A Road Unforeseen

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A Road Unforeseen Page 39

by Meredith Tax


  Arab, 50–51, 196–97

  Kurdish, 55–56, 60–61, 69, 164

  Ocalan and, 55–56, 123, 157, 262

  tribalism and, 45–46

  Turkish, 52, 123

  nation-state

  model, 19, 45, 55, 122–23, 145, 151, 157, 262–63

  Rojava and, 172

  Nawfal, Souad, 217–18, 220

  neighborhood councils, 159–60

  neoliberalism, 22–23, 28

  Nezan, Kendal, 92

  NGOs, 102, 190

  Obama administration, 17, 42, 182–83, 185–86, 240

  Ocalan, Abdullah

  ceasefire offered by, 114, 116–17, 146

  “Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan,” 157

  democracy and, 124, 126, 150, 157

  dream of, for Kurdistan, 34–35, 123–24

  in exile, 50, 73, 122, 146–47

  imprisoned, 52, 54–55, 70, 147–48, 155, 261

  influences on, 55, 149–51

  Kurdish women and, 127–30, 135–36, 142–43, 149–50

  Liberating Life: Woman’s Revolution, 56

  Mahsum Korkmaz Academy and, 89–90, 125

  nationalism and, 55–56, 123, 157, 262

  Onderlik Çözümlemeler, 125–26

  PKK led by, 18, 31–35, 50, 52–55, 72, 78, 88–90, 107–8, 113–17, 120–27, 129–30, 133–35, 148–52, 155, 163, 259

  Prison Writing I, 149

  as radical student, 70–72

  trial of, 148–49

  Ocalan, Osman, 115, 122, 129, 152

  oil

  Daesh and, 234–35

  Iraqi, 64, 98–99

  in Rojava, 175

  Onderlik Çözümlemeler (Analyses by the Leadership) (Ocalan, A.), 125–26

  One Voice, 101–2

  Operation Anfal, 81–85

  Operation Desert Storm, 95–96

  Organization for Women’s Rights in Iraq (OWFI), 96, 210

  Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (Engels), 32

  Ottoman Empire, 45–46

  Oweis, Khaled Yacoub, 193–94

  OWFI. See Organization for Women’s Rights in Iraq

  Ozcan, Ali Kemal, 46–47, 110, 125

  Ozul, Turgut, 116–17

  PAJK (Party of Free Women of Kurdistan), 139

  Palestine, 109

  Paris attacks, 238

  parliamentary parties. See Turkish Kurds, parliamentary parties of

  Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan. See PJAK

  Party of Free Women of Kurdistan. See PAJK

  patriarchal belt, 23–24

  Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement. See YDG-H

  Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. See PUK

  peace movement, women’s, 140–41

  peace process, 245–46

  The Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 125

  Pell, Claiborne, 92

  People’s Defense Forces and Free Women’s Forces. See HPG-YJA-Star

  People’s Democratic Party. See HDP

  People’s Labor Party. See HEP

  People’s Protection Units and Women’s Protection Units. See YPG-YPJ

  peshmerga (Iraqi Kurdish militia)

  female members of, 138–39

  founding of, 63

  jash and, 63, 80, 84

  in Kirkuk, 38

  Sinjar Mountain and, 39–44

  struggle of, 17, 37

  united, 80–81

  US and, 65–66

  PJAK (Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan), 13

  PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party), 242, 258

  armed struggle by, 86–92, 148–49, 255

  Barzani, Masoud, and, 114–15, 190–91

  ceasefires, 114, 116–17, 146, 152, 244, 249–50

  celibacy and, 142–45

  collective leadership of, 155

  democratic autonomy and, 155–58, 161–63, 261

  development of, 107–11

  DTP and, 158

  founding of, 72–73

  gender relations in, 136, 138–39, 145

  human rights and, 116–17, 147–49, 153

  ideological transformation of, 54–55

  Iraqi Kurds and, 114–15, 151–52, 190–91

  Islam and, 161–62

  KDP and, 86, 94, 189–91

  KH’s blood feud with, 112

  KRG and, 151–52

  Kurdish women in, 34, 37, 54–56, 108, 128–30, 132, 133–36, 138–46, 258

  Marcus on, 115, 122, 129–30, 136, 155, 158, 161–63

  marriage and, 142–44

  military conscription by, 91

  network, 13–14

  Ocalan, Abdullah, leading, 18, 31–35, 50, 52–55, 72, 78, 88–90, 107–8, 113–17, 120–27, 129–30, 133–35, 148–52, 155, 163, 259

