Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 101
reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–88
Guatemalan conflict, impact of, 23
Guse, Stefan, 197–198
Habsburg, Otto von, 97–104, 116
Hackenberg, Helmut, 155, 234
Hager, Kurt, 117, 120, 134
Hajdu, Tabor, 224
Halberstam, David, 237
Hall, Richard Andrew, 198, 236
Harvard Business School, 28, 32
Haunted Land, The (Rosenberg), 225
Havel, Vaclav, 135–143, 233, 236
as dissident of dissidents, 36, 136–138, 177–178
Nobel Peace Prize and, 135
as president of Czechoslovakia, 205–206
Velvet Revolution (1989) and, 177, 178, 181–182, 183–190
works of, 136–137, 206
Hayward, Steven, 221–222
Hegyeshalom border crossing, 70
Helgerson, John, 62
Hendrickson, David C., 237
Higgs, Robert, 224
High Noon (film), 79
Hitler, Adolf, 15–16, 28, 69, 90, 210–211
Honecker, Erich (Papi)
background of, 90
collapse of GDR and, 133–135, 137–138, 164–165, 172, 204, 228, 230–231, 232, 234
construction of Berlin Wall, 16–17, 66, 68
fall of Berlin Wall, 65–66, 69–70, 88–94, 172
Freedom Train “solution,” 123–124, 133–134, 142–143, 152–153, 154
Jubilee of 1989, 66, 115, 135, 147–152
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 101, 104, 105
police state under, 24–28
refugees from GDR and, 110, 113–115, 117, 120–124
rise of opposition, 152–161
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 92–94
Hormats, Robert, 238
Horn, Gyula, 72, 100, 104–105, 113, 116
Horton, Willie, 40
Horvath, Istvan, 38, 72–73, 99, 101, 114
Hotel Victoria (Warsaw), 129–130
How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life (Robinson), 10, 222
Hrusinsky, Rudolf, 185
human rights, 113, 129, 136, 197, 205, 214
Hungarian Democratic Forum, 31–32
Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, 31, 233, 234
Hungary
G. H. W. Bush visits, 95, 232
democracy in, 29–32, 41, 55–58, 110, 230–231
denouement, 206–207
fall of Berlin Wall and, 8, 66–74, 90, 91, 224
fall of communism in, 28, 29–39, 41–42, 46, 61, 66–74, 125, 128, 137, 139–140, 143–145, 206–207, 228–229, 233, 236
Gorbachev and, 55–58, 60–61, 70–71, 73, 141, 226–228
nuclear warheads in, 57, 207
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 231–232
reburial of Imre Nagy, 84–88
refugee camps in, 95, 98, 101, 113–115
refugees from GDR and, 97–104, 113–126
revolt of 1956, 34–35, 84–85
Soviet Union and, 38, 226–228
United States and, 38, 95
Warsaw Pact and, 57, 69, 71–72, 90–91, 127 See also Budapest
Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution (Tokes), 38, 224
Huntington, Samuel P., 214–215, 236–237
Husak, Gustav, 179–180, 205
Hussein, King, 106
Hussein, Saddam, 214
Hutchings, Robert L., 227, 231, 232
Iliescu, Ion, 197–198
Illing, Jens, 154, 234
Imperial Temptation, The (Tucker and Hendrickson), 215, 237
India, economic growth of, 217, 218
inflation, in Poland, 129
Institute of East-West Strategic Studies, 227
Intermediate Nuclear Forces accord (INF), 13
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 21, 229
Internet, 21
Iran, 83, 217
Iraq, 2, 212, 214, 216, 218, 222
Iron Curtain
Cold War and, 36
symbolism of Berlin Wall and, 5–9, 15–16 See also Berlin Wall
Israel, 106
Jakes, Milos, 140, 143, 148–150, 233, 234
refugees from GDR and, 122–123
Velvet Revolution (1989) and, 179–180, 183, 187–189
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 92–93
Jansen, Michael, 115, 232
Japan, 21, 217
Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold
embraces Solidarity, 45–46
Kent State University speech (1996), 225–226
