3 Maarten Bijleveld, Birds of Prey in Europe (London, 1974), p. 5.
4 James Edmund Harting, The Ornithology of Shakespeare (London, 1871), p. 82.
5 Dugald Macintyre, Memories of a Highland Gamekeeper (London, 1954), p. 67.
6 Henry Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga and other Wild Tales (London, 1923), p. 222.
7 Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga, p. 210.
8 Ellsworth Lumley, Save Our Hawks: We Need Them, Emergency Conservation Committee reprint (New York, 1930s).
9 Junius Henderson, The Practical Value of Birds (New York, 1934), p. 198.
10 Joseph A. Hagar, quoted in Tom Cade and William Burnham, eds, Return of the Peregrine: A North American Story of Tenacity and Teamwork (Boise, ID, 2003), p. 4.
11 Thomas Dunlap, Nature’s Diaspora (Cambridge, 1999), p. 255.
12 Arthur A. Allen, ‘The Audubon Societies School Department: The Peregrine’, Bird Lore, XXXV/1 (1933), pp. 60–69.
13 Frank Craighead and John Craighead, Hawks in the Hand: Adventures in Photography and Falconry (New York, 1939), p. 47.
14 Craighead and Craighead, Hawks in the Hand, p. 35.
15 H. N. Southern, ‘Birds of Prey in Britain’, Geographical Magazine, XXVII/1 (1954), pp. 39–43.
16 Southern, ‘Birds of Prey in Britain’, p. 43.
17 David Zimmerman, ‘Death Comes to the Peregrine Falcon’, New York Times Magazine (9 August 1970), section 6, pp. 8–9, 43.
18 Joseph J. Hickey, ‘Some Recollections about Eastern North America’s Peregrine Falcon Population Crash’, in Tom J. Cade et al., Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Management and Recovery (Boise, ID, 1988), p. 9.
19 Delphine Haley, ‘Peregrine’s Progress’, Defenders of Wildlife, 51 (1976), p. 308.
20 Roy E. Disney, ‘The Making of Varda, the Peregrine Falcon’, in Return of the Peregrine: A North American Story of Tenacity and Teamwork, ed. Tom Cade and William Burnham (Boise, ID, 2003), p. 20.
21 Faith McNulty, ‘The Falcons of Morro Rock’, New Yorker, 23 (1972), p. 67.
22 Tom Cade, quoted in Haley, ‘Peregrine’s Progress’, p. 308.
23 David Zimmerman, To Save a Bird in Peril (New York, 1975), p. 19.
24 Cade and Burnham, Return of the Peregrine, p. 73.
25 John Loft, D’Arcussia’s Falconry (Louth, 2003), p. 207.
26 Tom Maechtle, quoted in New York Times Magazine, 22 June 1980.
27 A. Shoumantoff, ‘Science Takes up Medieval Sport to Help Peregrines’, Smithsonian (December 1978), p. 64.
28 Tom Cade, Peregrine Fund Newsletter, 7 (1979), p. 1.
29 A. Gore, ‘Statement by Vice President Al Gore’, press release (19 August 1999), The White House, office of the Vice President.
5 MILITARY FALCONS
1 ‘Discussion questions’ Birds – animal lesson plan (grades 9–12), http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/birdsofprey.
2 G. P. Dementiev, The Gyrfalcon (Moscow, 1960).
3 Philip Glasier, Falconry and Hawking (London, 1978), p. 163.
4 Karl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. O. J. Matthijs Jollis (Washington, DC, 1953), p. 5.
5 Master Sgt Patrick E. Clarke, ‘Bye-bye Birdies: March Looking at Adding Falcons to its Arsenal of Bird Strike Weapons’, Citizen Airman Magazine (1996), http://www.afrc.af.mil/HQ/citamn/Dec98/falcons.htm.
