by Simon Dixon
92. SIRIO, xxxvi: 139, Solms to Frederick, 22 Feb. 1768.
93. SIRIO, x: 282–3, C. to Saltykov, 6 Mar. 1768.
94. KfZh (1768), 36, 54, 70.
95. See, for example, Poroshin, 313, 19 Oct. 1765.
96. SIRIO, x: C. to Elagin, 5 May 1768.
97. KfZh (1768), 83–4, 87–8, 96, 99–104; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 69, 31 May 1768.
98. SIRIO, x: 295, C. to Panin, 8 June 1768.
99. PSZ, xviii: 13,066, 19 Jan. 1768.
100. Falconet, 59, C. to Falconet, 14 July 1768.
101. Religioznyi Peterburg, ed. Klimov, 128–31; Iu. I. Kitner, ‘Kistorii stroitel’stva tserkvi Isaakiia Dalmatskogo v Peterburge’, PKNO, 1993 (M, 1994), 449–53; A. Buccaro, et al, Antonio Rinaldi: architetto vanvitelliano a San Pietroburgo (Milan, 2003), 74–6, 122–5.
102. KfZh (1768), 132–8; (1769), 9, 7 Jan.; Falconet, 63–4, C. to Falconet, 17 July 1768; A. E. Ukhnalev, Mramornyi dvorets v Sankt-Peterburge: Vek vosemnadtsatyi (SPb, 2002).
103. Richardson, 16–17.
104. KfZh (1768), 154, 156–67.
105. Richardson, 19. [Platon], Pouchitel’nye slova pri Vysochaishem Dvore Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva…s 1763 goda po 1780 god (M, 1780), ii: 183–4, 189.
106. A. Cross, ‘8 August 1768: The Laying of the Foundation Stone of Rinaldi’s St Isaac’s Cathedral’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 178, 184.
107. Quoted in A. M. Schenker, The Bronze Horseman: Falconet’s Monument to Peter the Great (New Haven, CT, 2003), 102.
108. Falconet, 48, Falconet to C., 13 June 1768.
109. Ibid., 52, C. to Falconet, 14 June 1768.
110. Ibid., 56–7, C. to Falconet, 1 July 1768.
111. Schenker, Bronze Horseman, 114–5.
112. SIRIO, xii: 360, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1767.
113. Madariaga, 167–78.
114. Sochineniia, xii: 617.
115. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire, c. 22 Dec. 1767.
116. Sochineniia, xii: 170.
117. Madariaga, 170–83; Ransel, Politics, 186–90; W. R. Augustine, ‘Notes toward a Portrait of the Eighteenth-Century Nobility’, Canadian Slavic Studies, 4 (1970).
118. L. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights in Eighteenth-Century Russia: the Moscow Kremlin’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy, eds. R. Bartlett and G. Lehmann-Carli (Münster, 2007), 326.
119. Richardson, 76; Madariaga, 168, 203–4.
Chapter 8
1. SIRIO, xii: 289–90, Macartney to Conway, 28 Nov. 1766.
2. The standard account is H. M. Scott, The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775 (Cambridge, 2001), here 43–4.
3. SIRIO, xii: 232, Macartney to Grafton, 5 Nov. 1765.
4. AKV, xiii: 19, A. A. Bezborodko to R. L. Vorontsov, Smolensk, 3 July 1780.
5. AKV, xxi: 112.
6. Madariaga, 188–9.
7. The most detailed treatment of these developments is now B. V. Nosov, Ustanovlenie rossiiskogo gospodstva v Rechi Pospolitoi, 1756–1768 gg. (M, 2004), here 98–102, 119, which underscores the scale of Chernyshëv’s ambitions later in the decade.
8. Translated in A. Lentin, Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790): A Documentary Sourcebook (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985), 220.
9. Scott, Emergence, 104–5.
10. SIRIO, vii: 321.
11. H. M. Scott, ‘France and the Polish Throne, 1763–1764’, SEER, 53 (1975), 370–88.
12. SIRIO, vii: 373–4.
13. Scott, Emergence, 65–7; Madariaga, 192.
14. T. Schieder, Frederick the Great, ed. and trans. S. Berkeley and H. M. Scott (London, 2000), 151.
15. H. M. Scott, ‘Frederick II, the Ottoman Empire and the origins of the Russo-Prussian alliance of April 1764’, European Studies Review 7 (1977), 153–75.
