The Year that Changed the World

Home > Other > The Year that Changed the World > Page 30
The Year that Changed the World Page 30

by Michael Meyer


  Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 101

  reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–88

  Guatemalan conflict, impact of, 23

  Guse, Stefan, 197–198

  Habsburg, Otto von, 97–104, 116

  Hackenberg, Helmut, 155, 234

  Hager, Kurt, 117, 120, 134

  Hajdu, Tabor, 224

  Halberstam, David, 237

  Hall, Richard Andrew, 198, 236

  Harvard Business School, 28, 32

  Haunted Land, The (Rosenberg), 225

  Havel, Vaclav, 135–143, 233, 236

  as dissident of dissidents, 36, 136–138, 177–178

  Nobel Peace Prize and, 135

  as president of Czechoslovakia, 205–206

  Velvet Revolution (1989) and, 177, 178, 181–182, 183–190

  works of, 136–137, 206

  Hayward, Steven, 221–222

  Hegyeshalom border crossing, 70

  Helgerson, John, 62

  Hendrickson, David C., 237

  Higgs, Robert, 224

  High Noon (film), 79

  Hitler, Adolf, 15–16, 28, 69, 90, 210–211

  Honecker, Erich (Papi)

  background of, 90

  collapse of GDR and, 133–135, 137–138, 164–165, 172, 204, 228, 230–231, 232, 234

  construction of Berlin Wall, 16–17, 66, 68

  fall of Berlin Wall, 65–66, 69–70, 88–94, 172

  Freedom Train “solution,” 123–124, 133–134, 142–143, 152–153, 154

  Jubilee of 1989, 66, 115, 135, 147–152

  Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 101, 104, 105

  police state under, 24–28

  refugees from GDR and, 110, 113–115, 117, 120–124

  rise of opposition, 152–161

  at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 92–94

  Hormats, Robert, 238

  Horn, Gyula, 72, 100, 104–105, 113, 116

  Horton, Willie, 40

  Horvath, Istvan, 38, 72–73, 99, 101, 114

  Hotel Victoria (Warsaw), 129–130

  How Ronald Reagan Changed My Life (Robinson), 10, 222

  Hrusinsky, Rudolf, 185

  human rights, 113, 129, 136, 197, 205, 214

  Hungarian Democratic Forum, 31–32

  Hungarian Socialist Workers Party, 31, 233, 234

  Hungary

  G. H. W. Bush visits, 95, 232

  democracy in, 29–32, 41, 55–58, 110, 230–231

  denouement, 206–207

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 8, 66–74, 90, 91, 224

  fall of communism in, 28, 29–39, 41–42, 46, 61, 66–74, 125, 128, 137, 139–140, 143–145, 206–207, 228–229, 233, 236