6 Clarke, ‘Bye-bye Birdies’.
7 Morgan Berthrong, oral history interview with S. Kent Carnie, 1990, Transcript Archives of American Falconry, p. 22.
8 Ronald Stevens, ‘How Trained Hawks Were Used in the War’, The Falconer, II/1 (1948), pp. 6–9.
9 Associated Press report, Archives of American Falconry file 86-2 (correspondence, R. Stabler, n.d.).
10 Stevens, ‘How Trained Hawks Were Used in the War’, p. 9.
11 Frank Illingworth, Falcons and Falconry (London, 1949), pp. 23–4.
12 American Weekly, Archives of American Falconry (n.d., c. 1941).
13 John E. Bierck, ‘“Dive-Bombing” Falcons to Play War Role under Army Program’, New York Herald Tribune (1941), Archives of American Falconry.
14 ‘Falcons on Duty’, New Yorker (30 August 1941), p. 9.
15 Letter from George Goodwin to Robert Stabler (30 August 1941), Archives of American Falconry.
16 Letter from Robert Stabler to Mr Frederick C. Lincoln, Chief, FWS, Dept of the Interior, Washington, DC (26 August 1941), Archives of American Falconry.
17 Interview with Robert M. Stabler by J. K. Cleaver, dated 4 March 1983, Archives of American Falconry, p. 22.
18 ‘A Bird in Hand’, The Monitor, XLVI/2 (March 1956), p. 16.
19 United States Air Force Fact Sheet: ‘The Falcon’, http://www.usafa.af.mil/pa/factsheets/falcon.htm.
20 ‘The Hammer and the Feather’, Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal, http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.clsout3.html.
21 United States Air Force Cadet Peterson, quoted in Sam West, ‘Falconry: Power, Grace and Mutual Trust’, Air Force Football Magazine (2 October 1965), pp. 4–5, 39.
22 ‘Hints at Goering Aim in Visiting Greenland: Ex-Air Corps Pilot Suspects a Purpose Beyond Falconry’, New York Times (14 April 1940), p. 41.
23 Paul Virilio, A Landscape of Events, trans. Julie Rose (Cambridge, MA, 2000), p. 28.
24 Joint Vision 2020, available at: http://www.dtic.mil/jointvision.
25 Motto of United States Air Force 5th Reconnaissance Squadron.
26 Rocky Barker, ‘BSU Scientists Use Transmitters to Track Falcons’, Idaho Statesman, reprinted in Center for Conservation Research & Technology (CCRT) Recent Media Coverage of Field Research Efforts.
27 Barker, ‘BSU Scientists Use Transmitters to Track Falcons’.
28 Robert Lee Hotz, ‘Spying on Falcons from Space’, Los Angeles Times (14 October 1997).
29 US Department of Defense and US Fish and Wildlife Service, Protecting Endangered Species on Military Lands (2002), http://endangered.fws.gov/dod/ES%20on%20military%20lands.pdf.
6 URBAN FALCONS
1 Tom Cade, Peregrine Fund Newsletter (1980), p. 11.
2 Roger Tory Peterson, Birds over America (New York, 1948), p. 135.
3 Akira Lippit, Electric Animal: Toward a Rhetoric of Wildlife (Minneapolis, MN, 2000), p. 21.
4 Henry Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga and other Wild Tales (London, 1923), p. 198.
5 Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga, p. 211.
6 Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga, p. 217.
7 Joseph Hickey, ‘Eastern Populations of the Duck Hawk’, Auk, 59 (April 1942), p. 193.
8 Letter from Joseph Hickey to Walter Spofford (9 June 1940), Archives of American Falconry.
9 Hickey, ‘Eastern Populations of the Duck Hawk’, p. 179.
10 David E. Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge, MA, 1994), pp. 96–7.
11 ‘St Regis Ejects Baby Hawks from 16th Floor Balcony Nest’, Pennsylvania Game News (August 1943), p. 26.
12 Robert M. Stabler, interviewed by James K. Cleaver (1983), transcript, Archives of American Falconry, p. 33.
13 Lippit, Electric Animal, p. 25.
14 Steve Hinchcliffe and Sarah Whatmore, ‘Living Cities: Towards a Politics of Conviviality’, Science as Culture, XV/2, special issue on technonatures (2006).
