searchresults/index.cfm/action/selecttrim/make_vch/Ferrari/model_vch/599%20GTB%20Fiorano.
9 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2008, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/statistical_review_of_world_energy_full_review_2008.pdf.
10 Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2003), 97.
11 Vaclav Smil, Energy: A Be
ginner’s Guide (Oxford: Oneworld, 2006), 120.
12 Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, “Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow,” New York Times, June 11, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/11/business/worldbusiness/11chinacoal.html?pagewanted=print.
13 Bryan Walsh, “Linfen China,” Time, 2007, http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1661031_1661028,00.html.
14 Matthew Knight, “Gore Calls for Coal Plant Protests,” September 25, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/science/09/25/gore.carbon/index.html.
15 Shaila Dewan, “At Plant in Coal Ash Spill, Toxic Deposits by the Ton,” New York Times, December 29, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/us/30sludge.html?_r=1&em.
16 James Hansen, “Dear Michelle and Barack,” December 29, 2008, http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/20081229_DearMichelleAndBarack.pdf.
17 James Hansen, “Coal-Fired Power Stations Are Death Factories. Close Them,” The Guardian, February 15, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/feb/15/james-hansen-power-plants-coal.
18 Robert F. Kennedy Jr., “How to End America’s Deadly Coal Addiction,” Financial Times, July 19, 2009, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/58ec3258-748b-11de-8ad5-00144feabdc0.html.
19 Jeff Goodell, Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America’s Energy Future (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 134.
20 Ibid., 135.
21 Environmental News Service, “Mercury Found in Blood of One-Third of American Women,” September 1, 2009, http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2009/2009-09-01-092.asp.
22 Goodell, Big Coal, 123.
23 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/2009_downloads/renewables_section_2009.pdf. In 2007 and 2008, consumption increased from 3,194.5 million tons of oil equivalent to 3,303.7 million tons of oil equivalent, an increase of 109.2 million tons. Converted to oil, that’s an increase of 800.4 million barrels of oil equivalent per year, or about 2.2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day.