by Meredith Tax
64Liz Sly, “Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq,” Washington Post, February 3, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html.
65Homa Khaleeli, Aisha Gani, and Mais al-Bayaa, “Ruqia Hassan: the woman who was killed for telling the truth about ISIS,” The Guardian, January 13, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/13/ruqia-hassan-killed-for-telling-truth-about-isis-facebook.
66Weiss, “Schoolteacher vs. al Qaeda,” 2013.
67“Activists in Raqqa face daily threats,” Institute for War and Peace Reporting, December 12, 2013, https://iwpr.net/global-voices/activists-raqqa-face-daily-threats.
68“How Did Raqqa Fall,” Syria Untold, 2014; Renee Montagne, “Secret Papers Reveal Islamic State’s Structure,” NPR, April 23, 2015, http://www.npr.org/2015/04/23/401655832/secret-papers-reveal-islamic-states-structure; “Activists in Raqqa,” IWPR, 2013; Reuter, “Terror Strategist,” 2015.
69Weiss, “Schoolteacher vs. al Qaeda,” 2013.
70“If Assad falls the terrorists will fall too—Souad Nafal accepts the Homo Homini Award,” One World, March 8, 2015, http://oneworld.cz/2015/news/712-if-assad-falls-the-terrorists-will-fall-too-souad-nawfal-accepts-the-homo-homini-award.htm.
71“Sunni rebels declare new ‘Islamic caliphate,’” Al Jazeera, June 30, 2014, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/isil-declares-new-islamic-caliphate-201462917326669749.html.
72Adam Withnall, “Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with ‘restoration of caliphate’ in Middle East,” The Independent, June 30, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html.
73Spencer Ackerman, Shiv Malik, Ali Younes and Mustafa Khalili, “Al-Qaida ‘cut off and ripped apart by Isis’,” The Guardian, June 10, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/10/isis-onslaught-has-broken-al-qaida-its-spiritual-leaders-admit.
74David Remnick, “The Death of Two Syrian Journalists,” The New Yorker, October 30, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-death-of-two-syrian-journalists.
75“Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently, Syria,” Committee to Protect Journalists, 2015, https://www.cpj.org/awards/2015/raqqa-is-being-slaughtered-silently-syria.php.
76“Raqqa is Being Slaughtered,” CPJ, 2015.
77Remnick, “The Death of Two Syrian Journalists,” 2015.
78Rengin Arslan, “The death of Naji Jerf and the battle facing Syria’s citizen journalists,” BBC, January 13, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35295206.
79“Syrian journalist Naji Jerf shot dead in Gazientep, Turkey,” Committee to Protect Journalists, December 27, 2015, https://cpj.org/2015/12/syrian-journalist-naji-jerf-shot-dead-in-gaziantep.php.
80Khaleeli, Gani, and Bayaa, “Ruqia Hassan,” 2016.
Chapter 9: Daesh vs. Kobane
1Ishan Tharoor, “Islamic State burned a woman for not engaging in an ‘extreme’ sex act, U.N. official says,” The Washington Post, May 22, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/05/22/islamic-state-burned-a-woman-alive-for-not-engaging-in-an-extreme-sex-act-u-n-official-says/?postshare=4031432347480556.
2Flora Drury, “Islamic State’s most wanted women: The fearless Yazidi sisters fighting to save ISIS sex slaves,” The Daily Mail, December 22, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339837/ISIS-wanted-women-remarkable-Yazidi-sisters-fighting-beasts-Daesh-raping-girls-murdering-people.html.
3Adam Withnall, “Isis releases ‘abhorrent’ sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives,” The Independent, December 10, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-abhorrent-sex-slaves-pamphlet-with-27-tips-for-militants-on-taking-punishing-and-raping-female-captives-9915913.html; ISIL Committee of Research and Fatwas, “Fatwa Number: 64,” January 29, 2015, http://graphics.thomsonreuters.com/doc/slaves_fatwa.pdf.
4Kathy Gilsinan, “The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women,” The Atlantic, July 25, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/07/the-women-of-isis/375047/.
5“ISIS Women Kill 17-Year Old for Looking at Clothes in Store,” The Clarion Project, July 12, 2015, http://www.clarionproject.org/news/islamic-state-beats-mosul-woman-death-lifting-niqab.
6The manual is called “Women of the Islamic State: A manifesto on women by the Al-Khanssa Brigade,” Quilliam Foundation, February 2015, https://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/women-of-the-islamic-state3.pdf.
7“Women of the Islamic State,” Quilliam, 21.
