9 Figures in Aly, Hitlers Volksstaat, p. 201.
10 Ibid.
11 Cited in ibid., p. 198. And for the Ziegelmayer quote.
12 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 485.
13 See Gerlach, Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord, pp. 241ff.
14 Aly, Hitlers Volksstaat, p. 202.
15 Ibid., p. 206. And for the following observation.
16 Beschloss, The Conquerors, p. 194.
17 Ibid., p. 196.
18 Ibid., p. 214.
19 Cited in Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, pp. 657f.
20 From Speer’s testimony at Nuremberg, 20 June 1946 (translation p. 497), available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/
06-20-46.asp.
21 See Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 654. And for a detailed account of Speer’s complex motivations and his relations with other members of the Führer’s entourage, ‘Die Machtprobe mit Hitler im März 1945’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, pp. 85–106.
22 See Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, pp. 57–9.
23 Ibid., pp. 60ff. For this and the following unless otherwise stated.
24 Tooze, The Wages of Destruction, p. 651.
25 Ibid., p. 654.
26 For this and the other ‘foreign worker’ figures see ibid., pp. 517f.
27 MacInnes, To the Victors the Spoils, pp. 180f.
28 Atina Grossmann, Jews, Germans and Allies: Close Encounters in Occupied Germany, p. 133.
29 Time magazine, 7 May 1945, ‘Foreign News: Dachau’.
30 William I. Hitchcock, Liberation: The Bitter Road to Freedom, Europe 1944–1945, pp. 302f.
31 Ibid.
32 Grossmann, Jews, Germans and Allies, p. 136.
7 THE PRICE
1 See Time magazine, 9 April 1945, ‘Stern Man for the Nazis’.
2 J. E. Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, vol. I, p. 24.
3 Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 252f.
4 See Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, pp. 8f.
5 Ibid., p. 9.
6 See James Bacque, Other Losses: An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners at the Hands of the French and the Americans After World War II. Bacque claims that almost a million were deliberately starved to death and the mass murder covered up.
7 See Rüdiger Overmanns, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 427.
8 Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, p. 60.
9 Fritz Mann, Frühling am Rhein Anno 1945, p. 8. And for the accompanying events described.
10 See the account by the East Prussian Kurt Baltinowitz, unpublished typescript 39 pp. in possession of author courtesy of Herr Wolfgang Gückelhorn, pp. 13f.
11 The Maschke Commission, appointed by the West German government. Their multi-volume work appeared in several volumes between 1962 and the mid-1970s. See Rolf Steininger, ‘Some Reflections on the Maschke Commission’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, pp. 170ff.
12 Wolfgang Gückelhorn, Das Ende am Rhein: Kriegsende zwischen Remagen und Andernach, pp. 145ff.
13 See Rüdiger Overmans, ‘German Historiography, the War Losses, and the Prisoners of War’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, pp. 138ff.
14 Günter Bischof, ‘Bacque and Historical Evidence’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, p. 217.
15 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 419.
16 See Gückelhorn, Das Ende am Rhein, p. 146.
17 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 420.
18 Gückelhorn, Das Ende am Ehein, p. 146.
19 Figures in Overmans, ‘German Historiography, the War Losses, and the Prisoners of War’, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, p. 150.
20 Ibid., p. 152.
21 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed, Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 421, estimates between 5,000 and 10,000 out of roughly a million. Bischof, in ‘Bacque and Historical Evidence’, as above, allows up to 56,000, making the total around 5 per cent.
22 Figures according to Niall Ferguson in ‘Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat’, War in History, vol. 11 (2004), part 2, p. 186 (Table 4: Prisoners of War: percentage and chances of dying in captivity).
23 Overmans, ‘Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, pp. 442f.
24 For an illustrated collection of these Passierscheine (with texts and explanations) see the website ‘The Allied Passierschein of World War 2’ by SGM Herbert M. Friedman at http://www.psywarrior.com/GermanSCP.html. Many sources thought this the single most effective propaganda leaflet of the war.
25 Wolff-Mönckeberg, On the Other Side, p. 140.
26 Mann, Frühling am Rhein Anno 1945, p. 27.
27 See Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 62.
28 Full text of the Hague Convention on Land Warfare available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague04.asp#iart1. And see Richard Dominic Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, in Steven Béla Várdy and T. Hunt Tooly, eds, Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, p. 274.
29 Quoted in Wiggers, as above, p. 275.
30 Ibid., p. 276.
31 Ibid., p. 277.
32 Ibid., p. 279.
33 See Trent, ‘Food Shortages in Germany and Europe’, 1945–1948, in Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, p. 99 and n.9.