  Gorbachev and, 55–58, 60–61, 70–71, 73, 141, 226–228

  nuclear warheads in, 57, 207

  Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 231–232

  reburial of Imre Nagy, 84–88

  refugee camps in, 95, 98, 101, 113–115

  refugees from GDR and, 97–104, 113–126

  revolt of 1956, 34–35, 84–85

  Soviet Union and, 38, 226–228

  United States and, 38, 95

  Warsaw Pact and, 57, 69, 71–72, 90–91, 127 See also Budapest

  Hungary’s Negotiated Revolution (Tokes), 38, 224

  Huntington, Samuel P., 214–215, 236–237

  Husak, Gustav, 179–180, 205

  Hussein, King, 106

  Hussein, Saddam, 214

  Hutchings, Robert L., 227, 231, 232

  Iliescu, Ion, 197–198

  Illing, Jens, 154, 234

  Imperial Temptation, The (Tucker and Hendrickson), 215, 237

  India, economic growth of, 217, 218

  inflation, in Poland, 129

  Institute of East-West Strategic Studies, 227

  Intermediate Nuclear Forces accord (INF), 13

  International Monetary Fund (IMF), 21, 229

  Internet, 21

  Iran, 83, 217

  Iraq, 2, 212, 214, 216, 218, 222

  Iron Curtain

  Cold War and, 36

  symbolism of Berlin Wall and, 5–9, 15–16 See also Berlin Wall

  Israel, 106

  Jakes, Milos, 140, 143, 148–150, 233, 234

  refugees from GDR and, 122–123

  Velvet Revolution (1989) and, 179–180, 183, 187–189

  at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 92–93

  Jansen, Michael, 115, 232

  Japan, 21, 217

  Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold

  embraces Solidarity, 45–46

  Kent State University speech (1996), 225–226

  martial law in Poland (1981), 35–36, 43–51

  meeting with G. H. W. Bush, 94–95

  as president of Poland, 92, 128, 131–132, 225–226

  Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141

  Solidarity elections of 1989, 81

  Jefferson, Thomas, 29, 41

  Jennings, Peter, 183

  John Paul II (pope), 190–191

  Johnson, Ben, 39

  Johnson, Daniel, 223

  Jordan, 106

  Jubilee of 1989 (GDR), 66, 115, 135, 147–152

  Judt, Tony, 219, 238

  Julius Caesar, 131

  Kadar, Janos, 84–85, 88

  Kagan, Robert, 215, 237

  Karl-Marx-Stadt, rise of opposition, 158

  Karpati, Ferenc, 57, 68–69

  Kat, 52–53, 59, 81

  Katowice, 51–52

  Keller, Bill, 222

  Kennan, George, 61

  Kennedy, John F., 3, 10

  Kent State University, 225–226

  Kessler, Heinz, 68–69, 117

  KGB secret police, 11–12, 25, 53, 135–136, 140

  Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruholla, 83

  Khrushchev, Nikita S., 17

  Ki-moon, Ban, 219

  Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite (Behr), 236

  Kiszcak, Czeslaw

  at Round Table (1989), 48, 59, 63, 80, 82–83

  Solidarity elections of 1989, 82, 84

  Klaus, Vaclav, 184

  Kochemasov, Vyacheslav, 154–155, 234

  Kohl, Helmut

  attitudes toward German reunification, 23–28, 127

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 9, 72–76, 175, 228–229, 235–236

