by Dawn Paley
G
GAFEs, 120, 144, 190, 254n11
Galán, Luis Carlos, 61
García, Carla, 213
García, Maria, 109–11 passim
García, Tomás, 214
García Luna, Genaro, 119
garment industry, 199
Garner, Roger, 104
Garza, Antonio, 30
gays, violence against. See LGBTI people, violence against
gendarmerie, Mexican, 137–38
General Electric, 94
genocide, 71, 169–76 passim
Gereda Valenzuela, Sylvia, 191
Germany, 45
Ghosn, Carlos, 23
Gibler, John, 41
Glencore, 65, 67
Glysophate, 58
Godoy, Julio Cesar, 165
Godoy, Leonel, 165
Goff, Stan, 19
gold, 24, 48, 68–69, 101, 133, 135, 154, 156
Goldcorp Inc., 159, 160
Gómez Vásquez, Hugo, 20, 190
Gomis, R., 221–22
González Castillo, Tomás, 151, 178
González, Itzel, 112
Gootenberg, Paul, 43, 44
government subsidies. See subsidies
Grandin, Greg, 186–87
Grand Tierra Energy Inc., 77
Great Britain, 44, 45
Grillo, Ioan: El Narco, 47
Grunstein, Miriam, 100–101
Grupo Beta, 150
Guajira, Colombia, 67, 68
Guatemala, 35, 88, 120, 169–92, 198, 200; CARSI and, 37; emigrants, 149; massacres, 20, 27, 171–73 passim, 180, 181, 187, 190; protests, 101; in Rivera painting, 257n2; Zetas in, 28, 180–81, 190, 191, 232n49
Guatemala-Mexico border, 129, 148, 150–51, 177, 178
Guaviare, Colombia, 65, 66
Guerrero, Mexico, 101, 125, 135–37, 147, 159–60, 163. See also Acapulco, Mexico
guerrillas: Colombia, 54, 55, 57, 147; Guatemala, 173
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 257n2
Guevara, Rossana, 208
Gulf Cartel, 28, 29, 120, 144–45, 148, 152
Gutiérrez, Carlos, 143
Gutiérrez, Raquel, 21
Guzmán, Joaquin “El Chapo,” 59–60, 121, 134
Guzmán Hernández, Pablo, 137
H
Haiti, 89, 92
Harbury, Jennifer, 190, 259n30
Harrison Act, 39
Hart, Carl, 42
Los Hermanos Valencia, 165
Hernández, Alcides, 200
Hernández, Anabel: Los Señores del Narco (Narcoland), 119
Hernández, Daniel, 97
Hernández Batres, Iduvina, 174–75, 184, 185, 190
Hernández Navarro, Luis, 94
heroin, 39, 40, 42, 45–46, 47, 62
Higgins, Bradford, 72
highway construction, 49, 71, 132, 175
Hinestroza, Marta, 62–63
Holder, Eric, 67
Homeland Security Department. See US Department of Homeland Security
homicide: Colombia, 8, 57, 65, 71; Honduras, 195, 207; Mexico, 32, 57, 109–14 passim, 122, 125; United States, 50. See also femicide; murder
Honduran Association of Manufacturers (AHM), 202
Honduran Financing Bank (FICENSA), 196
Honduran National Business Council (COHEP), 202, 203
Honduras, 27, 35, 37, 172, 185, 187, 193–217; elections, 204, 207; emigrants, 149. See also Constitution of Honduras
Hope, Alejandro, 93, 129, 165
housing projects, 162
Hristov, Jasmin, 32–33
HSBC, 96, 106–7
HudBay Minerals, 175
Huggins, Martha, 115–16
Human Rights Watch, 114, 209
human trafficking, 143, 145–46
Hurricane Mitch, 177, 201
hydroelectric projects, 7, 176, 177, 183, 212, 214
I
Ibarra, Ignacio, 162
IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). See US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
immigration law: United States, 98–99, 127–28
imperialism, 128–29, 220
impunity, 17, 113, 146, 158, 165, 221
incarceration. See prisoners and imprisonment
Inco, 175
India, 44, 98
indigenous people, 44; Colombia, 62, 67–68, 71, 77; Guatemala, 170–75 passim; Honduras, 213, 214; Mexico, 166
industry. See banana industry; extractive industries; film industry; manufacturing; maquila industry; palm oil industry; pharmaceutical industry; retail industry
inequality, 197, 211; Honduras, 201, 204; Mexico, 2, 33–34, 49, 115, 121, 222
InSight Crime, 168, 180–81
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (Mexico), 22, 93, 98, 119, 131, 144, 165
Inter-American Development Bank, 183, 199
internally displaced people (IDPs), 3, 23; Colombia, 54, 58, 63–69 passim, 76–77, 78; Honduras, 213; Mexico, 133, 135, 147, 159, 161–64
