Tskhakaya, Mikha
Tsushima, battle of (1905)
Tucker, Robert
Tukhachevski, Mikhail: in war against Poland; Stalin suspects of conspiracy; arrest and execution,
Tupolev, Andrei
Turkey: as potential invader of USSR; supports national liberation in colonies; Stalin makes territorial demands on
Turukhansk District, Siberia
Uglanov, Nikolai
Ukraine: hostility to Russia; self-rule proposed for; regional authority (Rada); Germans occupy; Piłsudski invades; Wrangel threatens; and autonomisation; established as Soviet state; treaty with RSFSR; nationhood; grain shortages and quotas; Poles deported from; famine; supposed genocide in; frontiers closed; Stalin’s integration plans for; Germans overrun; plundered by Germans; Soviet failed offensive in (1942); resistance to Soviet rule in; post-war conditions; dissenters sent to Gulag
Ukrainian Autocephalous Church
Ulam, Adam
Ulrikh, Vasili
Ulyanova, Maria (Lenin’s sister)
Unforgettable 1919 (film)
Union of Writers
United Front
United Nations Organisation,
United Opposition,
United States of America: economic development; foreign policy; diplomatic recognition of USSR; Stalin encourages commercial relations with; wartime supplies to USSR; wartime relations with Allies; develops atomic bomb; post-war power and influence; Stalin suspects of post-war hostility; Stalin seeks state loan from; containment policy on USSR; and Cold War; Soviet hostility to; and Korean War; Stalin’s views on political economy in; Soviet post-Stalin relations with
Uranus, Operation
Uratadze, Grigol
USSR see Soviet Union
Ustinov, Marshal D.F.
Valedinski, Dr Ivan
Varga, Jeno
Vasilevski, General Alexander
Vatutin, General Nikolai
Vavilov, Nikolai
Vereshchagin, I.
Vereshchak, Semën,
Versailles, Treaty of (1919)
Vienna: Stalin in
Vinogradov, Dr Vladimir
Vipper, R.
Vladimir, Archbishop, Exarch of Georgia
Vlasik, Nikolai,
Vlasov, Lieut.-General Andrei
Volga region: collectivisation in
Volga! Volga! (film)
Volgokonov, Dmitri
Volodicheva, Maria,
Vologda
Volunteer Army (White Russian)
Vorontsov-Dashkov, I.I.
Voroshilov, Kliment: attends 1905 Party Congress (Stockholm); supports Stalin in Volga region; Bukharin meets; allies with Stalin; and agrarian policy; proposes Stalin head Sovnarkom; as Stalin’s confidant; rumoured to have killed Stalin; entertaining; disparages opponents; argues with Pyatnitski; participates in Great Terror; and Yezhov’s decline; association with Stalin; and Finnish war; at German invasion of USSR; in wartime Stavka; and conduct of war; singing with Stalin; and Stalin’s death
Vostorgov, Archpriest Ioann
Voznesenski, Nikolai: and conduct of war; stands up to Stalin; responsibilities in war; promoted to Politburo; shot
Vyshinski, Andrei
Wall Street Crash (1929)
War Communism,
Warsaw: in war of 1920; rising (1944)
Weber, Max
Weimar Republic
White Sea-Baltic Canal
witchcraft
Witte, Count Sergei
Workers’ Opposition
Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate (Rabkrin): Stalin heads
World War I (1914–18): outbreak; Russian participation in; conduct of; Stalin’s view of
Wrangel, General Pëtr
Xenofontov, F.
Yagoda, Genrikh
Yakir, Marshal Iona
Yakubov, Kamil
Yalta conference (1945)
Yaroslavski, Yemelyan
Yefimov, Boris
Yegorov, Marshal Alexander
Yegorova, Natalya
Yeltsin, Boris: opens up archives; denounces Stalin
Yeremenko, General Andrei
Yermolov, General
Yevdokimov, E.G.
Yevdomikov, Professor (dental physician)
Yezhov, Nikolai: viciousness; heads NKVD; and attack on Bukharin; testifies to existence of anti-state organisations; in Great Terror; Stalin asks to prevent publication of articles; removed from NKVD; sexual excesses; arrest and execution; suspects Polish exile community; purges Comintern members from Spain
Yugoslavia: delays Hitler’s invasion of USSR; self-liberation from Germany; communism in; Stalin’s interest in; at First Cominform Conference; causes trouble for Stalin; Soviet hostility to; breach with USSR; rapprochement with
Zakharov, Filip
Zalutski, Pëtr
Zamenhoff, Ludwig
Zasulich, Vera
Zbarski, Boris
Zelenski, I.A.