  organizational culture of, 122

  organizational structure of, 163

  PAJK in, 139

  personal sacrifice in, 126–27

  PUK and, 94

  Rojava cantons and, 54

  Sakine Cansiz in, 130, 133–36, 152–53

  Sinjar Mountain and, 42–43

  in “Special War,” 113–21

  strategy change of, 103, 105, 119–30, 146–53, 260

  Syrian Kurds in, 50

  TAK and, 244–45

  Talabani, Jalal and, 114–15

  as terrorists, 18, 106, 152

  training program, 125–26

  transition of, 146–53

  van Bruinessen on, 87–90, 105–6, 112

  PKK-Vejin (Revival), 108

  The Power of the Word: Culture, Censorship and Voice (Women’s WORLD), 30–31

  Prison Writing I (Ocalan, A.), 149

  PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)

  Gorran split from, 99–101

  Gulf War and, 83

  history of, 49

  KDP fighting, 80, 94–95

  KRG and, 38, 93–94, 98

  PKK and, 94

  Talabani leading, 13, 38, 66, 80, 94, 98

  Putin, Vladimir, 22

  PYD (Democratic Union Party)

  Abdullah, Asya, co-president of, 44

  democratic autonomy and, 53–54, 164–73, 175, 194, 256

  founding of, 50–51, 165

  gender relations and, 171

  KNC and, 191–92

  in Kobane canton, 17–18, 38, 168, 183, 185–87

  Muslim, Salih, and, 50–51, 164–65, 167, 169, 171, 193, 198

  in PKK network, 13

  in revolution, 53–54, 164–68

  US and, 185–86, 194–95

  al Qaeda

  Daesh and, 14, 203, 210–14, 216, 218–19, 221

  in Iraq, 14, 206, 209–10

  Islamism of, 201–6, 209

  struggle of, 37

  Qasim, Abdal Karim, 62–63

  Rabbani, Mouin, 43, 231

  rape, 24, 27, 40–41, 67, 94, 98, 101, 141, 144, 209, 225, 228

  Raqqa

  Daesh in, 215–23

  Jabhat al-Nusra in, 215–16, 218–19

  women in, 226–30

  Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS), 221–23

  recruits

  Daesh, 237–39

  YPG-YPJ, 189, 259

  refugees

  EU and, 193, 199

  from Kobane, 183, 189

  Kurdish, 49, 66, 82, 84, 182

  Rojava, 183, 189, 198

  Syrian, 225

  Yazidi, 42

  Reich, Robert, 45

  Reich, Wilhelm, 144–45

  Remnick, David, 221

  Resettlement Law, 68

  Resolution 1325, UN, 140

  Reuter, Christoph, 44, 215, 236

  Revival. See PKK-Vejin

  revolution

  from bottom up, 53–57

  cultural, 103

  of Daesh, 56–57

  Iranian, 79

  Kurdish, 53–57, 59, 71–72

  PYD in, 53–54, 164–68

  of Rojava cantons, 56–57, 103, 164–68, 260–62

 
strategies, 71–72

  Revolutionary Eastern Cultural Hearths (DDKO), 69–70

  right-wing identity movements, 24–26

  Robertson, Pat, 25

  Rojava cantons. See also Afrin canton; Cizire canton; Kobane canton

  backlash, 191–99

  democratic autonomy in, 164–73, 259–63

  democratic economy in, 173–77

  experiment of, 35

  feminism of, 54, 56

  growth of, 241

  liberated, from Daesh, 17–19, 34–35, 54

  nation-state and, 172

  oil in, 175

  questions remaining about, 259–63

  refugees, 183, 189, 198

  revolution of, 56–57, 103, 164–68, 260–62

  Russia and, 257

  Social Contract or Charter, 171–72

  struggle of, 37

  stumbling blocks, 259–60

  women at center of, 54, 56, 260–62

  Women’s Council, 176

  Romano, David, 183

  Roy, Olivier, 237

  Rumsfeld, Donald, 96

  Rushdie, Salman, 25

  Russia, 22, 257. See also Soviet Union

  Sahgal, Gita, 24–25, 144, 196–97

  Sakik, Semdin, 117

  salafis, 202–3, 206–7, 211, 226, 231, 262

  Saleh, Najat Ali, 43

