Human Universals

Home > Other > Human Universals > Page 31
Human Universals Page 31

by Donald E Brown


  Folklore, 69, 139

  Followers, dispositions of, 158

  Food, 69, 138–139

  Forgetting, 182

  Formal universals, 43, 49, 50, 164

  Fox, Robin, 42–43, 47, 49, 81, 118, 120, 124, 140

  on how to identify the inhuman, 155

  on secular social ideology of our time, vii, 154

  Framework or model, universal, 158, 165, 178

  defined, 47–48

  Freeman, Derek, 9, 10, 16–20, 31, 38, 61

  Freud, Sigmund, 32, 33, 38, 119, 120

  Fridlund, Alan J., 26

  Function, sociocultural and biological definitions of, 101–102

  Functions, universal, 76

  Funeral rites (see Treatment, of the dead)

  Future, past, and present, 133, 194

  Games, 43, 59, 69, 163, 165, 167, 176, 190, 195, 196

  Garcia, John (and associates), 84

  Gardner, Howard, 61n, 85, 150

  Geertz, Clifford, 3–5, 54, 74–75, 86, 114n, 151, 156

  Gender (see Division of labor; Female; Male; Sex)

  Gene mutation, 104

  General and particular, 134, 194

  distinguishing between, 157

  Generalization, 198

  Generation, semantic component of, 80, 133

  Generosity admired, 138

  Genes plus environment in explanation of human affairs, 145–147

  Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, The, 62

  Genitals, explanation for sexual dimorphism of, 109n

  Genotype, 100

  Gestures, 23, 52, 54, 69, 134, 179

  Gewertz, Deborah, 10, 21–23, 38

  Gift giving, 69, 138, 170

  Givens (biological), 117

  Giving, 133

  Goldschmidt, Walter, 66n, 76, 154, 155

  Good and bad, 132, 134, 158, 161, 167, 174, 182

  Goodenough, Ward H., 75, 80–81, 142

  Gossip, 131, 172

  Government, 48, 59, 67, 69, 138

  Gradation, 134

  Grammar:

  universality of, 41

  universals of, 131–132, 164, 173

  (See also Universal grammar)

  Greenberg, Joseph, 78–80, 164

  Greetings, 69, 139, 173

  Grief, 26, 70, 139

  as response to death of close kin, 190

  Group(s), 161, 165

  local or territorial, 136, 186

  nonlocalized, 136, 170

  other than family, 176

  (See also Kin groups)

  Group competition, 161

  Group living, 105, 111, 136, 197

  Group selection, 82, 103, 123n, 144

  HRAF (see Human Relations Area Files)

  Habitat selection and landscape preferences, 116, 187

  Hairstyles, 69, 140, 180, 188

  Hallowell, A. Irving, 74–75, 155

  Hamilton, W. D., 82, 105

  Hand, word for, 133

  Handedness, 89, 91, 94, 98, 99, 157, 181, 186

  Hand-eye coordination, 172

  Hands used to eat, 198

  Happiness, 26, 134

  Hatch, Elvin, 62, 68, 69

  Hate, 161

  Haugen, Einar, 31

  Hempel, Carl G., 45, 151

  Herskovits, Melville J., 68, 71

  Hertz, Robert, 90, 92

  Hierarchy:

  institutionalized, 92

  in language or logic, 170, 194, 201

  (See also Inequality)

  Historic phenomena, 71

  (See also Cradle traits)

  History/myth, 93, 151–153

  Hockett, Charles F., 49, 140

  Homicide (see Murder)

  Homo sapiens, characteristics of, 94

  Homosexuality, 196

  Hope, 161, 182

  Hopi Time, 29–31, 38, 144

  Hopi verb (tense), 28, 30, 31

  Hopkins, Keith, 125–127

  Hospitality, 69, 139

  Hostility (see Conflict)

  Household, 197

  (See also Family)