Zhdanov, Andrei: and grain procurement; and national identity; in Great Terror; and recruitment of functionaries; class background; association with Stalin; in Baltic region; drinking; accompanies Stalin’s singing on piano; at Sklarska Poreba conference founding Cominform; on ‘two camps’; in anti-Tito campaign; at Second Cominform Conference; advocates strengthening power of Party; status and authority; death; praises Yugoslavs
Zhdanov, Yuri: marries Svetlana
Zhemchuzhina, Polina (Molotov’s wife) see Molotova, Polina
Zhirinovski, Vladimir
Zhiruli, Giorgi
Zhizn natsionalnostei (newspaper)
Zhordania, Noe
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi: command in Far East; plans war with Germany; and German invasion of USSR; denied intelligence on Germany; on Stalin’s recovery after German invasion; in Stavka, ref; in defence of Moscow; strategy; appointed Deputy Supreme Commander; and defence of Stalingrad; plans counter-offensive; awarded Order of Suvorov; on Stalin’s smoking; stands up to Stalin; Stalin mistrusts; on Stalin’s learning mastery of military matters; final offensive; and Red Army pause in Warsaw Rising; and capture of Berlin; vows to parade Hitler in cage; leads 1945 victory parade; Stalin suspects and relegates
Zinoviev, Grigori: character; controls Leningrad press; in Central Committee; internationalism, ref; Lenin demands punishment of; supports Stalin over national question; speechmaking; in hiding; asks to return to work; opposes Lenin’s revolutionary policy; status and fame; Jewishness; supports separate peace in First World War; in Civil War; and revolutions overseas; supports Lenin in trade unions dispute; health problems; administrative duties; encourages German armed rising; in Lenin’s Testament; protects and allies with Stalin; and Georgian nationalism; objects to Stalin’s ambitiousness; appointed to Orgburo; at Lenin’s funeral; fails to press Testament charges against Stalin; defeats Left Opposition; Stalin turns against; economic policy; as potential successor to Lenin; opposes Stalin and Bukharin; writes on Leninism; dismissed from Politburo; excluded from Central Committee; and Bukharin’s agrarian policy; as continuing threat; evidence of disloyalty to Stalin; arrested and sentenced; on Stalin’s exploiting Kirov’s assassination; confession and execution; Voroshilov disparages
Zola, Émile: Germinal
Zubalov family
Zubalovo (dacha)
Zvezda (newspaper)
Zyuganov, Gennadi
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. View of Gori Fortress taken from the town.
2. Stalin’s mother Ketevan.
3. Stalin’s first wife Ketevan Svanidze.
4. The balcony of one of the houses Stalin grew up in — a shrine-complex was erected over it in the 1930s.
5. The Mantashëv Shoe Factory in Tbilisi. Once a place of dirt and poverty it is now being turned into luxury flats.
6. The front of the Tiflis Spiritual Seminary. It is now a museum of Georgian national culture.
7. The Physical Observatory on Mikhailovski Street.
8. Stalin as a
young man. This photo has been heavily ‘improved’ by Stalinist air-brushers.
9. Vladimir Lenin. Taken in January 1918, this was his first official portrait after the October Revolution (and after he had regrown his beard).
10. Group photograph of Bolshevik exiles in Turukhansk District Stalin, wearing a black hat, stands at the back next to his friend (at that time) Lev Kamenev. Yakov Sverdlov, sporting a bouffant hairstyle and spectacles, is seated to the right.
11. Nadezhda Krupskaya.
12. Lev Trotski.
13. Lev Kamenev
14. Grigori Zinoviev
15. Nikolai Bukharin.
16. General Secretary Stalin in 1924. This was an official portrait by M. S. Nappelbaum.
17. Stalin’s second wife Nadezhda Allilueva — Nadya.
18. Stalin gives daughter Svetlana a cuddle.
19. Stalin’s first son Yakob Dzhughashvili after being taken prisoner by the Wehrmacht.
20. Stalin’s son Vasili at the controls of his aircraft.
21. Stalin in 1932.
22. ‘Stalin’s Pipe’. The smoke coils around wreckers and kulaks. Drawn by V. N. Deni, it appeared in Pravda on 25 February 1930.