  Gorbachev and, 12

  nuclear deterrence and, 74–76

  refugees from GDR and, 113–114, 125–127

  Korean War, impact of, 23

  Kornblum, John, 10

  Kosovo, 47

  Kovacs, Gyula, 99–100, 102

  Kraków, 82

  Krauthammer, Charles, 214, 236–237

  Krenz, Egon

  collapse of GDR and, 163, 165–167, 169, 170, 172, 173, 204, 234–235

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 7–9, 65, 223, 234

  GDR Jubilee of 1989 and, 148, 150

  as leader of GDR, 156–161, 175

  refugees from GDR and, 133–135

  rise of opposition in GDR, 154–156

  Kreuzberg, 24

  Krol, Marek, 130

  Kubek, Tony, 94

  Kubisova, Marta, 182

  Kulcsar, Kalman, 145, 206

  as justice minister of Hungary, 29, 30–31, 33, 36, 41, 55

  Kurfurstendamm (West Berlin), 120

  Kuron, Jacek, 53–54

  Kuwait, 214

  Kwiatkowski, Stanislaw, 230

  Lake Balaton, 57, 68, 95, 98, 101, 113, 207, 232

  Lance missiles, 229

  Largo Desolato (Havel), 136

  League of Young Democrats (Fidesz), 32

  Lebow, Richard, 224

  Leipzig

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 172, 234

  refugees from GDR and, 124, 135, 160

  rise of opposition, 152, 153, 155, 158–159

  Lenin’s Tomb, 65–66

  Letna Park (Prague), 188–190

  Libby, I. Lewis “Scooter,” 61–62

  Lightbody, Bradley, 222

  L
inks, Christoph, 234

  Lion at the Gate (Hayward), 221–222

  Lives of Others, The (film), 224

  Lobkowitz Palace (Prague), 122

  Lomakin, Viktor, 183

  Loren, Sophia, 106

  Luther, Martin, 68

  Lux, Silvia, 103, 231

  Madison, James, 29, 41

  Magdeburg, refugees from GDR and, 148, 160

  Magic Lantern (Prague theater), 178, 183–184, 187

  Maier, Charles S., 163–164, 230–231, 232, 234, 235

  Manifesto for the Earth (Gorbachev), 222–223

  Mann, James, 13, 222

  Mao Zedong, 23, 27

  Marshall Plan, 4, 21

  Marx, Karl, 34

  Marxist Leninism, 31

  Masur, Kurt, 155

  Matlock, Jack, 63, 227

  May Day (1989), 65–66, 69–70, 228

  Mazilu, Dumitru, 197

  Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 47, 129

  Mecklenburg, 121

  Meine Letzte Mission (Kochemasov), 234

  Mejstrik, Martin, 176–178, 180, 182–183, 187

  Meszaros, Ferenc, 97–98

  Michnik, Adam, 63, 128–129, 227

  Mielke, Erich

  fall of of GDR, 163

  Order No. 2 and, 25–27

  rise of opposition in GDR, 150, 154, 155, 156

  as Stasi chief, 25, 65, 134, 157

  Milea, Vasile, 194, 195

  Military-industrial complex, 21

  Missouri (battleship), 10

  Mitterand, François, 126, 213

  Mock, Alois, 100

  modernization debate, 74–75

  Modern Romania (Gallagher), 236

  Modrow, Hans, 163

  Mongolia, Polish embassy in, 81

  Moscow. See Soviet Union, former

  Musial, Stan, 94

  mutual nuclear deterrence, 5

  Nagy, Imre

  in Hungarian revolt of 1956, 34–35, 84–85, 230

  reburial of, 84–88

  Nagy, Laszlo, 102–103, 231

  National Defense Education Act (1958), 21

  National Defense University, 75

  National Endowment for Democracy, 2, 222

  National Gallery of Art (Budapest), 86

  National Salvation Front (Romania), 197

  National Security Archive, 231

  National Security Council

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 10, 13

  National Security Archive, 230–231

  U.S.-Soviet relations and, 60, 76, 226

  NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  Nazi Germany, 210–211

  Nazi SS headquarters (Berlin), 15–16

  NBC (television network), 9

  Nemeth, Miklos, 145

  background of, 28, 32

  fall of communism in Hungary and, 28, 29–30, 41–42, 67, 69–73, 144–145, 206–207, 228–231, 236

  Gorbachev and, 55–58, 60–61, 63, 73, 226–228

  as Hungarian prime minister, 28, 32–33, 36–38, 41–42, 43, 73

  Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104, 231–232

  reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–87

  refugees from GDR and, 97–104, 104–105, 113–126

  at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 91–95

  Neruda, Pablo, 185

  Neues Forum (New Forum), 152

  New Forum (GDR), 172–173, 178

  Newsweek, 23, 31, 89, 108, 110–111, 116, 128, 132, 140, 161, 167, 184, 214, 217, 221, 225, 228, 230–231, 232, 234

  Newsweek International, 223, 224, 232

  New World Order, 213

  New York Review of Books, 237, 238

  New York Times, 4, 222, 229

  New York Times Magazine, 222, 237

  Nicaragua, 210

  Niedzielak, Stefan, 51

  Niekro, Phil, 94

  Nixon, Richard, 106

  Nobel Peace Prize, 47, 135, 204

  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

  Balkan wars and, 213–214

  Cold War and, 21

  Fulda Gap and, 18, 76–77, 210

  Hungary and, 57

  Kosovo and, 47

  nuclear deterrence, 60–61, 74–78

  Warsaw Pact and, 19–20

  North Korea, 217

  Nowa Huta, 51–52

  Nuclear Audit (Brookings Institution), 22–23, 223–224

  nuclear deterrence/disarmament, 5, 12–13, 21, 55–58, 60–63, 72, 74–78, 207, 229, 237–238

  Oberdorfer, Don, 225

  Office on Intra-German Affairs concerning Deutsche Einheit, 24

  O’Neill, Jim, 238

  O’Neill, Paul, 237

  One Percent Solution (Suskind), 237

  Onyszkiewicz, Janusz, 225, 230, 233

  Operation Fortitude, 28

  Orban, Viktor, 87–88

  Order No. 2, 25

  Orient Express, 203

  Ossies, 118

  Ostpolitik, 23

  Palach, Jan, 139

  Palmer, Mark, 63, 144, 233

  Pan Am flight 103, 39

  Pan-European Picnic (1989), 97–104, 106, 116, 124, 144, 231–232

  Papi (Erich Honecker). See Honecker, Erich (Papi)

  passports, 8–9, 101–102, 165

  People’s Militia (GDR), 151, 181, 185–186

  People’s Picnic (1989), 66–67

  People’s Republic of China. See China

  Perestroika (Gorbachev), 12–13, 222–223

  perestroika (reform), 4, 12–13, 29–30, 37, 71, 157, 227

  Perle, Richard, 13, 61–62

  Philippsthal, 18

  Pilsudski, Marshal, 132

  Plauen, rise of opposition, 158

  Poland

  G. H. W. Bush and, 83, 94–95, 232

  command economy of, 129–130

  communist declaration of martial law (1981), 35–36, 43–51

  democracy in, 58–61, 79–84, 94, 110, 128–133, 225–226, 229–230

  denouement, 205

  embrace of capitalism in, 37

  fall of communism in, 28, 35–36, 43–54, 125, 128–133, 137, 139–140, 205

  first free elections since World War II, 58–61

  martial law in, 35–36, 43–51

  political prisoners in, 49

  revolution of 1989, 47–54

  Round Table (1989), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141

  Solidarity in. See Solidarity (Poland)