  Saleh, Yassin al-Haj, 166

  Salih, Cinar, 170

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 72, 87

  Sarukhanyan, Seval, 99

  Sassounian, Harut, 192–93

  The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 25

  Saudi Arabia, 203–5, 226

  SDF (Syrian Democratic Forces), 190, 241

  Sednaya Prison, 211–12

  Sener, Mehmet Cahit, 107–8, 129, 135

  Serhildan (uprising), 108–10, 114

  Seroxan, Newroz, 139–40

  Sexo, Ehmed, 168

  sex slavery, 40–41

  sexuality, 142–46

  Shah of Iran, 65–66, 71, 79

  shaikhs, 45, 59–61, 64

  sharia law, 25, 97, 141, 201–3, 208, 215, 219, 229, 231, 238, 262

  Shia Muslims, 83–84, 204–7, 209

  Shiv Sena, 25

  SHP. See Turkish Social Democratic Party

  single-sex military units, 137–38

  Sinjar Mountain

  battle of, 36, 37–45, 56, 58, 182, 190

  investigation of, 43–45

  Yazidi and, 36, 39–44, 58

  Snyder, Timothy, 234

  Social Contract or Charter, 171–72, 198

  socialism, Soviet approach to, 119–20

  Socialist Camp narrative, 20–21

  Soviet Union, 20–22, 25, 119–20, 204, 255

  Soylemez, Leyla, 152

  “Special War,” Turkey’s on Kurds, 113–21

  Stalinism, 64–65

  Steinem, Gloria, 140–41

  strategic thinking, 31–32

  structural adjustment, 22

  suicide bombers, 104, 186–87, 240, 251

  Sukru, Siddik Hasan, 191

  Suleimaniya, 85, 95, 100–101

  sultanism, 99

  Sumer, 123

  Sunni Muslims, 207, 209

  Daesh and, 56, 230, 232–33, 239

  Kurds as, 45, 194

  salafis, 202–3

  Sykes-Picot treaty, 233

  Syria

  Arab Belt in, 164

  Assad president of, 50, 53, 165–68, 211–12, 215

  civil war in, 165–68, 211

  Daesh in, 14, 42, 211, 215–23

  democracy in, 35

  FSA and, 168, 180, 188, 196, 198, 213, 216–18

  geography of, 13

  jihadis in, 53

  opposition in, 165–66, 194, 198, 257

  refugees from, 225

  US and, 182–83, 185–86, 190, 211

  Syrian Democratic Forces. See SDF

  Syrian Kurds. See also PYD; Rojava cantons; YPG-YPJ

  democratic autonomy of, 164–73

  history of, 50–51, 164

  Iraqi Kurds and, 39

  in PKK, 50

  Syrian civil war and, 165–68

  terminology, 19

  in three-way struggle, 37

  Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 184

  TAJK (Free Women’s Movement of Kurdistan), 13, 137

  TAK (Freedom Falcons), 244–45

  Talabani, Jalal

  corruption of, 99

  KDP and, 62–64

  PKK and, 114–15

  PUK led by, 13, 38, 66, 80, 94, 98

  Taliban, 25, 204–5

  Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad, 231–32

  Tammo, Mashaal, 194

  Tas, Nizamettin, 152

  Taussig, Michael, 144–45

  Tekin, Asya, 183–84

  terrorism

  attacks, 205

  logic of, 236–41

  PKK and, 18, 106, 152

  war on, 46, 205

  TEV-DEM (Democratic Society Movement), 13, 53–54

  democratic autonomy and, 169–72

  KNC and, 192

  Tolkien, J.R.R., 19, 35

  tribalism

  of KDP, 93, 99

  Kurdish, 45–46, 60–61, 63–66, 87–88, 93, 99

  nationalism and, 45–46

  Tribunal on Violence Against Women, 1993, 27–28

  Tripp, Charles, 235

  Truman Doctrine, 51

  Tuncel, Sebahat, 133

  Turkey

  armed struggle in, 85–92

  backlash and, 191–93

  battle of Kobane and, 179–80, 182–87, 191

  Daesh and, 180, 182–87, 222, 248–49

  democracy in, 35

  Erdogan as president of, 52, 149, 152, 161, 180, 182–85, 193, 243–46, 247–52, 254