15 Tom Cade and William Burnham, eds, Return of the Peregrine: A North American Story of Tenacity and Teamwork (Boise, ID, 2003), p. 99.
16 Cade and Burnham, Return of the Peregrine, p. 99.
17 University of California Santa Cruz press release (19 January 2005).
18 ‘Visiting the Falcon’s Neighborhood’, http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=38/492/2017/2037/2063&pq-locale=en_us.
19 Karen Gus, Kodak Birdcam discussion board, 07:57am 18 July 2003 EST (#17821 of 17889).
20 Hootie, Kodak Birdcam discussion board, 09:14pm 17 July 2003 EST (#17763 of 17889).
21 P. Virilio, ‘The Visual Crash’, in Rhetorics of Surveillance from Bentham to Big Brother, ed. T. Y
. Levin, U. Frohne and P. Weibel (Karlsruhe, 2002), p. 109.
22 Quoted in Doreen Leggett, ‘Peregrine Falcons’, Cape Codder (28 January 2005), http://ww2.townonline.com/brewster/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=174563.
23 Legget, ‘Peregrine Falcons’.
24 D. Bird, D. Varland and J. Negro, eds, Raptors in Human Landscapes (London, 1996), p. xvii.
25 Bird, Varland and Negro, Raptors in Human Landscapes, p. xviii.
26 Melissa Sanford, ‘For Falcons as for People, Life in the Big City has its Risks as Well as its Rewards’, New York Times (28 June 2004), section A, p. 12, col. 1.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anderson, S. H., and J. R. Squires, The Prairie Falcon (Austin, TX, 1997)
Baker, John Alec, The Peregrine (New York, 2005)
Blaine, Gilbert, Falconry (London, 1936)
Bodio, Stephen, A Rage for Falcons (Boulder, CO, 1984)
Burnham, William, A Fascination with Falcons: A Biologist’s Adventures from Greenland to the Tropics (Blaine, WA, 1997)
Cade, Tom, and William Burnham, eds, Return of the Peregrine: A North American Saga of Tenacity and Teamwork (Boise, ID, 2004)
Chamerlat, Christian Antoine de, Falconry and Art (London, 1987)
Craighead, Frank, and John Craighead, Hawks in the Hand: Adventures in Photography and Falconry (Boston, MA, 1939)
——, Life with an Indian Prince (Boise, ID, 2001)
Craighead George, Jean, My Side of the Mountain (New York, 1959)
Cummins, John, The Hound and the Hawk: The Art of Medieval Hunting (London, 1988)
Enderson, Jim, Peregrine Falcon: Stories of the Blue Meanie (Austin, TX, 2005)
Ford, Emma, Gyrfalcon (London, 1999)
Fox, Nick, Understanding the Bird of Prey (Blaine, WA, 1994)
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, The Art of Falconry, being the ‘Arte Venandi cum Avibus’ of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, trans. and ed. C. A. Wood and F. M. Fyfe (Stanford, CA, 1943)
Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, ‘Falconry, the Sport of Kings’, National Geographic, XXXVIII/6 (1922), pp. 429–60
Glasier, Philip, As the Falcon Her Bells (London, 1963)
——, Falconry and Hawking (London, 1978)
Haak, Bruce, Pirate of the Plains: The Biology of the Prairie Falcon (Blaine, WA, 1995)
Loft, John, trans. and ed., D’Arcussia’s Falconry (Louth, Lincs, 2003)
Oggins, Robin S., The Kings and their Hawks: Falconry in Medieval England (New Haven, CT, 2004)
Parry-Jones, Jemima, Jemima Parry-Jones’ Falconry: Care, Captive Breeding and Conservation (Newton Abbot, 1993)
Potapov, Eugene, and Richard Sale, The Gyrfalcon (London, 2005)
