by Greg King
72. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.
73. Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter dated July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.
74. Zahle, report to the Danish Foreign Ministry, December 12, 1928, in Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 56.
75. Quoted in Kurth, 124.
76. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.
77. Olga Alexandrovna to Princess Irene of Hesse, Princess Heinrich of Prussia, letter of December 22, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III, 181–182.
78. Olga Alexandrovna to Tatiana Botkin, letter of August 30, 1926, in Hamburg, XXXIV/6370.
79. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of January 1, 1927, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4368.
80. Ibid.
81. Phenix, 217.
82. Olga Alexandrovna, testimony of March 23, 1959, at the West German consulate in Toronto, in Hamburg, VII, 1298–1312.
83. See Botkin, Real Romanovs, 266; Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 99.
84. Olga Alexandrovna, testimony of March 23, 1959, at the West German consulate in Toronto, in Hamburg, VII, 1298–1312.
85. Ibid.
86. See Kurth, 309.
87. Vorres, 174.
88. Vorres, 174; Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of December 4, 1925, in Hamburg, XIII, 2091–2092.
89. Vorres, 176.
90. Tikhon Kulikovsky to Kurth, letter of September 2, 1971, in Peter Kurth Collection.
10 “If the Imperial House of Russia Wants to Let One of Its Own Die in the Gutter . . .”
1. Baron Osten-Sacken, letter of February 1926, quoted in Kurth, 129.
2. Olga Alexandrovna to Gilliard, letter of January 16, 1926, quoted in Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter of July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.
3. Olga Alexandrovna to Mordvinov, letter of January 1, 1927, in Hamburg, XXIII, 4368.
4. Gilliard to Kokovtsov, letter dated July 18, 1926, in Hamburg, II, 281–307.
5. See Kurth, 118.
6. Zahle questionnaire, in Hamburg, XVIII, 7–16. King Christian X abruptly terminated Zahle’s investigation into the case, and when he retired, the former diplomat handed over all of his notes and files to the Danish Royal Archives. Those interested in Anderson’s case have long suspected that the dossiers Zahle turned over to King Christian X held important evidence in her favor. Repeated requests to Queen Margrethe II for access have always been refused, on the grounds that the papers are in the private family archives and thus not subject to ordinary disclosure. (See, for example, Spectator, London, July 18, 1992.) Private inquiries, however, now suggest that they remain restricted because the Danish minister was rather too adamant in expressing his own personal opinions of the royal personages involved and discussing private behavior unrelated to the claim that would prove embarrassing to the Romanovs and to their crowned relations.
7. Prince Friedrich Saxe-Altenburg to Brien Horan, December 1973, quoted in Horan, 47.
8. Ernst Ludwig to Victoria, marchioness of Milford Haven, letter dated February 2, 1927, in Staatsarchiv Darmstadt.
9. Serge Botkin to Andrei Vladimirovich, letter of April 1927, quoted in Kurth, 164.
10. Andrei Vladimirovich to P. S. von Kugelgen, letter of July 8, 1928, quoted in Rathlef-Keilmann, 12.
11. Zahle to Serge Botkin, letter of February 5, 1927, quoted in Krug von Nidda, 204–205.
12. Andrei Vladimirovich to Serge Botkin, letter of November 30, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1595–1597.
13. Gilliard and Savitch, 101.
14. Graf, 151.
15. Kurth, 127.
16. Andrei Vladimirovich to Tatiana Botkin, letter of September 2, 1927, quoted in Auclères, 175.
17. Gilliard and Savitch, 102, 195–196.
18. Andrei Vladimirovich to Serge Botkin, March 14, 1927, quoted in Horan, 94.
19. Information from Ian Lilburn to the authors.
20. Rathlef-Keilmann, 126.
21. Combined reports of letters from Rathlef-Keilmann to Serge Botkin, dated June 9, 1926, and from Rathlef-Keilmann to Zahle, dated June 10, 1926, cited in Kurth, 132.