  Human affairs, 144–146, 148, 153

  Human biology, and practical affairs, 93

  Human body, 90, 98–99, 178

  Human condition, 53, 145

  Human evolution, as anthropological specialization, 86

  Human mind, 6, 32, 46, 60, 74–75, 84, 86–87, 142–145, 149, 163

  complexity of, 148

  as disparate collection of adaptations, 106

  faculty or modular view of, 61

  Geertz on, 74

  as general fitness calculator, 106

  Hallowell on evolution of, 73

  how evolution acts on, 101

  importance in human nature, 145

  innate tendencies of, according to Malinowski, 68

  Lévi-Strauss on, 72, 142

  and mind-altering drugs, 115

  and mystical states, 115

  role of anthropology in studying, 150, 156

  as shaper of culture, 144

  as tabula rasa, 60, 85, 144, 146, 148, 154, 155

  tendencies inherent in, according to Kroeber, 57–58

  (See also Brain; Mental mechanisms)

  Human nature, vii, 19, 53, 83n, 86–87, 145, 148, 150, 163, 198

  American anthropologists’ attitude toward, 68, 156

  as basis of universals, 71, 146, 148, 152

  Benedict on, 65–66

  Bidney on, 70–71

  as capacity for culture, 146

  complexity of, 1, 5, 6, 149

  cultural conceptions of, 152–153

  defined, 50

  in defining marriage, 80

  environment of evolution of, 50, 86, 100, 115, 116

  functions and effects as part of, 102

  Geertz on, 75

  Goldschmidt on, 66n

  Goodenough on, 81

  implicit assumptions about, 1, 5, 151

  importance of human mind in, 145

  and incest avoidance, 119

  malleability of, 20, 62, 66, 155

  as Mead’s research problem, 14

  need for discovery by comparative studies, 81, 156

  racial conceptions of, 152–153

  Tylor on, 55

  understanding of, in social science, 81

  in understanding other cultures, importance of, 154, 178

  as unfinished business in social science, 142

  and universals, according to Boas, 59

  variousness as essence of, 74

  (See also Human mind; Mental mechanisms)

  Human physiology:

  and marking, 98

  and the use of fire and cooking, 95

  Human psyche (see Human mind)

  Human psychology, implicit assumptions about, 1, 5, 151

  Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 51, 70

  Human similarities, anthropological reliance on, 154

  Human universals (see Universals)

  Humanistic anthropology, 71

  Humanities and universals, 149, 153–154, 156

  Hunters and gatherers as anthropological specialty, 86, 150

  Hygiene, 69, 140

  Iconography/realistic portraiture, 152–153

  Identity (logic), 170

  Identity, collective, 137

  (See also Statuses)

  Ideology/knowledge, 92–93, 153

  Imagination, 161, 199

  Implicational universals (see Universals)

  Implicature, 2

  Imposing meaning on the world, 99, 182

  (See also Worldview)

  Imprinting, 78, 84–85, 123–125, 128–129

  Inbreeding, costs of, 123–124

  Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, 123–124

  Incest:

  in Ancient Egypt, 125–127

  avoidance, 49, 112, 118–129, 137

  cases of, 121, 124–125

  concerns sex, not marriage, 118

  functional, 125

  parent-child, 119, 124,
125, 137, 176, 182

  prohibitions, 124, 181

  regulation, 42, 176, 181, 182, 196

  royal, 119

  sibling, 121, 124, 125

  taboo, 49, 64n, 69, 72, 118–129, 137, 139

  as cultural invention, 118

  functional or sociological explanation of, 124–125

  nonuniversality of, 128

  Indebtedness, 165, 182, 196

  Individual:

  character, 135

  concept of, 135

  as distinct from social status, 135, 137

  facial recognition of, 135

  as locus of universals, 39–42, 50, 142

  motivation, and explanation of incest avoidance, 123n, 129

  neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous, 134–135

  as source of society, culture, and language, 39, 40

  as unit of selection, 82, 103, 123n

  Individual/society/culture, artificial boundaries between, 40, 43

  Inequality, 2, 76, 92, 137, 159, 161, 167, 176, 182, 192, 199, 200

  as a topic of interest, 152

  In-group/out-group, 134, 138–139, 182

  (See also Ethnocentrism)