16. Quoted in Scott, Emergence, 121. The ship carrying Chernyshëv’s uninsured possessions on his return in the following year sank off Kronstadt with an estimated loss of 200,000 roubles. Only his English horses were saved: SIRIO, clxiii: 71, Sabatier to Choiseul, 15 Dec. 1769.
17. SIRIO, xii: 244, Macartney to Grafton, 11 Feb. 1766; Madariaga, 193–4.
18. Madariaga, 206.
19. SIRIO, xiii: 408, C. to Grimm, 19 June 1774; Alexander, 143–5.
20. SIRIO, xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.
21. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Russia in the Eighteenth-Century European Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox’, in Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. R. P. Bartlett, A. G. Cross and K. Rasmussen (Columbus, OH, 1988), 193–213; D. Beales, ‘Social Forces and Enlightened Policies’, in Enlightened Absolutism, ed. H. M. Scott (London, 1990), 49–50.
22. Cross, 137–41.
23. SIRIO, xii: 363, Cathcart to Weymouth, 29 Aug. 1768.
24. John Thomson, quoted in Cross, 138.
25. KfZh (1768), 206–12.
26. SIRIO, xii: 391, Cathcart to Weymouth, 21 Oct. 1768. C. herself subsequently referred to a ‘period when I was forbidden to conduct business’: Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 9 Nov.
27. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 186–9, reproduces his ancestor’s invaluable notes.
28. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 27 Oct. 1768.
29. Falconet, 68–9, C. to Falconet, 30 Oct. 1768.
30. KfZh (1768), 212–5.
31. ‘Pis’ma imperatritsy Ekateriny II k grafu Ivanu Grigor’evichu Chernyshevu (1764–1773)’, RA, 9 (1871), 1319, 17 Nov. 1768.
32. Richardson, 33–4.
33. KfZh (1768), 233.
34. SIRIO, xiii: 126, C. to Dimsdale, June 1771.
35. SIRIO, xii: 405–6, Cathcart to Rochford, 25 Nov. 1768.
36. Shtelin, Muzyka, 284–91; not mentioned in KfZh.
37. Bartlett, ‘Smallpox’, 203.
38. Beales, Joseph II, 158.
39. Best. D15396, Dec. 1768.
40. Ermitazh, ed. Piotrovskii, 316–23. Korshunova, Iurii Fel’ten, 29–31, says the model was sent to Moscow, but C. had returned to St Petersburg in Jan. 1768. The first mention of the Hermitage in the Court journals is KfZh (1769), 23, 1 Feb.
41. E. Maxtone Graham, The Beautiful Mrs Graham and the Cathcart Circle (London, 1927), quoting Lady Cathcart to Mrs Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, 8 Feb. 1768. For the Sheremetevs’ table at Kuskovo, see Parkinson, 213.
42. SIRIO, x: 332, C. to Bielke, 4 Mar. 1769; see also Pis’ma Saltykovu, 78, 5 Mar.
43. SIRIO, xii: 428, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.
44. Gray, Russian Genre Painting, 14–16.
45. Grimm, 367, 1–2 Nov. 1785.
46. G. Apgar, L’Art singulier de Jean Huber: Voir Voltaire (Paris, 1995), 16, 96–8, 106–7 (98), a reference to Le Patriarche en colère faisant une correction à coups de pied à un cheval qui rue. The Hermitage now holds eight paintings from the series; there may have been four more.
47. C. Frank, ‘Secret deals and public art: Catherine II’s cultural patronage in Bachaumont’s Mémoires secrets (1762–1786)’, in Vek prosvescheniia I: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2006), 55–9, (60).
48. G. Dulac, ‘La question des beaux-arts dans les relations de Diderot avec la Russie: Les réflexions d’un philosophe (1765–1780)’, in Vek prosvescheniia, I: 10.