8Kinda Jayoush, “Prisoners in Their Own City: ISIS Bans Women Under 45 From Leaving Raqqa,” Syria Deeply, January 19, 2015, http://www.syriadeeply.org/articles/2015/01/6660/prisoners-city-isis-bans-women-45-leaving-raqqa/.
9“ISIS Women Kill 17-Year Old,” 2015.
10Jayoush, “Prisoners in Their Own City,” 2015.
11Azadeh Moaveni, “ISIS Women and Enforcers in Syria Recount Collaboration, Anguish and Escape,” The New York Times, November 21, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/22/world/middleeast/isis-wives-and-enforcers-in-syr.
12Jayoush, “Prisoners,” 2015.
13Rania Abouzeid, “The Jihad Next Door,” Politico, June 23, 2014, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al-qaeda-iraq-syria-108214_full.html.
14“Women of the Islamic State,” Quilliam, 13.
15“Women of the Islamic State,” Quilliam, 19.
16“Women of the Islamic State,” Quilliam, 21, 24.
17Olivia Goldhill, “This man risks his life every day to rescue kidnapped women from ISIS,” The Telegraph, July 8, 2015, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11723360/Islamic-State-Meet-the-man-who-helps-kidnapped-women-escape-horrors.html.
18Priya Joshi, “British Medical Student Turned Isis Jihadist Holds Severed Head in Twitter Image,” International Business Times, September 14, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/british-medical-student-turned-isis-jihadist-holds-severed-head-twitter-image-1465422.
19Umm Layth, “Diary of a Muhajira-3,” September 11, 2014, http://fatubalilghuraba.tumblr.com/post/97208872879/diary-of-a-muhajirah-3.
20Graeme Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants,” The Atlantic, March 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980); Jack Jenkins, “What the Atlantic Gets Wrong About ISIS,” Think Progress, February 18, 2015, http://thinkprogress.org/world/2015/02/18/3624121/atlantic-gets-dangerously-wrong-isis-islam; Haroon Moghul, “The Atlantic’s big Islam lie: What Muslims really believe about ISIS,” Salon, February 19, 2015, http://www.salon.com/2015/02/19/the_atlantics_big_islam_lie_what_muslims_really_believe_about_isis/; Robert Wright, “The Clash of Civilizations That Isn’t,” The New Yorker, February 25, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/clash-civilizations-isnt.
21For a feminist discussion of fundamentalism in many religions, see Ayesha Imam, Jenny Morgan, and Nira Yuval-Davis, eds., Warning Signs of Fundamentalism (Women Living Under Muslim Laws: London, 2004), http://www.wluml.org/node/224.
22Mouin Rabbani, “The Un-Islamic State,” Jadaliyya, September 9, 2014, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/19181/the-un-islamic-state.
23Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi and Amarnath Amarasingam, “Is ISIS Islamic, and Other ‘Foolish” Debates,” Jihadology, April 3, 2015, http://www.aymennjawad.org/16383/is-isis-islamic-and-other-foolish-debates.
24Amal Ghazal and Larbi Sadiki, “ISIS: The ‘Islamic State’ Between Orientalism and the Interiority of MENA’s Intellectuals,” Jadaliyya, Jan. 19, 2016, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/23616/isis_the-islamic-state-between-orientalism-and-the.
25Al-Tamimi and Amarasingam, “Is ISIS Islamic,” 2015.
26“The Isis papers: a masterplan for consolidating power,” The Guardian, De
cember 7, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/07/islamic-state-document-masterplan-for-power.
27“The Isis papers,” The Guardian, 2015.
28Edward Delman, “Understanding Hitler’s Anti-Semitism,” [interview with Timothy Snyder], The Atlantic, September 9, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/hitler-holocaust-antisemitism-timothy-snyder/404260/.
29“The Isis papers,” The Guardian, 2015.
30Charles Tripp, “IS: the rentier caliphate with no new ideas,” The New Arab, February 8, 2015, http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/politics/2015/2/8/is-the-rentier-caliphate-with-no-new-ideas.
31Bill Spindle and Summer Said, “Oil’s Drop Puts the Spotlight on Saudi Arabia,” The Wall Street Journal, August 24, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/oils-drop-puts-spotlight-on-saudi-arabia-1440459727; Clifford Krauss, “Oil Prices: What’s Behind the Drop? Simple Economics,” The New York Times, January 21, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/business/energy-environment/oil-prices.html.