Ratcliffe, Derek, The Peregrine (London, 1980)
Tennant, Alan, On the Wing: To the Edge of the Earth with the Peregrine Falcon (New York, 2004)
Treleaven, R. B., In Pursuit of the Peregrine (Wheathampsted, Herts, 1998)
Upton, Roger, A Bird in the Hand: Celebrated Falconers of the Past (London, 1980)
——, Arab Falconry: History of a Way of Life (Blaine, WA, 2001)
Zimmerman, David, To Save a Bird in Peril (New York, 1975)
ASSOCIATIONS AND WEBSITES
ARCHIVES OF FALCONRY
www.peregrinefund.org/american_falconry.asp
BRITISH FALCONERS CLUB
www.britishfalconersclub.co.uk
BRITISH TRUST FOR ORNITHOLOGY
www.bto.org
CANADIAN PEREGRINE FOUNDATION
www.peregrine-foundation.ca
EMIRATES FALCONERS CLUB
www.emiratesfalconersclub.com
HAWK AND OWL TRUST
www.hawkandowl.org
HAWKWATCH INTERNATIONAL
www.hawkwatch.org
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR FALCONRY & BIRDS OF PREY
www.i-a-f.org
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR BIRDS OF PREY
www.internationalbirdsofprey.org
INTERNATIONAL FALCONER MAGAZINE
www.intfalconer.com
KODAK BIRDCAM
birdcam.kodak.com
MARSHALL RADIO TELEMETRY
www.marshallradio.com
MARTIN JONES FALCONRY EQUIPMENT
www.falconryonline.com
NORTH AMERICAN FALCONERS’ ASSOCIATION
www.n-a-f-a.org
NORTHWOODS FALCONRY EQUIPMENT
www.northwoodsfalconry.com
THE PEREGRINE FUND
www.peregrinefund.org
RAPTOR RESEARCH CENTER
http://rrc.boisestate.edu
RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION
http://biology.boisestate.edu/raptor
SANTA CRUZ PREDATORY BIRD RESEARCH GROUP
www2.ucsc.edu/scpbrg
SAVE THE SAKER
www.savethesaker.com
WINGSPAN BIRD OF PREY TRUST, NEW ZEALAND
www.wingspan.co.nz
WORLD WORKING GROUP ON BIRDS OF PREY AND OWLS
www.raptors-international.de
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks to Jonathan Burt, Michael Leaman, Harry Gilonis, and to friends and colleagues who supplied photographs and images and commented on the manuscript: Stephen Bodio, Tom Cade, Erin Gott, Nick Jardine, Rob Jenks, John Loft, James Macdonald, Tamsin Mather, Rob Ralley, Mark Sprevak, Roy Wilkinson and Charles Young. Special thanks are due to Colonel S. Kent Carnie, Archivist of the Archives of Falconry in Boise, Idaho, for his wonderful hospitality and assistance to an expat researcher; to Nick Fox, who generously allowed use of his photographic archives; and to Eugene Potapov for information on falcon myths in Central Asia. The financial assistance of Jesus College, Cambridge, and the Williamson Fund of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, helped with picture reproductions. I am hugely grateful to Christina McLeish for support throughout the writing up of the manuscript. And last of all, very special thanks are due to my infinitely patient parents, who let a small girl’s kestrel roost at night on her bedroom bookcase, despite the mess.
PHOTO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author and publishers wish to express their thanks to the below sources of illustrative material and/or permission to reproduce it. Some sources uncredited in the captions for reasons of brevity are also given below. We would appreciate hearing from any copyright holder whom we have been unable to trace.