22. Botkin, Anastasia, 335, n. 8.
23. Baron von Osten-Sacken to Serge Botkin, letter of June 29, 1926, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
24. Dr. Serge Rudnev, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2485–2488.
25. Dr. Lothar Nobel, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 4417–4426.
26. Ibid.
27. Dr. Karl Bonhoeffer, report of March 18, 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2389–2402.
28. Professor Saathof to Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, letter of December 7, 1927, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4508–4509.
29. Dr. Theodor Eitel, report of December 22, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1394–1402.
30. Tatiana Botkin to Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, undated letter, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 142–143; Nancy Leeds Wynkoop to Brien Horan, quoted in Horan, 112.
31. Dr. Lothar Nobel, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 4417–4426.
32. Dr. Karl Bonhoeffer, report of March 18, 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2389–2402.
33. Dr. Theodor Eitel, report of December 22, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1394–1402.
34. Kurth, 153.
35. Rathlef-Keilmann to Tatiana Botkin, letter of March 10, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
36. Kurth, 159–160; Botkin, Anastasia, 155.
37. Tatiana Botkin to Kurth, quoted in Kurth, 159; Rathlef-Keilmann, 14.
11 “A Sort of Weird Charm”
1. AA to Alexei Miliukov, April 23, 1966, in Miliukov tapes.
2. Details from Ob, Berger, and personal visits by the authors.
3. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 63.
4. Rathlef-Keilmann, 49; Kurth, 159; Belyakova, 224; Berliner Nachtausgabe, April 8, 1927; diary of Faith Lavington, January 31, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
5. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 64.
6. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 48, 65; Belyakova, 41; Kournosoff, 5–7, 46, 63.
7. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 65; Belyakova, 227.
8. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 48, 65.
9. Belyakova, 222.
10. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 45; Gilliard and Savitch, 91.
11. Kurth, 182.
12. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Rathlef-Keilmann, letter of July 7, 1927, cited in Kurth, 184.
13. Kurth, 180; see diary of Faith Lavington, November 21, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
14. Rathlef-Keilmann, 111–112.
15. Ibid., 117.
16. Ibid., 111–116.
17. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of August 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XIV, 2558–2559.
18. Rathlef-Keilmann, 155.
19. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Andrei Vladimirovich, letter of April 17, 1927, quoted in Rathlef-Keilmann, 154.
20. Statement of Duchess Nathalia of Leuchtenberg, Baroness Meller-Zakomelsky, November 3, 1959, in Hamburg, IX, 1623–1630.
21. Statement of Duke Dimitri of Leuchtenberg, March 20, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1253–1261; statement of Duchess Catherine of Leuchtenberg, March 20, 1959, in Hamburg, VII, 1261–1264.
22. Maria von Hesse, quoted in Gilliard and Savitch, 141–142.
23. Kurth, 127.
24. Gilliard and Savitch, 34, 77; Berliner Nachtausgabe, April 16, 1927.
25. Rathlef-Keilmann, 232.
26. See Bonhoeffer report, March 18, 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2389–2402; Gilliard and Savitch, 29, 110; testimony of Anna (Thea) Chemnitz, née Malinovsky, December 17, 1958, in Hamburg, V, 979–981; Baroness Marie von Kleist, affidavit of July 5, 1929, entered into evidence May 20, 1958, in Hamburg, III, 569–574; statement of Nicholas von Schwabe, June 10, 1922, in Hamburg, XIV, 2519–2534; Nicholas von Schwabe to Gilliard, in Gilliard and Savitch, 110; Nicholas von Schwabe to Gi
lliard, letter of November 17, 1926, quoted in Gilliard and Savitch, 114–115; Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 166.
27. Rathlef-Keilmann, 232–233.
28. Dr. Karl Bonhoeffer report, March 18, 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2389–2402; Dr. Lothar Nobel, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 4417–4426.
29. Dr. Theodor Eitel, report of December 22, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1394–1402.
30. Testimony of Dr. Theodor Eitel, May 20, 1959, in Hamburg, VIII, 1406–1421.
31. Dr. Lothar Nobel, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 4417–4426. This portion of Nobel’s statement, not surprisingly, was edited out before Rathlef-Keilmann published it in her book. See her reproduction of Nobel’s statement in Rathlef-Keilmann, 238–242.
32. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of August 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XIV, 2558–2559.
33. Duchess Nathalia of Leuchtenberg, Baroness Meller-Zakomelsky, letter of December 11, 1974, to Brien Horan, quoted in Horan, 139.
34. Duke Dimitri of Leuchtenberg, letter of March 5, 1961, quoted in Vorres, 239–240.
35. Duke Konstantin of Leuchtenberg, quoted in the Ottawa Citizen, December 1, 1964.
36. Testimony of Anna (Thea) Chemnitz, née Malinovsky, December 17, 1958, in Hamburg, V, 979–981; Rathlef-Keilmann, 232–233; Dr. Lothar Nobel, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIII, 4417–4426.
37. Statement of Rathlef-Keilmann, July 1925, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
38. This point was especially noted in the 1967 verdict of the Hanseatic Court of Appeals that reviewed Anderson’s case. See Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 217.
39. Dr. Ludwig Berg, statement of May 10, 1929, cited in Kurth, 86.
40. Affidavit of Tatiana Botkin, May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113–127; testimony of Dr. Theodor Eitel, May 20, 1959, in Hamburg, VIII, 1410.
41. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of August 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XIV, 2558–2559; diary of Faith Lavington, September 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
42. See Rathlef-Keilmann, notes of June 30, 1925, in Hamburg, Bln III loose.
43. Franz Jaenicke, statement of February 27, 1956, in Ian Lilburn collection; Dr. Serge Rudnev, report of March 1926, in Hamburg, XIV, 2485–2488; Rudnev affidavit of July 18, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 134–138.
44. Agnes Gallagher, affidavit of December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
45. Statement of Serge Botkin, March 1929, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
46. Auclères, 16.
47. Cited in Kurth, 131.
48. Baron Osten-Sacken to Serge Botkin, letter of June 29, 1926, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
49. Dr. Theodor Eitel, report of December 22, 1926, in Hamburg, VIII, 1394–1402.
50. See diary of Vera von Klemenz, August 21, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 168; affidavit of Agnes Gallagher, December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
51. Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg to Olga Alexandrovna, letter of August 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XIV, 2552–2557.
52. Diary of Faith Lavington, September 19, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
53. Ibid. September 26, 1927.
54. Ibid., November 15, 1927.
55. Ibid.
56. Agnes Wasserschleben, notes of July 28, 1929, in Hamburg, IV, 1017–1024.
57. Diary and notes of Vera von Klemenz, June 17, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 161.
58. Ibid., June 23, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 161–162.
59. Ibid., June 24, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 163.
60. Ibid., July 17, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 164.
61. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 309.
62. Ibid., 69.
63. Diary of Faith Lavington, September 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
64. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 48, 66; Agnes Gallagher, affidavit of December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
65. Kurth, 166.
66. AA, dictated replies to questions, May 8, 1929, 5, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
67. Kurth, 197.
68. Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 45.
69. Ibid., 44.
70. Ibid., 45.
71. See Botkin, Woman Who Rose Again, 45; Agnes Gallagher, affidavit of December 22, 1930, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4481–4493.
72. Diary of Faith Lavington, February 21, 1928, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
73. Duke Dimitri of Leuchtenberg, letter of March 5, 1961, quoted in Vorres, 239–240.
74. See diary of Faith Lavington, December 16, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428; Gilliard and Savitch, 99.
75. Diary of Faith Lavington, September 26, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
76. Ibid., November 8, 1927.
77. Ibid., November 30, 1927.
78. Ibid., February 21, 1928.
12 The Making of a Myth
1. See Gilliard and Savitch, 138; Madeleine Zanotti, statement of February 9, 1939, in Hamburg, Bln III, 167.
2. Alexander Conrad to Alexander Mikhailovich, letter of December 14, 1928, in Gilliard and Savitch, 140–141.
3. Maria von Hesse, quoted in Gilliard and Savitch, 141.
4. Diary of Faith Lavington, January 31, February 13, and March 9, 1928, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
5. Ibid., January 31, 1928.
6. Prince Felix Yusupov to Gilliard, letter of December 10, 1928, quoted in Gilliard and Savitch, 144–145; see also Yusupov, 113–114.