International Correctional Management Training Center, Cañon City, Colorado, 125–26
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 73, 95, 97, 115, 199, 200
Invesmar, 67
investment, 163, 204–5. See also foreign direct investment (FDI)
Iraq, 91, 92, 128, 186
iron ore, 160, 161
J
jailing. See prisoners and imprisonment
Jiménez Holguín, Fausto Albión, 157–58
Jones, James R., 90
journalists, assassination and disappearing of, 34, 36
Juárez Cartel, 133, 141, 156
Juárez City, Mexico. See Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
Juárez Valley, 109–10, 153–54, 161–62
judicial system: Colombia, 57, 72; Mexico, 102–5
Justice for Our Daughters (Justicia Para Nuestras Hijas) (Mexico), 109
K
Kaibiles, 20, 120, 173, 176, 190, 232n49
Kelly, John F., 50, 80
Kerlikowske, Gil, 30, 43
Khalili, Laleh, 20, 127
kidnapping, 116; Colombia, 63; of farmers, 163–64; Honduras, 209, 216; Mexico, 26, 109–14 passim, 121–25 passim, 130, 134, 139, 143–51 passim, 161–67 passim
Klein, Naomi: The Shock Doctrine, 21
Knights Templar (Mexican gang), 147, 160, 161, 165, 166, 167
L
labor reform, Mexican, 90, 93
labor unions. See unions
Lacandón National Park, Guatemala, 179, 181
Laguna del Tigre Park, Guatemala, 181, 182, 183
land mines, 63
land occupations, 214–15
Laredo, Texas, 127, 128
Laverde, Fabian, 53–54, 79
law enforcement. See police and policing
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, 49
Law for the Promotion and Protection of Investment (Honduras), 204–5
lawsuits, 152–53, 259n30
Ledezma, Norma, 109–11 passim
Leech, Gary, 76
legalization of marijuana and narcotics, 42
Leyzaola Pérez, Julián, 29
LGBTI people, violence against, 69, 113, 207, 209
Libertad y Refundación (LIBRE) (Honduras), 205–7 passim, 216
Liddy, G. Gordon, 40–41
Ligorría, Fernández, 190–91
limes, 164–65
liquor. See alcohol
Lobo, Porfirio, 204–5, 214
López, Sonia, 58
López Barcenas, Francisco, 137
López Bonilla, Mauricio, 232
López Obrador, Andres Manuel, 131
López Villafana, Rogelio, 144
Loya, Tony, 60
Loya Castro, Humberto, 121
Lozoya, Emilio, 99
M
MacInnis, Dan, 157
Magaña, Margarita Ambrosio, 166
Magdalena Medio, Colombia, 48
MAG Silver, 155–58 passim, 255n32
> maize. See corn
Malone, David M., 16
Management Systems International (MSI), 103
mandatory military service. See military service, mandatory
manufacturing, 23, 94, 106, 121. See also garment industry
Mapiripán Massacre, 66–67
maquila industry, 106, 121, 162, 199, 200
Maras (gangs), 50, 148, 208–11 passim
Mara Salvatrucha (M-13), 50, 208
marches, 94, 139, 167, 168, 202, 204, 207
marijuana, 39–48 passim, 62, 133, 144, 166
Martínez, Dalia, 166
Martínez Morales, Marcelo, 177
Marx, Karl, 1, 7
massacres: Colombia, 11–15 passim, 63–66 passim, 70; Guatemala, 20, 27, 101, 171–73 passim, 180, 181, 187, 190; Honduras, 185, 206, 212, 21, 216; Mexico, 131, 167
Mayan people, 170, 171, 173–74
Mayo. See Zambada García, Ismael (“El Mayo”)
McAllen, Texas, 127, 128
McCadden, Rafael, 129
McCain, John, 19
Medellín, Colombia, 28, 59, 60
media, 36–37, 39, 124, 141, 168, 220, 222; Colombia, 57; Honduras, 196; Mexico, 36, 86, 107, 130–32 passim, 146, 222; reliance on official sources, 233n72; silence of, 146, 185, 222, 258n14; US, 36, 37, 97, 258n14. See also journalists, assassination and disappearing of
Menocal, Carlos, 179
Merck, 45
Mérida Initiative, 4, 6, 15, 30–38, 84–93 passim, 102–6 passim, 115–18 passim, 189; Guatemala and, 189; homicides and, 32, 57; Honduras and, 194; prisons and, 86, 116, 125, 126. See also Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI)
methamphetamines, 42, 60
Mexican Constitution. See Constitution of Mexico