martial law in Poland (1981), 35–36, 43–51
meeting with G. H. W. Bush, 94–95
as president of Poland, 92, 128, 131–132, 225–226
Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141
Solidarity elections of 1989, 81
Jefferson, Thomas, 29, 41
Jennings, Peter, 183
John Paul II (pope), 190–191
Johnson, Ben, 39
Johnson, Daniel, 223
Jordan, 106
Jubilee of 1989 (GDR), 66, 115, 135, 147–152
Judt, Tony, 219, 238
Julius Caesar, 131
Kadar, Janos, 84–85, 88
Kagan, Robert, 215, 237
Karl-Marx-Stadt, rise of opposition, 158
Karpati, Ferenc, 57, 68–69
Kat, 52–53, 59, 81
Katowice, 51–52
Keller, Bill, 222
Kennan, George, 61
Kennedy, John F., 3, 10
Kent State University, 225–226
Kessler, Heinz, 68–69, 117
KGB secret police, 11–12, 25, 53, 135–136, 140
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla, 83
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 17
Ki-moon, Ban, 219
Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite (Behr), 236
Kiszcak, Czeslaw
at Round Table (1989), 48, 59, 63, 80, 82–83
Solidarity elections of 1989, 82, 84
Klaus, Vaclav, 184
Kochemasov, Vyacheslav, 154–155, 234
Kohl, Helmut
attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28, 127
fall of Berlin Wall and, 9, 72–76, 175, 228–229, 235–236
Gorbachev and, 12
nuclear deterrence and, 74–76
refugees from GDR and, 113–114, 125–127
Korean War, impact of, 23
Kornblum, John, 10
Kosovo, 47
Kovacs, Gyula, 99–100, 102
Kraków, 82
Krauthammer, Charles, 214, 236–237
Krenz, Egon
collapse of GDR and, 163, 165–167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 204, 234–235
fall of Berlin Wall and, 7–9, 65, 223, 234
GDR Jubilee of 1989 and, 148, 150
as leader of GDR, 156–161, 175
refugees from GDR and, 133–135
rise of opposition in GDR, 154–156
Kreuzberg, 24
Krol, Marek, 130
Kubek, Tony, 94
Kubisova, Marta, 182
Kulcsar, Kalman, 145, 206
as justice minister of Hungary, 29, 30–31, 33, 36, 41, 55
Kurfurstendamm (West Berlin), 120
Kuron, Jacek, 53–54
Kuwait, 214
Kwiatkowski, Stanislaw, 230
Lake Balaton, 57, 68, 95, 98, 101, 113, 207, 232
Lance missiles, 229
Largo Desolato (Havel), 136
League of Young Democrats (Fidesz), 32
Lebow, Richard, 224
Leipzig
fall of Berlin Wall and, 172, 234
refugees from GDR and, 124, 135, 160
rise of opposition, 152, 153, 155, 158–159
Lenin’s Tomb, 65–66
Letna Park (Prague), 188–190
Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter,” 61–62
Lightbody, Bradley, 222
L
inks, Christoph, 234
Lion at the Gate (Hayward), 221–222
Lives of Others, The (film), 224
Lobkowitz Palace (Prague), 122
Lomakin, Viktor, 183
Loren, Sophia, 106
Luther, Martin, 68
Lux, Silvia, 103, 231
Madison, James, 29, 41
Magdeburg, refugees from GDR and, 148, 160
Magic Lantern (Prague theater), 178, 183–184, 187
Maier, Charles S., 163–164, 230–231, 232, 234, 235
Manifesto for the Earth (Gorbachev), 222–223
Mann, James, 13, 222
Mao Zedong, 23, 27
Marshall Plan, 4, 21
Marx, Karl, 34
Marxist Leninism, 31
Masur, Kurt, 155
Matlock, Jack, 63, 227
May Day (1989), 65–66, 69–70, 228
Mazilu, Dumitru, 197
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 47, 129
Mecklenburg, 121
Meine Letzte Mission (Kochemasov), 234
Mejstrik, Martin, 176–178, 180, 182–183, 187
Meszaros, Ferenc, 97–98
Michnik, Adam, 63, 128–129, 227
Mielke, Erich
fall of of GDR, 163
Order No. 2 and, 25–27
rise of opposition in GDR, 150, 154, 155, 156
as Stasi chief, 25, 65, 134, 157
Milea, Vasile, 194, 195
Military-industrial complex, 21
Missouri (battleship), 10
Mitterand, François, 126, 213
Mock, Alois, 100