49. Letter of 1777, quoted in R. Davison, Diderot et Galiani: étude d’une amitié philosophique, SVEC: 237 (1985), 98–9.
50. B. V. Anan’ich, et al, Kredit i banki v Rossii do nachala XX veka: Sankt-Peterburg i Moskva (SPb, 2005), 72–80 (73, 75); PSZ, xv: 11,550, 25 May 1762; SIRIO, clxiii: 183–4, Sabatier to Choiseul, 7 Sept. 1770.
51. SIRIO, xxxvii: 214, Solms to Frederick, 3 Feb. 1769.
52. SIRIO, x: 334, C. to Elagin, 1 Apr. 1769.
53. F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776, trans. R. B. Litchfield (Princeton, NJ, 1989), 7–9.
54. ‘Pis’ma Chernyshevu’, 1325, 14 Dec. 1768.
55. V
enturi, End of the Old Regime, 10–12, 15 (7).
56. Ibid., 27.
57. KfZh (1769), 44; T. Kudriavtseva and H. Whitbeck, Russian Imperial Porcelain Easter Eggs (London, 2001), 13.
58. Madariaga, 206.
59. KfZh (1769), 69, 70–5; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 79, 1 May 1769.
60. SIRIO, x: 337, C. to Panin, 10 May 1769.
61. KfZh (1769), 86–9, 96–9.
62. KfZh (1769), 104–6, 124–6.
63. SIRIO, cxliii: 36, Sabatier to Choiseul, 3 Oct. 1769.
64. Richardson, 103–4.
65. Quoted in W. G. Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge, 1984), 22.
66. Catherine’s babushka persona quoted in K. J. McKenna, ‘Empress behind the mask: the personae of Md. Vsiakaia Vsiachina in Catherine the Great’s periodical essays on manners and morals’, Neophilologus, 74 (1990), 3.
67. Satiricheskie zhurnaly N.I. Novikova, ed. P. N. Berkov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951), 92, Truten’, 21 July 1769.
68. Sochineniia, xii: 636.
69. Bentham, ii: 126, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 18 June 1778; RBS, ‘Knappe-Kiukhel’bekher’ (SPb, 1903), 39–40.
70. Madariaga, Short History, 95.
71. Best. D17127, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1771; Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 65.
72. Platon, Pouchitel’nye slova, ii: 310–11.
73. PSZ, xix: 13,603, 6 May 1771.
74. Jones, Nikolay Novikov, 20 (curlers), 61–3; P. N. Berkov, Istoriia russkoi komedii XVIII v. (Leningrad, 1977), 144.
75. SIRIO, xii: 427, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.
76. Herder on Social and Political Culture, ed. F. M. Barnard (Cambridge 1969), 87, ‘Journal of my Voyage in 1769’.
77. Best. D16286, C. to Voltaire, 31 Mar. 1770.
78. Letter to Voltaire, quoted in L. Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA, 1994), 223; Madariaga, 337.
79. The Antidote; or an enquiry into the merits of a book, entitled A Journey into Siberia (London, 1772), 22, 76, 25.
80. KfZh (1769), 142–4.
81. Madariaga, 210; Best. D16057, C. to Voltaire, 13 Dec. 1769; D16071, Voltaire to C., 2 Jan. 1770 NS.
82. M. S. Anderson, ‘Great Britain and the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774’, English Historical Review, 69 (1954), 44.
83. Cross, 185–8; E. V. Tarle, Chesmenskii boi i pervaia russkaia ekspeditsiia v arkhipelag (Moscow-Leningrad, 1945), 45–53; Venturi, End of the Old Regime, 74. The latest scholarly study is G. A. Grebenshchikova, Baltiiskii flot v period pravleniia Ekateriny II: dokumenty, fakty, issledovaniia (SPb, 2007).
84. Best. D16670, C. to Voltaire, 16 Sept. 1770. Turkish losses were probably closer to 10,000.
85. SIRIO, i: 62, C. to A. G. Orlov, 3 Oct. 1770.
86. Fel’dmarshal Rumiantsev: Dokumenty, pis’ma, vospominaniia, ed. A. P. Kapitonov (M, 2001), 108–22, Rumiantsev to C., 20 June and 31 July 1770.