32Matthew Rosenberg, “U.S. Drops Bombs Not Just on ISIS, but Its Cash, Too,” The New York Times, January 20, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/us/politics/us-drops-bombs-not-just-on-isis-but-on-its-cash-too.html.
33Liz Sly, “The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein’s,” The Washington Post, April 4, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-hidden-hand-behind-the-islamic-state-militants-saddam-husseins/2015/04/04/aa97676c-cc32-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html.
34Hanin Ghaddar, “ISIS’s strategy of terror: interview with Christoph Reuter,” NOW Media, July 15, 2015, https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/10questions/565586-isiss-strategy-of-terror.
35Ghaddar, “ISIS’s strategy of terror,” 2015.
36Ghaddar, “ISIS’s strategy of terror,” 2015; Michael Weiss, “Confessions of an ISIS Spy,” The Daily Beast, November 15, 2015, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/15/confessions-of-an-isis-spy.html.
37Jessica Stern and J.M. Berger, “ISIS and the Foreign-Fighter Phenomena,” The Atlantic, March 8, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/isis-and-the-foreign-fighter-problem/387166/.
38Olivier Roy, “What is the driving force behind jihadist terrorism? A scientific perspective on the causes/circumstances of joining the scene,” speech at the BKS Autumn Conference, November 18–19, 2015, https://life.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/OLIVIER-ROY-what-is-a-radical-islamist.pdf.
39Ben Taub, “Paris Attacks: The Belgium Connection,” The New Yorker, November 16, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-belgian-connection.
40Steven Mufson, “A decade ago, she warned of radical Islam in Belgium’s Molenbeek,” The Washington Post, November 18, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/a-decade-ago-she-warned-of-radical-islam-in-belgiums-molenbeek/2015/11/18/433c8ce4-8d54-11e5-934c-a369c80822c2_story.html?tid=magnet.
41Lydia Wilson, “What I Discovered From Interviewing Imprisoned ISIS Fighters,” The Nation, October 21, 2015, http://www.thenation.com/article/what-i-discovered-from-interviewing-isis-prisoners/.
42Stefanie Marsh, “‘I can’t wait to have my own jihadi baby’: the British women joining ISIS,” The Times, December 4, 2014, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/article4284138.ece
43Lauren Williams, “In IS-ruled Raqqa, new class divides create tensions with local Syrians,” July 10, 2015, Middle East Eye, http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ruled-raqqa-new-class-divide-creates-tensions-local-syrians-1335876517SANLIURFA, Turkey-; Abouzeid, “Jihad Next Door,” 2014.
44Williams, “In IS-Ruled Raqqa,” 2015.
45Christoph Reuter, “The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State,” Der Speigel, April 18, 2015, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-files-show-structure-of-islamist-terror-group-a-1029274.html.
46“Islamic State’s Caliphate Shrinks by 14 Percent in 2015,” IHS, December 21, 2015, http://press.ihs.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-security/islamic-states-caliphate-shrinks-14-percent-2015.
47Jessica Hartogs, “ISIS cuts fighters’ salaries due to ‘exceptional circumstances’,” CNBC, January 20, 2016, http://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/20/isis-cuts-fighters-salaries-due-to-exceptional-circumstances.html.
48Karen Yourish, Derek Watkins, and Tom Giratikanon, “Where ISIS Has Directed and Inspired Attacks Around the World,” The New York Times, updated March 22, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/17/world/middleeast/map-isis-attacks-around-the-world.html?_r=0; Ray Sanchez, Tom Lister, Mark Bixler, Sean O’Key, Michael Hogenmiller, and Mohammed Tawfeeq, CNN, updated April 12, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/17/world/mapping-isis-attacks-around-the-world.
49Sarah Almukhtar, “How Boko Haram Courted and Joined the Islamic State,” The New York Times, June 10, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/11/world/africa/boko-haram-isis-propaganda-video-nigeria.html; Dionne Searcey and Marc Santora, “Boko Haram Ranked Ahead of ISIS for Deadliest Terror Group,” The New York Times, November 18, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/19/world/africa/boko-haram-ranked-ahead-of-isis-for-deadliest-terror-group.html.
50Nancy LeTourneau, “President Obama’s Containment Strategy Against ISIS,” Washington Monthly, November 23, 2015, http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/political-animal-a/2015_11/president_obamas_containment_s058747.php.
51Callum Paton, “Libya’s Raqqa: Is Isis Sirte stronghold the next target for coalition air strikes?” International Business Times, December 5, 2015, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/libyas-raqqa-isis-sirte-stronghold-next-target-coalition-air-strikes-1531903.