Mexico, 15–37 passim, 48–49, 80–168 passim, 220, 222–23; army, 46, 110–14 passim, 118–25 passim, 131, 135–36, 140, 144, 152, 153, 159, 162, 167, 168; balance of trade, 90; central bank, 95; colonization, 169; Correa-Cabrera on, 2, 3, 4, 8; credit rating, 95, 102; education reform, 94, 95; elections, 2, 3, 22, 25; exports, 90, 95, 105, 106, 164; farming, 48–49, 96, 97, 154, 155, 163–68 passim; financial reform, 95–97; Honduran arms in, 210; manufacturing, 23, 94, 106, 121; marijuana, 39, 40, 41, 46, 47; military spending, 86–87; mining, 24, 101–2, 129–35 passim, 154–61 passim, 164; oil industry, 22, 86, 95, 99–101 passim, 152; in Pacific Alliance, 71; Plan Colombia and, 60; rebranding, 97–98; US aid to, 2, 86–87, 89, 115–17. See also Mérida Initiative; Pact for Mexico
Mexico borders. See Guatemala-Mexico border; US-Mexico border and region
Mexico Competitiveness Institute, 104
Miami Herald, 37
Michoacán, Mexico, 118, 147, 160–68 passim. See also La Familia Michoacana
migrants and migration, 31, 34, 40, 121, 127–31 passim, 147–51, 210. See also immigration law
Mijangos Leal, Miguel Ángel, 159–60
military bases: Colombia, 27, 68, 77, 78, 182; Guatemala, 171, 172, 174–75; Honduras, 197, 208, 212, 213, 217
military service, mandatory, 200
military spending: Guatemala, 184; Mexico, 186–87
Miller, Todd: Border Patrol Nation, 127
Minero, Yadira, 200
mining industry, 7, 24; Canadian ownership, 135, 154–58 passim, 175; Colombia, 64, 65, 67–68; Guatemala, 175; Honduras, 201, 214; Mexico, 24, 101–2, 129–35 passim, 154–61 passim, 164
Miskitu people, 213
mobility. See freedom of movement; migrants and migration
Molina, Aurelio, 214
Molloy, Molly, 25, 112
Monárrez Fragoso, Julia E., 111
money laundering, 29, 106–7, 120, 143, 209
Monsanto, 58
Montenegro, Nineth, 185
Monterrey, Mexico, 32, 37, 146
Mora, Frank, 188
Morales, Mynor, 178–79, 180
Morena, 131
morphine, 45, 258n14
Moskito people. See Miskito people
Multifiber Arrangement (MFA), 199
multinational and transnational corporations, 68, 129–35 passim, 143, 154–62 passim; Canadian ownership, 77, 101, 135, 154–58 passim, 175, 181, 183; Guatemala, 171, 175; Honduras, 198–201 passim
murder: of activists, dissidents, etc., 154–60 passim, 175, 198, 204, 206–7, 213, 214; Colombia, 58–59, 65–70 passim; Guatemala, 170, 172, 175; Honduras, 27, 194, 195, 198, 204–9 passim, 213, 214; of journalists, 34, 36; of LGBTI people, 69, 209; Mexico, 25, 31, 36, 49, 109–25 passim, 139, 148–61 passim, 167, 222; of migrants, 31, 148–49, 151; of unionists, 69; by US-trained police, 116. See also assassinations
murder rate, 6; Honduras, 27, 194, 195, 206, 207; Mexico, 111, 114, 121
Murillo Karam, Jesús, 102
N
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Naranjo, Oscar, 118
El Narco (Grillo), 47
Narcoland (Hernández), 119
National Action Party (PAN) (Mexico), 22, 27, 93, 98, 119, 131
National Industrial Association (ANDI) (Honduras), 202
nationalization, 100, 169, 199
National Liberation Army (Colombia). See Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) (Colombia)
national parks, Guatemalan. See parks, Guatemalan
National Security Decision Directive 221 (United States), 41
native people. See indigenous people
natural gas: Colombia, 74; Honduras, 213; Mexico, 100, 152–53, 220
natural resource extraction. See extractive industries
Negroponte, John Dmitri, 197
NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Nicaragua, 37, 67, 149, 172, 210, 216
nickel mines, 68, 175
Nixon, Richard, 39, 50
Noé Anzueto Girón, Ulises, 173
Noé Pino, Hugo, 203–4, 207, 210
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 91–93 passim, 128, 180, 198
Noriega, Manuel, 41
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 22, 25, 48–49, 85, 90, 98, 155
nuclear waste disposal, 153
Nueva Esperanza, Guatemala, 177–79 passim
Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, 23, 127, 130, 145, 146, 148
Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 153
O
Oaxaca, Mexico, 25, 94, 158–59
Obama, Barack, 30, 43, 57, 98–99
Obrador, Manuel López, 25
Occidental Petroleum (Oxy), 12, 74, 75
occupation of land. See land occupations
Ocensa, 62
O’Day, Patrick, 46–47
ODC. See Oleoducto de Colombia (ODC)
Office of National Drug Control Policy, 89
OFRANEH. See Black Fraternal Organization of Honduras (OFRANEH)
oil industry, 7, 8; Canadian ownership, 77, 181, 183; Colombia, 8, 12, 48, 54–57 passim, 61–64 passim, 73–78 passim, 99; Guatemala, 175, 181–83; Honduras, 213; Mexico, 22, 86, 95, 99–101 passim, 152, 153
Olarte, Camilo, 63
Oleoducto de Colombia (ODC), 62–63
Olivares, Manuel, 159
Operation Conjunto Chihuahua, 111, 122
Operation Guerrero Seguro, 163
Operation Intercept, 40–41
Operation Martillo, 184–88 passim
Operation Trizo, 47
opium, 39, 43–45 passim, 48, 57, 133. See also poppy cultivation
Orlando Hernández, Juan, 207
Orta, Barbaro José, 12
Osorio Chen, Efraín, 170
Otero, Miguel, 14
Overdick Mejía, Horst Walter, 191
Oxy. See Occidental Petroleum (Oxy)
P
Pacific Alliance, 71
Pacific Rubiales, 65, 77, 183, 241n106
Pact for Mexico, 93, 96, 97, 245n50
Padgett, Humberto, 166
Padilla, Hector, 122
Palacio Castañeda, Germán, 37
palm oil industry, 55, 65, 66, 69, 162, 175, 215, 220
Pan American Silver Corporation, 133
Panetta, Leon, 188
Pantin, Ronald, 77–78
paraquat, 47
parks, Guatemalan, 79, 181, 182, 183
Partido Acción Nacional. See National Action Party (PAN) (Mexico)
Partido de la Revolución Democrática. See Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (Mexico)
Partido Revolucionario Institucional. See Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) (Mexico)
Pastraña, Andrés, 56
Patriot Party (Guatemala), 173, 191
Paz García, Policarpo, 197
Paz y Paz, Claudia, 172
Peasant Self-Defense of Casanare. See Autodefensas Campesinas del Casanare (ACC)
Pemex, 22, 86, 95, 99–101 passim, 152
Peña Amaya, Luis, 134
Peña García, Jessica Leticia, 109–14 passim
Peña Nieto, Enrique, 26, 90–99 passim, 118, 131, 137
Perenco, 65, 181–82
Pérez Molina, Otto, 173–74, 176, 177, 184, 190–91, 259n30
Pérez Zabalza, Julio, 150
Peru, 27, 28, 38, 45, 71, 90, 153
Petrobank, 77
Petrobras, 54–55
Petroleos Mexicanos. See Pemex
petroleum industry. See oil industry
pharmaceutical industry, 45–46
pipelines, 12, 62–63, 75, 76, 181
Plan Colombia, 4–8 passim, 19–20, 25–32 passim, 37, 38, 54–62 passim, 70; Ba Tiul on, 191; Guatemala and, 189; Mexico and, 60
Plan Mexico. See Mérida Initiative
Poiré Romero, Alejandro, 103
police and policing, 35; Colombia, 56, 69, 70, 73; “double dipping” by, 28–29; killings by, 69; Guatemala, 175, 181, 191; Honduras, 185, 193, 209–10, 215; Mérida Initiative, 85, 86; Mexico, 28–29, 105, 111–25 passim, 130, 134–40 passim, 144, 148, 161, 167, 232n50; United States, 127–28; Venezuela, 105. See also community policing
The Political Economy of Narcotics (Buxton), 40
Ponce, Marvin, 209
Pop Ac, Amilcar de Jesús, 176
Poppa, Terrence: Drug Lord, 119
poppy cultivation, 48, 57, 133, 135
Portugal, 40, 42
poverty: Honduras, 193, 201, 203, 206, 210–13 passim; Mexico, 42, 102
Powell, Colin, 93
PRD. See Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) (Mexico)
prisoners and imprisonment, 41–42; Colombia, 72; Honduras, 195, 196, 210; Mexico, 86, 103, 105, 116, 125–26; United States, 125
private security guards. See security guards
privatization, 8, 99; Colombia, 57, 73, 74, 75; Honduras, 208; Mexico, 22, 84, 86, 99, 115, 136
Prohibition (1920–33), 45, 50, 144
prohibition of drugs, 33, 49
Promoting Polyarchy (Robinson), 24–25
protection rackets, 119, 144, 145, 161