7. Prince Felix Yusupov to Andrei Vladimirovich, letter of September 19, 1927, in Kurth, 186.
8. Auclères, 116.
9. AA to Alexei Miliukov, July 11, 1965, in Miliukov tapes.
10. Statement of Anatole Mordvinov, Oberst-dorf, August 27, 1928, in Gilliard and Savitch, 94.
11. Gilliard and Savitch, 94–95.
12. Ibid., 93.
13. Ibid., 94.
14. Auclères, 98.
15. Statement of Felix Dassel, April 19–20, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 130–131.
16. Drawn from Summers and Mangold, 227–228.
17. Testimony of Felix Dassel, April 22, 1958, in Hamburg, III, 475–476; protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
18. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection; Dassel, 26.
19. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Testimony of Felix Dassel, April 24, 1958, in Hamburg, II, 352–366.
23. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
24. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection; Tatiana Botkin, affidavit of May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113–127.
25. Dassel, 28–29; testimony of Felix Dassel, April 24, 1958, in Hamburg, II, 352–366.
26. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
27. Dassel, 18–19; protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
28. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
29. Diary of Faith Lavington, September 19, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
30. Diary of Nicholas II (then Tsesarevich Nicholas), April 16/27, 1891, in GARF, F. 601, Op. 1, D. 225.
31. Dassel, 37.
32.
Diary of Vera von Klemenz, September 18, 1927, in Rathlef-Keilmann, 169.
33. Dassel, 36–37.
34. Dassel, 38–39; statement of Otto Bornemann, August 8, 1952, in Hamburg, Bln VI, 211–212.
35. Excerpts from the diary of Faith Lavington, September 19, 1927, in Hamburg, XXXIV, 6402–6428.
36. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
37. Dassel, 34–35.
38. Protocol of Duke Georg of Leuchtenberg, Felix Dassel, and Otto Bornemann, Munich, September 19, 1927, in Ian Lilburn Collection.
39. Dassel, 47–48.
40. We are grateful to Tim Welsh for suggesting this last hypothesis.
41. Testimony of Felix Dassel, April 24, 1958, in Hamburg, II, 331–366.
42. Gerda von Kleist, Hamburg, May, 1958
43. Affidavit of Baroness Marie von Kleist, July 5, 1929, entered into evidence May 20, 1958, in Hamburg, III, 569–574.
44. See Illustrierte Blatt, Frankfurt, April 4, 1927; Hamburg, Summary of Evidence in Frau Anna Anderson in Unterlengenhardt v. Barbara, Herzogin Christian Ludwig zu Mecklenburg, Ludwig, Prinz von Hesse und bei Rhein, May 18, 1967, 74.
45. Botkin, Anastasia, 18.
46. Baron Vassili Osten-Sacken, statement of July 1, 1929, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4512–4516; Tatiana Botkin, affidavit of May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113–127.
47. Tatiana Botkin, affidavit of May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113–127.
48. Botkin, Anastasia, 23.
49. Baron Vassili Osten-Sacken, statement of July 1, 1929, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4512–4516; Botkin, Anastasia, 27.
50. Tatiana Botkin, affidavit of May 2, 1929, in Hamburg, Bln I, 113–127.
51. Ibid.
52. Gilliard, Thirteen Years, 209, 213; Gilliard and Savitch, 115.
53. Baron Osten-Sacken, affidavit, July 1, 1929, in Hamburg, XXIV, 4512–4516.
54. Olga Alexandrovna to Tatiana Botkin, letter dated August 30, 1926, in Hamburg XXXIV, 6370.
55. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 273.
56. Gleb Botkin, affidavit of July 20, 1938, in Hamburg, Bln I, 101–112.
57. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 260–262; private information to the authors.
58. Botkin, Real Romanovs, 260.