by Andy Field
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Index
α-level, 151, 154, 156
ABA design, see Single-subject experimental designs
ABAB design, see Single-subject experimental designs
Abbreviations and statistical symbols, 335
Algebra (revision of), 119–20
Analysis of Covariance, 223–31
And reporting results, 230–1
And SPSS, 225–9
When to use, 223–4
See also Effect size
Analysis of Variance, 172–222
Names, 174
One-way independent ANOVA, 174–83, 224
One-way repeated measures ANOVA, 183–91, 224
Two-way independent ANOVA, 191–201, 224
Two-way mixed ANOVA, 201–12, 224
Two-way repeated measures ANOVA, 212–22, 224
See also One-way independent ANOVA, One-way repeated measures ANOVA, Two-way independent ANOVA, Two-way mixed ANOVA, Two-way repeated measures ANOVA
ANCOVA, see Analysis of Covariance
ANOVA, see Analysis of Variance
APA format, 302–3, 305–7
Appendices, 356–7
β-Ievel, 152, 154, 156
Bar chart, 137–9
Behavioural measures, 44
Behaviourism, 28
Beer-goggles effect, 213, 223
Between-groups experimental designs, 74–9,
Advantages of, 74–5,
Disadvantages of, 75–7,
Examples of, 77–9
Bimodal distribution, 115
Bonferroni correction, 173, 178, 180, 191, 208, 217, 247, 255
Box-whisker plot, 237–8
Broca, and study of brain size and intelligence, 55–7
Causality, 10–27
And correlation, 15
Direction of, 13
Inferring, 15
Chi-Squared test, 260–2
Assumptions of, 261–2,
Goodness of fit version, 260
Problems in interpreting results, 261
Test of association between two variables, 261
Chi-Squared test versus correlation test, 269
Coefficient of determination, see r2
Cognitivism, 28
Confidence intervals, 135, 165–6, 176, 217
Confidentiality of participants, 100–1
Confounding variable, 12–13, 223–4
Content validity, see Validity
Contrasts, see Planned comparisons
Control conditions, 20–3
Conventionalists, 16
Correlational method, 3, 10, 26–7
Correlation test versus t-test, 270
Counterbalancing, 42
Covariates, 223, 229
Criterion validity, see Validity
Cronbach’s alpha, see Reliability
Databases
Medline, 35–6
Psylnfo (psyclit), 35
Web of science, 35
Debriefing of participants, 100
Deception of participants, 99–100
Degrees of freedom (df), 129
Dependent t-test, see t-Test
Dependent variable, see Variables
Determinism, 27
Deviation, 124
See also Standard deviation, Sums of squares
Dogs
Licking their backsides, 48–9
Licking their genitals, 235
Ecological validity, see Validity
Effect size, 152–4
For ANCOVA, 230
Benchmarks, 153
For dependent t-test, 170–1
For Friedman’s ANOVA, 254–5
For independent t-test, 166
For Kruskal-Wallis test, 248–9
For Mann-Whitney test, 238
For one-way independent ANOVA, 180–1
For one-way repeated measures ANOVA, 189–90
And sample size, 171–2
And statistical significance, 171
For two-way independent ANOVA, 197–200
For two-way mixed ANOVA, 210–11
For two-way repeated measures ANOVA, 220–1
For Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test, 242–3
See also Eta-squared, Omega-squared
Empiricism, 3
Error bars, 137–9, 175, 202
Eta-squared (η2), 180
Ethical issues in experimentation, 98–101
Evaluative learning, 22–3
Experimental designs, 70–96
Between-groups vs within-subjects, 70
Choosing which to use, 96–8
Logical basis of, 90–5
Experimental hypothesis, 141–2, 145, 149
Experimental method, 3, 5, 10, 26–7
Experimenter effects, 60
External validity, see Validity
Factorial validity, see Validity
Falsification, 17–20
Flow-chart, for selecting an appropriate statistical test, 274–5
Frequency, 112
Frequency distribution (histogram), 111
Friedman’s ANOVA, 250–6
And reporting results, 255–6
And SPSS, 251–4
When to use, 250
See also Effect size
Gabriel’s test, see Post hoc tests
Games-Howell test, see Post hoc tests
Greenhouse-Geisser es
timate, see Sphericity
Heart rate, 44
Histogram, see Frequency distribution
Hochberg’s GT2, see Post hoc tests
Homogeneity of regression slopes, 224
Homogeneity of variance, 159, 165, 176, 182, 193, 203–4, 226
See also Levene’s test
Huynh-Feldt estimate, see Sphericity
Independent t-test, see t-Test
Independent variable, see Variables
Inductivism, 13
Interaction graph, 139, 197–8, 209–10
See also Interaction term
Interaction term, 194, 196, 219–20
See also Interaction graph
Interquartile range, 237
Interrupted time-series designs, 69
Interval data, 8, 266–7
See also Levels of measurement, Measurement
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 160–1, 235, 240, 244, 250
Kruskal-Wallis test, 244–50
And reporting results, 249–50
And SPSS, 245–8
When to use, 244
See also Effect size
Kurtosis, 114
Leptokurtic, 114
Platykurtic, 114
Latin squares designs, 84–6
Law of large numbers, 111
Leptokurtic, see Kurtosis
Levene’s test, 160, 165, 176, 182, 193, 203–4, 226–7
Likert scales, 45–6
Line chart, 137–9
Lower-bound estimate, see Sphericity
Main effect, 194
Mann-Whitney test, 235–9
And reporting results, 239
And SPSS, 236–8
When to use, 235
See also Effect size
Materials, 40–2
Mauchly’s test, see Sphericity
Mean, 118, 120, 121–31, 133
As the most accurate model, 126–7
Reporting the mean, 136–7
Mean of squared errors, MS, 127–8, 177
Model mean of squared errors, MSM, 177–8, 181, 189–90, 199, 210, 224, 230
Residual mean of squared errors, MSR, 177–8, 181, 189–90, 199, 210, 224, 228, 230
Measurement, 3–5
Levels of, 4, 6–9
Measurement error, 5, 48–9
Self-report measures, 5, 44–6
See also Likert scales, Visual-analogue scales
Median, 115, 117–18
Medline, see Databases