  Soviet Union and, 44–45, 81, 225–226

  uprisings of 1980–1981, 43–46, 48, 91

  Warsaw Pact and, 127

  during World War II, 44–45 See also Warsaw

  Politburo

  Czech, 184, 187–189

  East German, 6–7, 26, 93, 116, 120, 123, 134, 135, 140–141, 148–150, 155–156, 165–170

  Hungarian, 33, 34

  Soviet, 73 See also communism

  Politics of Diplomacy, The (Baker), 227, 231

  Politika (journal), 132

  Pol Pot, 23

  Pond, Elizabeth, 227, 234

  Popieluszko, Jerzy, 51

  Post-American World, The (Zakaria), 217, 238

  Potsdamer Platz (Berlin), 15, 170–171, 204

  Power Rules (Gelb), 219, 238

  Pozsgay, Imre

  background of, 33–34

  fall of communism in Hungary and, 144–145, 206–207, 230–231, 233

  Hungarian revolt of 1956 and, 34–35

  as “Hungary’s Gorbachev,” 33–38

  Pan-European Picnic (1989) and, 97–104

  reburial of Imre Nagy and, 85–88

  Prague

  fall of communism in, 28, 139–142, 143–145

  Narodni Street, 176–177, 183–184, 187, 190

  Prague Spring (1968), 39, 45

  refugees from GDR and, 122–123, 135, 141, 148

  Velvet Revolution (1989), 170, 173, 175–190 See also Czechoslovakia

  Presley, Elvis, 132, 135

  Price of Loyalty, The (
O’Neill and Suskind), 237

  Private Poland, The (Wedel), 51, 225

  private property, 206

  Protestantism, 68

  proxy wars, 210

  Radio Free Europe, 33, 99

  Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 81, 131, 137

  Rather, Dan, 183

  Reagan, Ronald

  Berlin Wall speech (1987), 2–5, 9–14, 16, 27, 215–216, 222

  G. W. Bush admiration for, 1–2, 215–216, 221–222

  death of, 222

  at Geneva conference (1985), 12

  Gorbachev and, 12–13

  leaves office of president, 39–40

  nuclear disarmament and, 12–13, 229, 237–238

  at Reykjavik conference (1986), 12

  visits Moscow (1987), 14

  at Westminster Palace, London (1982), 2

  Reagan Ampitheater, National Endowment for Democracy, 2

  Reagan’s Disciple (Cannon and Cannon), 221–222

  realpolitik, in Hungary, 41

  Reappraisals (Judt), 238

  Rebuilding a House Divided (Genscher), 105, 229, 232

  Red Storm Rising (Clancy), 89

  Reform (magazine), 35

  Reich, Jens, 172–173

  Reichstag (Berlin), 15, 235

  Revolutions of 1989, The (Tismaneanu), 236

  Revolutions of ‘89 (Ash), 225

  Rhodes, Richard, 225

  Rice, Condoleezza, 40, 60, 63, 76, 227–229, 231, 232, 234

  Richie, Alexandra, 25

  Rise of the Vulcans (Mann), 13, 222

  Robinson, Peter, 10

  Robinson, Peter M., 222

  Rock ‘n’ roll, 22

  Rohringshof, 18–19

  Romania, 191–201

  death of Ceaucescu, 110, 192–193

  denouement, 203

  fall of communism in, 105–111, 193–201

  Timisoara uprising, 191, 193–194, 195, 197–198, 200–201

  as totalitarian state, 14, 25, 92, 105–111

  uprising against oppression, 110, 170, 173–174, 193–201

  Warsaw Pact summit (1989), 91–95 See also Bucharest

  Romanian Revolution of December

  1989, The (Siani-Davies), 236

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 2, 214, 229

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 1

  Rosenberg, Tina, 225

  Rosler, Silvio, 154

  Round Table (1989; Poland), 35, 47, 49, 50–54, 58–63, 80, 82–83, 129, 141

  Ruller, Thomas, 139

  Russia. See Soviet Union, former

  Sadat, Anwar, 200

  St. Margarethen, Austria, 102

  St. Nikolaus Cathedral (Prague), 142

  Saint Sebastian, 2

  Sakharov, Andrei, 36

  samizdat, 32

  Schabowski, Gunter

  collapse of GDR and, 165–173, 204–205, 234–235

  fall of Berlin Wall and, 7–10, 65, 69–70, 91, 165–173, 223, 234

  Politburo and, 140–141, 148–150, 165–173

  refugees from GDR and, 116–117, 120, 123–124, 133–135, 232

  repudiation of communism, 204–205

  rise of opposition in GDR, 155–156, 158

  at Warsaw Pact summit (Bucharest; 1989), 93–94

 

‹ Prev