  Inheritance, 59, 69, 140, 169, 176

  Inhibition (incest avoidance mechanism), 124

  Innateness, 46–47, 83n, 85, 141, 180, 199

  of aesthetic principles, 157

  Chomsky on, 77, 155n

  as defense against totalitarianism, 155n

  Durkheim on, 60

  of facial recognition, 112

  of habitat preferences, 116

  Kroeber on, 57–58

  of language, 113, 164

  of reciprocity, 108

  of triangular awareness, 111

  Inner life, privacy of, 135

  Inner states, 130, 133, 175, 186

  intentional altering, 136, 180

  Instinct to learn, 84–85

  Instincts, 62, 70–71, 77–78, 81n, 95, 101, 146, 147

  Insulting, 131

  Institutions, Malinowski on, 67

  Intellectual neutron bomb, 56–57

  Intelligence, general purpose, 85

  Intention, 134, 139, 186

  Interactionism, 19, 42, 58, 62–63, 73–75, 86, 88, 93, 98, 113, 117, 149

  Interlacing, 135, 180

  (See also String)

  Internal states (see Inner states)

  International phonetic alphabet, 46

  Interpreting behavior, 134, 168

  Intersexual selection, 103

  Interspecific comparison, 111–112, 116, 117, 124, 145

  (See also Animal counterparts)

  Intonation units, 163

  Intrasexual selection, 103

  Intrinsic universals, 49–50

  Invention, 95, 118

  Israeli kibbutzim (communes), 35, 120–123, 127–128

  Izard, Carroll E., 10, 24

  Jealousy, 15, 165

  (See also Male sexual jealousy; Sexual jealousy)

  John Wayne effect, 25–26

  Joking, 69, 131, 165, 176

  Jones, Ernest, 34–35

  Joy, 26

  Kay, Paul, 10–14, 37–38

  (See also Basic Color Terms)

  Kidder, A. V., 68–69, 72, 73

  Kin, close distinguished from distant, 137

  Kin groups, 69, 137, 169

  legally recognized, 176

  Kin recognition, 112

  Kin selection theory, 82–83, 105–107

  Kin terms (and terminologies), 40, 46, 69, 79–80, 93–94 133, 137, 165, 167, 170, 173

  translatable by reference to procreative relationships, 133

  for mother and father, 133

  (See also Classification)

  Kinship, 59, 150, 169, 181, 198

  as basis of solidarity, 108

  and evolution, 105–108

  explanation for universality of, 105

  genealogical core to, 163

  interest in, 180

  and marriage, 47

  sentiments, 107, 172, 190

  (See also Classification; Nepotism)

  Kluckhohn, Clyde, 72–73, 80, 149, 155

  Knowledge, 59

  ease of acquiring, 104

  as opposed to ideology, 92–93

  as opposed to magic, 37

  Kroeber, A. L., 46, 56–58, 64, 70–74, 114, 149, 155

  dismisses universals, 64

  on “no-man’s land,” 57, 64, 143

  on psychological reductionism, 57–58

  on racial explanations, 57

  and semantic components of kin terms, 48n

  on innate tendencies, 57

  on “X,” 58, 86, 87

  La Barre, Weston, 10, 23, 96–97

  Landscapes, innate preferences for, 116, 187

  Language, 58, 69, 92–94, 98, 110, 130, 141, 157, 164

  acquisition, 84, 144, 181

  and biology, 77–78

  and constant change, 33

  and culture, 27, 76–77, 98

  exemplifies relativism, 77

  functional requirements of, 164

  hereditary roots of, 62

  Hopi, 27–31, 155

  as locus of universals, 39–42, 142, 173, 176

  to manipulate others, 130, 131

  to misinform and mislead, 131

  not learned, 77–78, 84, 144

  not a simple reflex of real world, 131

  ontogeny of, 113

  prestige from proficient use of, 131

  role of universals in, 150–151

  thinking without, 130

  universal functions of, 192

  universal structure of, 181

  Language Universals, 78

  Lashley, Karl, 61

  Laughing, 83

  Laughlin, Charles D., 99, 111

  Law, 59, 69, 138, 172, 176, 185, 188

  Leadership, 138, 158, 165, 176

  (See also Government; Oligarchy)

  Learned behavior, 143, 146, 147

  Learning:

  critique of, 77

  ease and difficulty of, 84–85

  (See also Preparedness)

  generalized, 84, 143

  by instinct, 84–85

  of language, 113

  one-trial, 85

  theory, 85

  trial-and-error, 137

  Legend, 196

  [See also Myth(s)]