87. D. I. Peters, Nagradnye medali Rossii vtoroi poloviny XVIII stoletiia (M, 1999), 64–71.
88. E.g., KfZh (1770), 162–4, 20 July, the Feast of the Prophet Elijah.
89. KfZh (1770), 171–2; Falconet, 136, C. to Falconet, 18 Aug. 1770.
90. Best. D16604, C to Voltaire, 9/20 Aug. 1770.
91. Madariaga, 219–20.
92. J. Lukowski, The Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 (London, 1999), 61.
93. SIRIO, xiii: 59, C. to Bielke, 12 Jan. 1771; Best. D16999, C. to Voltaire, 23 Jan. 1771.
94. Pis’ma Salytkovu, 85, 23 Nov. 1770.
95. SIRIO, x: 433–4.
96. Zhurnal bytnosti v Rossii Ego Korolevsago Vysochestva Printsa Prusskago Genrikha (SPb, n.d., supplement to KfZh 1770), 12, 30–1.
97. Schenker, Bronze Horseman, 135–61, esp. 157–8.
98. Mémoirs du Comte de Hordt, Gentilhomme Suédois, etc., 2 vols. (Berlin, 1789), ii: 225–6; Zhurnal bytnosti, 50–4.
99. Sochineniia, iv: 149–63.
100. Richardson, 328, 330–1.
101. A. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla (M, 2001) 33–94.
102. Best. D16711, C. to Voltaire, 7/18 Oct. 1770; Richardson, 327.
103. Best. D16825, C. to Voltaire, 4/15 Dec. 1770; D17081, 3/14 Mar. 1771. For Voltaire’s reply, see D16984, 22 Jan. 1771 NS.
104. Best. D16683, Voltaire to C., 2 Oct. 1770 NS.
105. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 101–2, 107, 115, 118.
106. Best., D17443, Voltaire to C., 12 Nov. 1771 NS. See also D16747, 6 Nov. 1770 NS.
107. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 150–61 and passim.
108. Beales, Joseph II, 286–94 (289).
109. Beales, Joseph II, 282–4; Madariaga, 221–3 (222); Lukowski, Partitions of Poland (64), 68–74.
110. SIRIO, xiii: 116, C. to Panin, 19 June 1771. This was barely six weeks after the edict banning corporal punishment for liveried servants, suggesting a clear distinction between the two groups in C.’s mind.
111. Ibid., 117, C. to Panin, 23 June.
112. SIRIO, clxiii: 309, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 12 July NS.
113. SIRIO, xiii: 142, C. to Bielke, 30 July 1770; 149, 29 Aug. See also clxiii: 321, Sabatier to Aiguillon, 9 Aug. NS.
114. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 186–201 (204).
115. Best. D17407, C. to Voltaire, 6/17 Oct. 1771.
116. PSZ, xix: 13,689, 26 Oct. 1771.
117. Alexander, Bubonic Plague, 253.
118. Best. D17341, C. to Voltaire, 14/25 Aug. 1771. The temple of memory was ultimately designed by Charles Cameron and destroyed by order of Paul I in 1797.
119. Falconet, 134, Falconet to C., 14 Aug. 1770; SIRIO, x: 431; Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali, 65–70.
120. SIRIO, xiii: 238, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1772.
121. Cross, 266–73; D. Shvidkovsky, The Empress and the Architect: British Architecture and Gardens at the Court of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT, 1996), 172–81; I. Iakovkin, Opisanie sela tsarskago (SPb, 1830), 32–4.
122. Cross, 269.
123. Satiricheskie zhurnaly, 96, 28 July 1769. The second edition of The Drone was dedicated to Naryshkin: see ibid., 45, and SK, iv: 202.
124. Sovremennik, 38 (1853), 96–101; KfZh (1772), 297–302. For an earlier entertainment at Leventhal, see KfZh (1770), 157–60.
125. N. Wraxall, A Tour through some of the Northern Parts of Europe, 3rd edn. (London, 1776), 213.
126. SIRIO, xiii: 23, C. to Bielke, 13 July 1770.
127. SIRIO, xiii: 99–100, C. to Panin, 24–25 May, 1771. See also SIRIO, cxliii: 291–2, Sabatier to Vrillière, 7 June NS.
128. Best. D17322, 22 July/3 Aug. 1771; PSZ, xix: 13,651, 26 July.
129. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 69, 31 May 1768.