modernization debate, 74–75
Modern Romania (Gallagher), 236
Modrow, Hans, 163
Mongolia, Polish embassy in, 81
Moscow. See Soviet Union, former
Musial, Stan, 94
mutual nuclear deterrence, 5
Nagy, Imre
in Hungarian revolt of 1956, 34–35, 84–85, 230
reburial of, 84–88
Nagy, Laszlo, 102–103, 231
National Defense Education Act (1958), 21
National Defense University, 75
National Endowment for Democracy, 2, 222
National Gallery of Art (Budapest), 86
National Salvation Front (Romania), 197
National Security Archive, 231
National Security Council
fall of Berlin Wall and, 10, 13
National Security Archive, 230–231
U.S.-Soviet relations and, 60, 76, 226
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nazi Germany, 210–211
Nazi SS headquarters (Berlin), 15–16
NBC (television network), 9
Nemeth, Miklos, 145
background of, 28, 32
fall of communism in Hungary and, 28, 29–30, 41–42, 67, 69–73, 144–145, 206–207, 228–231, 236
Gorbachev and, 55–58, 60–61, 63, 73, 226–228
as Hungarian prime minister, 28, 32–33, 36–38, 41–42, 43, 73
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 231–232
reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–87
refugees from GDR and, 97–104, 104–105, 113–126
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 91–95
Neruda, Pablo, 185
Neues Forum (New Forum), 152
New Forum (GDR), 172–173, 178
Newsweek, 23, 31, 89, 108, 110–111, 116, 128, 132, 140, 161, 167, 184, 214, 217, 221, 225, 228, 230–231, 232, 234
Newsweek International, 223, 224, 232
New World Order, 213
New York Review of Books, 237, 238
New York Times, 4, 222, 229
New York Times Magazine, 222, 237
Nicaragua, 210
Niedzielak, Stefan, 51
Niekro, Phil, 94
Nixon, Richard, 106
Nobel Peace Prize, 47, 135, 204
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Balkan wars and, 213–214
Cold War and, 21
Fulda Gap and, 18, 76–77, 210
Hungary and, 57
Kosovo and, 47
nuclear deterrence, 60–61, 74–78
Warsaw Pact and, 19–20
North Korea, 217
Nowa Huta, 51–52
Nuclear Audit (Brookings Institution), 22–23, 223–224
nuclear deterrence/disarmament, 5, 12–13, 21, 55–58, 60–63, 72, 74–78, 207, 229, 237–238
Oberdorfer, Don, 225
Office on Intra-German Affairs concerning Deutsche Einheit, 24
O’Neill, Jim, 238
O’Neill, Paul, 237
One Percent Solution (Suskind), 237
Onyszkiewicz, Janusz, 225, 230, 233
Operation Fortitude, 28
Orban, Viktor, 87–88
Order No. 2, 25
Orient Express, 203
Ossies, 118
Ostpolitik, 23
Palach, Jan, 139
Palmer, Mark, 63, 144, 233
Pan Am flight 103, 39
Pan-European Picnic (1989), 97–104, 106, 116, 124, 144, 231–232
Papi (Erich Honecker). See Honecker, Erich (Papi)
passports, 8–9, 101–102, 165
People’s Militia (GDR), 151, 181, 185–186
People’s Picnic (1989), 66–67
People’s Republic of China. See China
Perestroika (Gorbachev), 12–13, 222–223
perestroika (reform), 4, 12–13, 29–30, 37, 71, 157, 227
Perle, Richard, 13, 61–62
Philippsthal, 18
Pilsudski, Marshal, 132
Plauen, rise of opposition, 158
Poland
G. H. W. Bush and, 83, 94–95, 232
command economy of, 129–130
communist declaration of martial law (1981), 35–36, 43–51
democracy in, 58–61, 79–84, 94, 110, 128–133, 225–226, 229–230
denouement, 205
embrace of capitalism in, 37
fall of communism in, 28, 35–36, 43–54, 125, 128–133, 137, 139–140, 205
first free elections since World War II, 58–61
martial law in, 35–36, 43–51
political prisoners in, 49
revolution of 1989, 47–54
Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141
Solidarity in. See Solidarity (Poland)
Soviet Union and, 44–45, 81, 225–226