  EU and, 106, 119, 149, 193, 246

  geography of, 13

  Jabhat al-Nusra and, 180, 185

  Kemalism in, 51–52, 67–76, 243

  KRG and, 38–39, 45

  Kurdish refugees and, 84

  lobbyists in Washington, 192–3

  mass democratic movement in, 105, 110, 126

  McDowall on, 52, 68, 110, 117

  minorities in, 51–52

  “moderate Islamism” in, 246–57

  nationalism in, 52, 123

  Resettlement Law, 68

  in “Special War,” 113–21

  US and, 111–12, 146–47, 193, 248, 255–57

  in WWI, 46

  Turkish Kurds. See also PKK

  democratic autonomy of, 153, 155–64, 252–53

  Erdogan and, 149, 152, 161, 180, 182–85, 244–45, 247–52, 254

  genocide of, 68–69, 92

  history of, 51–53, 59–61, 67–76

  Iraqi Kurds and, 59–61, 114–15

  terminology, 19

  tribalism of, 87–88

  Turkish Kurds, parliamentary parties of BDP, 14, 53, 249

  DEHAP, 14, 156

  DEP, 14, 118

  DTP, 14, 156–58, 245

  genealogy, 14

  HDP, 14, 53, 163, 181, 184, 249–52

  HEP, 14, 52, 110–13, 116, 118

  Turkish military intelligence. See MIT

  Turkish Social Democratic Party (SHP), 110–13

  UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  UN. See United Nations

  Union of Patriotic Revolutionary Young Women. See YDG-K

  United Nations (UN)

  conferences, 26–28, 30

  Resolution 1325, 140

  sanctions, 49, 93–94

  United States (US)

  capitalist narrative of, 21–22

  Christian fundamentalism in, 25–26

  CIA, 111, 146

  Daesh and, 17, 42, 182–83, 185–86, 194–95

  female labor in, 28

  Free World narrative of, 20–21

  Gulf War, 49, 83

  Iran and, 79–80

  Iraq and, 49, 79–80, 83, 95–97, 107, 205–10

  Iraq
i Kurds as allies of, 38, 96–97

  KNC and, 191–92

  military interventions by, 18, 25, 42

  Obama administration, 17, 42, 182–83, 185–86, 240

  Operation Desert Storm and, 95–96

  peshmerga and, 65–66

  PYD and, 185–86, 194–95

  Syria and, 182–83, 185–86, 190, 211

  Truman Doctrine of, 51

  Turkey and, 111–12, 146–47, 193, 248, 255–57

  “war on terror” by, 46, 205

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 26–27

  uprising (Serhildan), 108–10, 114

  US. See United States

  Ustundag, Nazan, 129–30, 172–73, 177, 246

  van Bruinessen, Martin, 47, 59–60, 63

  Kurdistan’s geography described by, 37

  on PKK, 87–90, 105–6, 112

  village chiefs (aghas), 45, 59–61, 64

  village guards, 87–88, 91

  violence

  asayish and, 176–77

  against women, 23–24, 27–28, 101–2, 176–77, 207–9, 225

  Waltz, Susan, 26–27

  war, gender relations in, 140

  “war on terror,” 46, 205

  Watts, Nicole, 250

  Weiner, Tim, 147

  Weiss, Michael, 184, 188

  Western feminists, strategic thinking by, 31–32

  “The West’s Darling in Syria” (Oweis), 193–94

  White, Paul, 122, 245

  Whitman, Lois, 106

  Wilson, Lydia, 238

  Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of the World

  Wolf, Christa, 33

  women. See also gender relations; Kurdish women; women’s movement

  in Arab Spring, 23

  asayish, 172, 176–77

  Beijing Conference on, 26, 28, 30

  in China, 137–38

  councils of, 171

  Daesh and, 20, 28, 34, 141, 201, 218–19, 225–30, 238–39

  economy and, 175–76

  Erdogan and, 247

  in Iraq, 102–3, 207–10

  labor by, 28–29, 32

  in patriarchal belt, 23–24

  peace movement of, 140–41

  in Raqqa, 226–30

  violence against, 23–24, 27–28, 101–2, 176–77, 207–9, 225

  Women Living Under Muslim Laws, 29

  Women of the Islamic State: A Manifesto by the Al-Khanssa Brigade, 228–29

  women’s movement. See also feminism

  fundamentalism and, 25–26

  global, 25–28

  human rights and, 26–28

  Kurdish, 31, 33–34, 141–42, 259

  Women’s WORLD (Women’s World Organization for Rights, Literature and Development), 30–31

  Wood, Graeme, 231

  World Social Forums, 29

  World War I (WWI), 46, 233

  The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 72, 87

  Wright, Lawrence, 201–2

  WWI. See World War I

  Yassin-Kassab, Robin, 166–67

  Yazidi

  genocide, 40, 44

  Kurds as, 45

  militias, 190–91

  Sinjar Mountain and, 36, 39–44, 58

  YDG-H (Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement), 14, 184, 250

 

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