  Lending, 133

  Lenneberg, Eric, 77, 85, 113

  Lever, 135, 157

  Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 64n, 72, 98–99, 142–143

  Lexical universals, 162, 173, 200

  Life force, interest in, 97

  Life forms, 14, 46, 133

  Linguistic domain, 75, 93

  Linguistic universals, 77–80, 164, 194

  examples of, 41, 46, 47

  kinds of, 164

  (See also Grammar; Tendencies; Universals)

  Linguistics, 76–80

  and anthropology, relationships between, 76–80

  influence of, on anthropology, 80, 82

  and ontogenetic studies, 113

  popularized by Whorf, 31

  (See also Relativism)

  Literary art, 153, 162, 176

  Localizers, 61n

  (See also Brain, localization of faculties in)

  Location, 133

  Logic, 170, 178, 194, 201

  elementary concepts of, 134, 198

  of explanation, 116

  Indian and Western, 54n

  of sociocultural integration and development, 50

  Logical extension, 94, 117

  Losing temper, 165

  Lowie, Robert, 57n, 63

  Luck superstitions or theories, 69, 139

  Lying (and watching for), 131, 161

  prohibited, 178, 182

  McCabe, Justine, 122, 124

  Magic, 69, 70, 139

  Male:

  dominance, 20, 22–23, 50, 80, 91–92, 110, 137, 158, 169, 196

  exclusion of females from activities, 196r />
  and female temperaments, 10, 20–23, 86, 135, 136, 144, 172

  (See also Sex differences)

  involvement in family, 136

  male competition, 80, 103

  orgasm, 102, 115

  sexual jealousy, 107, 109

  violence and aggression, 110

  greater than female, 137, 179, 189

  Male and Female, 21, 81n

  Malinowski, Bronislaw, 9, 32–38, 47, 66–68, 71, 94

  on concept of needs, 67, 94

  on framework for analyzing culture, 76

  on institutions, 67

  on universal functions, 76

  includes biological universals, 49

  Malleability of human nature, 20, 62, 66, 155

  Malotki, Ekkehart, 10, 28–31, 38

  Man and Culture, 58–59

  Man and His Works, 71

  Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, The, 150

  Manifest universals, 47

  Manipulation, 138, 158

  with language, 130, 131

  Margaret Mead and Samoa, 9, 16–20

  condemnation of, 19n

  Marking, 41, 77n, 78–79, 98, 132

  Marriage, 59, 69, 105, 136, 141, 165, 166, 172, 187, 196, 197

  defining, 80

  hereditary roots of, 62–63

  rules, 118

  between siblings, 125–127

  usually a part of kinship, 93

  Marxism, 60, 73n

  Mate selection, 105

  Material culture and traits, 40, 58

  Material determinants of culture, 68, 144

  Materialism, 139

  Maternity, equation of social and physiological, 176

  Maynard Smith, J., 82, 103, 105

  Mead, Margaret, 9, 10, 14–23, 31, 38, 55, 61, 65, 81, 87, 143, 144, 149, 154–155

  (See also Coming of Age in Samoa)

  Mealtimes, 69, 139, 200

  Meaning, urge to attach to the meaningless, 194

  Measure, 167, 170

  Medicine, 69, 139

  Melody, 140, 182

  Memory, 135, 175, 180

  Mental illness, 135, 185, 196

  Mental organ, 113

  Mental mechanisms, 39, 84–86, 98–99 106–107, 141, 144, 148, 156

  for incest avoidance, 129

  for language, 113

  Mental structures, 98–99

  Metal tools, 50

  Metaphor, 28, 29, 94, 113, 132, 133, 150, 161, 167, 170, 180, 194

  Metaphors We Live By, 94

  Methodology, methods, 25, 89, 145n

  analysis of design, 102

  for distinguishing nature from culture, 144, 147, 148

  exemplified by Ekman et al., 26–27

  natural experiments, 101, 129

  for quantifying cultural determination, 148

  Metonymy, 132, 133

  Mind (see Human mind)

  Mind of Primitive Man, The, 55, 58

  Misinforming, misleading, 131

  Model, universal (see Universal framework)

  Modesty concerning natural functions, 69, 139

  (See also Sexual modesty)

  Mood altering, 136, 180

  Moral philosophy, influence of anthropology on, 154

  Morality, 55, 69, 139, 159, 161, 165, 171, 174, 181

  Morphemes, 41, 132, 198

 

‹ Prev