23. Mikhail Kalinin, Lazar Kaganovich, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Stalin, Kliment Voroshilov and Sergei Kirov at a celebration of Stalin’s fiftieth birthday.
24. Anastas Mikoyan gesticulates to Maxim Gorki and Kliment Voroshilov.
25. Stalin together with Vyacheslav Molotov.
26. Line drawing by V. N. Deni: Stalin stands in Napoleonic pose with modern industrial structures and a banner of Lenin in the background.
27. ‘Stalin’s Ally’: cartoon in the Daily Telegraph, 6 October 1939.
28. The Plutocratic-Bolshevik Wedding’: Nazi cartoon in Preussische Zeitung, 16 July 1941. A Hasidic Jew unites Stalin and Churchill in marriage. Molotov and Halifax stand behind them.
29. Stalin’s work desk in the carriage.
30. Stalin’s rail carriage FD 3878.
31. Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the Yalta Conference in February 1945.
32. Generalissimus Stalin in 1945. The image disguises the haggard reality of his appearance.
33. Post-war poster: Stalin shakes hands with a military officer. The caption runs: ‘Work so as to be thanked by comrade Stalin!’
34. Post-war poster with children gazing adoringly at Stalin and saying: ‘Thank you, our dear Stalin, for our happy childhood!’
35. Stalin’s Kholodnaya Rechka dacha, viewed from the garden.
36. The cinema gallery at the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha.
37. The Italian-made billiard table at the Kholodnaya Rechka dacha.
38. Lavrenti Beria.
39. Georgi Malenkov.
40. Stalin’s desk in the Kremlin. It is now kept in the Stalin Museum in Gori.
41. View across Lake Ritsa towards the mountains of the Caucasus. Stalin’s dacha lies in the middle on the distant shore.
42. Poster: ‘Under the Leadership of the Great Stalin. Forward to Communism!’
43. Daily Worker (London) cartoon on the death of Stalin, 6 March 1953. Hardly an image of great technical accomplishment.
44. Mourners queue to pay their last respects to Stalin in the Hall of Columns at the House of Unions.
45. Stalin’s death mask.
46. Shrine to Stalin built over and around one of his childhood homes in Gori.
47. Stalin’s statue, still standing in the centre of Gori.
About the Author
ROBERT SERVICE is the author of the highly acclaimed Lenin: A Biography (which won the US ForeWord magazine’s History Book of the Year Award in 2000), A History of Twentieth-Century Russia and Russia: Experiment with a People as well as many other books on Russia’s past and present. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and works at St Antony’s College, Oxford. He is married with four children.
Also by Robert Service
The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change
Lenin: A Political Life
Volume One: The Strengths of Contradiction
Volume Two: Worlds in Collision
Volume Three: The Iron Ring
The Russian Revolution, 1900–1927
A History of Twentieth-Century Russia
Lenin: A Biography
Russia: Experiment with a People
Comrades: Communism: A World History (publishing 2007)
Copyright
First published 2004 by Macmillan
This edition published 2005 by Pan Books
This electronic edition published 2008 by Pan Books
an imprint of Pan Macmillan Ltd
Pan Macmillan, 20 New Wharf Rd, London N1 9RR
Basingstoke and Oxford
Associated companies throughout the world
www.panmacmillan.com
ISBN 978-0-330-47638-6 in Adobe Reader format
ISBN 978-0-330-47637-9 in Adobe Digital Editions format
ISBN 978-0-330-47640-9 in Microsoft Reader format
ISBN 978-0-330-47639-3 in Mobipocket format
Copyright © Robert Service 2004
The right of Robert Service to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Picture credits
Adele Biagi: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47. Corbis: 18, 19, 38, 39, 44. David King Collection: 9, 10, 11, 15. Hoover Institution Archives, RU/SU2237, Poster Collection: 42. Hulton Getty: 2, 7, 17, 31. Popperfoto: 20.
You may not copy, store, distribute, transmit, reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of it) in any form, or by any means (electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
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