52“Islamic State’s Caliphate Shrinks,” IHS, 2015.
53“Interview with Kurdish YPG Leader, Polat Can,” The Kurdish Project, August 12, 2015, http://thekurdishproject.org/latest-news/rojava/interview-with-kurdish-ypg-leader-polat-can/.
Chapter 10: War and Peace in Turkey
1“Profile: Fethullah Gulen’s Hizmat movement,” BBC, December 18, 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-13503361.
2Shazdeh Omari, “China is world’s worst jailor of the press, global tally second worst on record,” Committee to Protect Journalists, December 17, 2014, https://www.cpj.org/reports/2014/12/journalists-in-prison-china-is-worlds-worst-jailer.php.
3“Turkey’s charismatic pro-Islamic leader,” BBC News, November 4, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2270642.stm.
4Martin Childs, “Necmettin Erbakan: Politician who served as Turkey’s first Islamist prime minister,” The Independent, October 22, 2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/necmettin-erbakan-politician-who-served-as-turkeys-first-islamist-prime-minister-2231569.html.
5Deborah Sontag, “The Erdogan Experiment,” The New York Times, May 11, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/magazine/the-erdogan-experiment.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
6“Terrorist PKK condemns TAK for Taksim attack,” Today’s Zaman, November 6, 2010, http://www.todayszaman.com/national_terrorist-pkk-condemns-tak-for-taksim-attack_226499.html; White, The PKK, 45–46.
7“Peace be unto you,” The Economist, August 18, 2005, http://www.economist.com/node/4300168.
8James Brandon, “The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerge as a Rival to the PKK,” Terrorism Focus, 3, 40, October 17, 2006, The Jamestown Foundation; Nick Birch and Steven Morris, “Tourists warned to stay away as bomb attacks rock Turkey,” The Guardian, August 28, 2006, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/29/topstories3.turkey.
9“Turkey blames Kurdish suicide bomber for Ankara attack,” Ekurd Daily, May 23, 2007, http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2007/5/turkeykurdistan1185.htm.
10“Kurdish fighters show support for Turkish plans to expand Kurdish rights,” Deutsche Welle, October 19, 2009, http://www.dw.com/en/kurdish-fighters-show-support-for-turkish-plans-to-expand-kurdish-rights/a-4807619.
11White, The PKK, 43.
12Omer Taspinar, “Turkey: The New Model?” Brookings, April 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2012/04/24-turkey-new-model-taspinar; Davi
d Olopade, “Is Turkey the Key to a New Middle East Approach?” The American Prospect, April 6, 2009, http://prospect.org/article/turkey-key-new-middle-east-approach; Thomas Patrick Carroll, “Turkey’s Justice and Development Party: A Model for Democratic Islam?” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, June/July 2004, https://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0407_t1.htm.
13Meredith Tax, “Fundamentalists and Businessmen: the Battle for Secular Space,” Dissent, June 12, 2013, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/fundamentalists-and-businessmen-the-battle-for-secular-space; Deniz Kandiyoti, “A tangled web: the politics of gender in Turkey,” openDemocracy 5050, January 5, 2011, https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/deniz-kandiyoti/tangled-web-politics-of-gender-in-turkey.
14Nazan Ustundag, “The AKP and the Peace Process,” Jadaliyya, Dec. 1, 2013, http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/15412/the-akp-and-the-peace-process.
15Harut Sassonian, “Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Tells Women not to Laugh in Public,” The Huffington Post, August 8, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/harut-sassounian/turkish-deputy-prime-mini_b_5656807.html; Pinar Tremblay, “Forget online dating, now the Turkish government will find you a spouse,” Al-Monitor, November 1, 2015, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/10/turkey-election-pledges-davutoglu-offers-matchmaking.html#ixzz3riYc3S1P.
16“Turkey moves down five places in global gender gap ratings,” Hurriyet Daily News, November 22, 2015, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=91474&NewsCatID=339.
17Dorian Jones, “Turkey’s Murder Rate of Women Skyrockets,” Voice of America, February 27, 2011, http://www.voanews.com/content/turkeys-murder-rate-of-women-skyrockets-117093538/170517.html.
18Aliza Marcus, “Asia Minority,” Tablet, October 21, 2010, http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/47397/asia-minority.
19Human Rights Watch, “Turkey: Party Case Shows Need for Reform,” July 30, 2008, https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/07/30/turkey-party-case-shows-need-reform.
20“Turkey’s Descent Into Paranoia,” The New York Times, December 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/opinion/turkeys-descent-into-paranoia.html.