Images © Shujaat Ali/Al Jazeera: pp. 116; from Animal World, vol. XX, no. 237 (June 1889): p. 115; courtesy of the Archives of Falconry (formerly Archives of American Falconry): pp. 57 (top), 71, 80, 92, 113, 125, 129 (photo Charles E. Proctor), 158, 159, 160, 161; courtesy of the author: pp. 24, 147, 200–201; photo © Bettmann/Corbis: p. 179; Biblioteca Civica, Padua: p. 98; The British Council: p. 177; by permission of the British Library, London: pp. 22 (from an album of c. 1802, ‘The Natural Products of Hindostan’, MS NHD 7/1010), 53 (from Peter de Langtoft, Chronicle of England, MS Royal 20 A. ii, f.7); from Montagu Browne, Practical Taxidermy: A Manual of Instruction to the Amateur . . . (London, 1884): p. 122; photo courtesy of the Canadian Peregrine Foundation: p. 190; courtesy of the Center for Conservation Research and Technology, Baltimore: pp. 167, 168, 171; photo by Chas E. Clifton, courtesy The Peregrine Fund: p. 143 (right); photo by Glen Eitemiller, courtesy The Peregrine Fund: p. 138; courtesy of the Environmental Research and Wildife Development Agency (EWRDA): p. 36; after Nick Fox, Understanding the Bird of Prey (Surrey, BC, 1995): p. 37; photo by Nick Fox, courtesy of International Wildlife Consultants, p. 89; photo courtesy of the Freud Museum, London: p. 60; photo by Erin Gott, courtesy of The Peregrine Fund, p. 17; photo by Noel Hyde: p. 29; photo © Norman Kent, courtesy of Norman Kent Productions and Ken Franklin: p. 14; photos courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company: pp. 192, 195; photo courtesy of the Kunsthistoriches Museum, Vienna: p. 99; Gyula László: p. 63; photos courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, DC (Prints and Photographs Division): pp. 108 (G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, LC-M36-630), 200 [bottom left] (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08571); photo © James Macdon
ald: p. 198; photo by Tom Maechtle, courtesy The Peregrine Fund: p. 184; Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris: p. 68; Musée du Louvre, Paris: pp. 6 (photo © RMN/Christian Jean), 60 (photo © RMN/Hervé Lewandowski); Museo del Prado, Madrid: p. 82; Nanjing Museum, China: p. 25; image courtesy of NASA: p. 163; photos © Martyn Paterson: pp. 27, 84, 96, 136; courtesy of The Peregrine Fund: pp. 20, 140, 143 (left), 181, 186, 197; photos by Eugene Potapov, courtesy ERWDA: pp. 44, 145; courtesy of Roger-Viollet/Rex Features: pp. 82 (RVB-05062), 103 (R-V 14588-6), 107 (RVB-931482), 112 (R-V 5128-6); private collection: p. 26; Royal Cabinet of Paintings ‘Mauritshuis’, The Hague, p. 87; from H. Schlegel and A. H. Verster van Wulverhorst, Traité de Fauconnerie (Leiden and Düsseldorf, 1845–53): p. 91; photos courtesy of Todd Sharman and the Canadian Peregrine Foundation: pp. 14, 189, 199; © The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg: pp. 45 (Eero Nicolai Jarnefelt, Hawks in the Forest, 1895, water-colour and gouache), 64 (silver dish with falcon or eagle carrying a woman); The State Russian Museum, St Petersburg: p. 74; Topkapı Saray Museum, Istanbul: pp. 13, 105; courtesy of the Tryon Gallery, London: p. 42; courtesy of Roger and Mark Upton: p. 111; US National Park Service: p. 55; courtesy of Roy Wilkinson/British Sea Power: p. 57 (bottom); from Henry Williamson, The Peregrine’s Saga, and Other Tales (London, 1834): p. 175; Yamato Bunkakan Museum, Nara: p. 85; courtesy of the Zoological Society of London: p. 28.
INDEX
9/11 188
Africa 24, 28, 29, 40, 106
Allen, Arthur 126
Altai falcon 29, 55, 63–6
anatomy 30–35, 34, 38
anthropologists 15, 49, 55–6, 62
Arab falconry 23, 27, 82–3, 85, 88, 94, 96, 100, 102, 108, 116, 146
Archives of Falconry, World Center for Birds of Prey, Idaho 8
Atlanta Falcons (American football team) 57
Attila the Hun 55, 63
aviation 126, 148, 152–3, 170
Ayala, Pero López de 23, 52, 101
Baker, J. A. 16–18
Baltimore, Maryland 184, 185–7
Barbary falcon 24
Bauerle, Friedrich 90
Bayer, William 71–2
Falcon Page 15