uprisings of 1980–1981, 43–46, 48, 91
Warsaw Pact and, 127
during World War II, 44–45 See also Warsaw
Politburo
Czech, 184, 187–189
East German, 6–7, 26, 93, 116, 120, 123, 134, 135, 140–141, 148–150, 155–156, 165–170
Hungarian, 33, 34
Soviet, 73 See also communism
Politics of Diplomacy, The (Baker), 227, 231
Politika (journal), 132
Pol Pot, 23
Pond, Elizabeth, 227, 234
Popieluszko, Jerzy, 51
Post-American World, The (Zakaria), 217, 238
Potsdamer Platz (Berlin), 15, 170–171, 204
Power Rules (Gelb), 219, 238
Pozsgay, Imre
background of, 33–34
fall of communism in Hungary and, 144–145, 206–207, 230–231, 233
Hungarian revolt of 1956 and, 34–35
as “Hungary’s Gorbachev,” 33–38
Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104
reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–88
Prague
fall of communism in, 28, 139–142, 143–145
Narodni Street, 176–177, 183–184, 187, 190
Prague Spring (1968), 39, 45
refugees from GDR and, 122–123, 135, 141, 148
Velvet Revolution (1989), 170, 173, 175–190 See also Czechoslovakia
Presley, Elvis, 132, 135
Price of Loyalty, The (
O’Neill and Suskind), 237
Private Poland, The (Wedel), 51, 225
private property, 206
Protestantism, 68
proxy wars, 210
Radio Free Europe, 33, 99
Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 81, 131, 137
Rather, Dan, 183
Reagan, Ronald
Berlin Wall speech (1987), 2–5, 9–14, 16, 27, 215–216, 222
G. W. Bush admiration for, 1–2, 215–216, 221–222
death of, 222
at Geneva conference (1985), 12
Gorbachev and, 12–13
leaves office of president, 39–40
nuclear disarmament and, 12–13, 229, 237–238
at Reykjavik conference (1986), 12
visits Moscow (1987), 14
at Westminster Palace, London (1982), 2
Reagan Ampitheater, National Endowment for Democracy, 2
Reagan’s Disciple (Cannon and Cannon), 221–222
realpolitik, in Hungary, 41
Reappraisals (Judt), 238
Rebuilding a House Divided (Genscher), 105, 229, 232
Red Storm Rising (Clancy), 89
Reform (magazine), 35
Reich, Jens, 172–173
Reichstag (Berlin), 15, 235
Revolutions of 1989, The (Tismaneanu), 236
Revolutions of ‘89 (Ash), 225
Rhodes, Richard, 225
Rice, Condoleezza, 40, 60, 63, 76, 227–229, 231, 232, 234
Richie, Alexandra, 25
Rise of the Vulcans (Mann), 13, 222
Robinson, Peter, 10
Robinson, Peter M., 222
Rock ‘n’ roll, 22
Rohringshof, 18–19
Romania, 191–201
death of Ceaucescu, 110, 192–193
denouement, 203
fall of communism in, 105–111, 193–201
Timisoara uprising, 191, 193–194, 195, 197–198, 200–201
as totalitarian state, 14, 25, 92, 105–111
uprising against oppression, 110, 170, 173–174, 193–201
Warsaw Pact summit (1989), 91–95 See also Bucharest
Romanian Revolution of December
1989, The (Siani-Davies), 236
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2, 214, 229
Roosevelt, Theodore, 1
Rosenberg, Tina, 225
Rosler, Silvio, 154
Round Table (1989; Poland), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141
Ruller, Thomas, 139
Russia. See Soviet Union, former
Sadat, Anwar, 200
St. Margarethen, Austria, 102
St. Nikolaus Cathedral (Prague), 142
Saint Sebastian, 2
Sakharov, Andrei, 36
samizdat, 32
Schabowski, Gunter
collapse of GDR and, 165–173, 204–205, 234–235
fall of Berlin Wall and, 7–10, 65, 69–70, 91, 165–173, 223, 234
Politburo and, 140–141, 148–150, 165–173
refugees from GDR and, 116–117, 120, 123–124, 133–135, 232
repudiation of communism, 204–205
rise of opposition in GDR, 155–156, 158
at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 93–94
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