130. A. I. Mikhailov, Bazhenov (M, 1951), 50–7, 60.
131. Ibid., 61; Iu. Ia. Gerchuk, ed., Vasilii Ivanovich Bazhenov (M, 2001), 73–5, ‘Kratkoe rassuzhdenie o kremlevskom stroenii’.
132. Gerchuk, Bazhenov, 80, Teplov to Bazhenov, 15 Feb. 1770.
133. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 91, 23 Nov. 1770; Zhurnal bytnosti, 98, 100. PSZ, xix: 13,581, 15 Mar. 1771, decreed that though the city wall was to be demolished along the Moscow River from the Annunciation Cathedral to the Church of Peter the Metropolitan, neither was to be damaged.
134. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights’, in Eighteenth-Century Russia, eds. Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, 325–6.
135. F. Rozhdestvenskii, Samuil Mislavskii, Mitropolit Kievskii (Kiev, 1877), 50–1. C.’s letters to Samuil are at appendix iii—vii. cf. G. I. Vzdornov, Istoriia otktrytiia izucheniia russkoi srednevekovoi zhivopisi XIX veka (M, 1986), 16–17.
136. V. I. Bazhenov, ‘Slovo na zalozhenie kremlevskogo dvortsa’, in S. Razgonov, V. I. Bazhenov (M, 1985), 164–5.
137. Volkonskii, 93, 10 Jan. 1772.
138. Letters to Volkonskii quoted in extenso by V. P. Iailenko, Ocherki po istorii i arkhitekture Lefortovo XVII—XVIII vekov (M, 2004), 159–62.
139. Wraxall, A Tour, 231.
Chapter 9
1. R. E.
Jones, ‘Opposition to War and Expansion in Late Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 32 (1984), 38–44.
2. SIRIO, xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug.
3. KfZh (1772), 302, 306–9.
4. SIRIO, lxxii: 227, Solms to Frederick, 3 Aug. 1772.
5. KfZh (1772), 323–31 (330).
6. SIRIO, xix: 314, Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Sept. 1772.
7. SIRIO, xiii: 270–2, draft letter in C.’s hand; L. Hughes, The Romanovs (London, 2008), 108.
8. PCFG, xxxii: 527, Frederick to Solms, 1 Oct. 1772 NS.
9. SIRIO, xix: 327–8, Gunning to Suffolk, 27 Sept. 1772.
10. Best. D17929, C. to Voltaire, 12 Sept. 1772. Panin presented Gustav’s emissary to C. at Tsarskoe Selo on 17 Aug., KfZh (1772), 338.
11. Madariaga, 227.
12. SIRIO, xix: 297, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772; xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug. The Court moved to Tsarskoe Selo on Monday 13 Aug: KfZh (1772), 330.
13. Best. D17877, C. to Voltaire, 11 Aug. 1772; D17983, 17 Oct. See also D18090, 5 Dec.
14. Falconet, 185, C. to Falconet, 9 Oct. 1772.
15. Best. D18062, C. to Voltaire, 22 Nov. 1772; SIRIO, lxii: 305, Solms to Frederick, II, 25 Dec. 1772; 311, 8 Jan. 1773; Ransel, Politics, 235–6.
16. Lopatin, 9, 21 Feb. 1774.
17. SIRIO, xix: 298, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772.
18. McGrew, 70–1; SIRIO, xiii: 265–6, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 Aug. 1772.
19. KfZh (1772), 404–7. McGrew, 78, 82, may underestimate the level of public celebration.
20. SIRIO, xix: 14, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Dec. 1769.
21. Ransel, Politics, 242–6, offers the most confident account of the episode; McGrew, 81–2, is more cautious.
22. SIRIO, xiii: 91–2, C. to Assebourg, 14 May 1771.
23. Ibid., 85, Panin to Assebourg, 10 May 1771; PCFG, xxxiii: 142, Frederick to Henry, 19 Dec. 1772 NS.
24. The gallery was done out in 1755–6: see V. Lemus and L. Lapina, The Catherine Palace-Museum in Pushkin: Picture Hall (Leningrad, 1990).
25. KfZh (1773), 271–81.
26. KfZh (1773), 281–93. The wining and dining continued throughout the summer.
27. McGrew, 83–4; Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 28–9.