34 See Jörg Echternkamp, ‘Im Schlagschatten des Krieges. Von den Folgen militärischer Gewalt und nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft in der frühen Nachkriegszeit’, in Müller, ed., Das Deutsche Reich, Band 10, Zweiter Halbband, p. 661.
35 For average ration figures in 1946 and current estimates of calorific requirements see ibid., pp. 662f.
36 Steege, Black Market, Cold War, p. 42.
37 Ibid., p. 43.
8 TO THE VICTORS THE SPOILS
1 Gelfand, Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten, pp. 211f.
2 Ibid., p. 176.
3 Ibid., p. 191.
4 Clare, Berlin Days, p. 146.
5 Interview Penzance, England, 4 October 2008, with Maurice Smelt (lieutenant in the Black Watch 1945–8, stationed at Duisburg).
6 See Clay for McCloy, 16 September 1945, in Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, vol. I, p. 78.
7 See Willoughby, ‘The Sexual Behaviour of American GIs during the Early Years of the Occupation of Germany’, p. 171.
8 Walter J. Slatoff, ‘GI Morals in Germany’, in The New Republic, 13.5.1946, vol. 114, issue 19, p. 686 and p. 687. Slatoff was later a professor at Cornell University and Chair of its English Department.
9 Interview with Maurice Smelt.
10 David Clay Large, Berlin: A Modern History, p. 390.
11 Taylor, The Berlin Wall, p. 46.
12 See Steege, Black Market, Cold War, p. 38.
13 David Kynaston, Austerity Britain 1945–1951, pp. 106f.
14 Figures from tables of 1950 census in Germany (West) in Kossert, Kalte Heimat, p. 59.
15 Kevin Jackson, ed., The Humphrey Jennings Reader, p. 101.
16 Ibid., p. 102.
17 Kopp, Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland, p. 173.
18 Ibid., p. 174.
19 Ibid., p. 178.
20 For a snapshot of this crisis period see the memorandum from North Rhine-Westphalia Food and Agriculture Minis
ter Heinrich Lübke, 20 March 1947 in NA Kew FO 1013/1038 Food and Agriculture, Food Situation – 99th and 100th Periods.
21 NA Kew FO 1013/1038, as above, telegram from REO Düsseldorf-Hamburg, 31.3.1947. Düsseldorf-Mettmann and Wuppertal were the lowest at 834 and 827 respectively. Other cities in the Ruhr area varied between 1,028 and 1,336.
22 The Times, 2 April 1947, p. 3, ‘Germany’s Food Supply’.
23 Kopp, Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland, p. 188.
24 Ibid., p. 189.
25 Joel Carl Welty, The Hunger Year: In the French Zone of Divided Germany 1946–1947, pp. 155f.
26 Steege, Black Market, Cold War, p. 85.
27 Kopp, Besetzt: Britische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland, p. 178.
28 Interview with Frau Marlies Weber (née Theby), 12 June 2009.
29 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946 Report of 23 April 1946.
30 See Appendix ‘B’ to the report of 23 April 1946, NA Kew, as above.
31 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946, p. 43, Major Birtwhistle to Commander, 17 April 1946.
32 NA Kew FO 1013/1499 Black Market Standing Committee 1945–1946, p. 39, British Special Legal Research Unit (London) to Mil.Gov Münster, 1 March 1946.
33 NA Kew FO 936, Operation ‘Sparkler’ and Large Scale Black Market Activities, 17 July 1946, p. 7.
34 Ibid., p. 8.
35 Interview with Maurice Smelt.
36 The Times, 13 November 1946: ‘Hand-to-Mouth in British Zone’.
37 See the copy of the appeal made by SEN at its founding meeting in October 1945, in John Farquharson, ‘“Emotional but Influential”: Victor Gollancz, Richard Stokes and the British Zone of Germany, 1945–9’, in Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 22, no. 3 (July 1987), pp. 514f.
38 Quoted in George Clare, Berlin Days, p. 191.
39 Farquharson, ‘“Emotional but Influential”’, as above, pp. 506–8.
40 Bischof and Ambrose, eds, Eisenhower and the German POWs, p. 108.
41 Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, p. 282.
42 NARA College Park RG407/270/69/23/01 Box 1118 US Opinion Concerning Police Toward Germany Report no. 6, 31 January 1946, p. 3.
43 Ibid., p. 283.
44 Steege, Black Market, Cold War, p. 46.
45 Clay, Personal to Maj. Gen. Echols and Assistant Secretary Petersen, 27 March 1946, SECRET in Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, vol. II, p. 184.
46 Secretary Kenneth Royall as quoted in Wiggers, ‘The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II’, p. 286.
47 NARA College Park RG407/270/69/23/01 Box 1118 HICOG Public Opinion Surveys – Summary of German public opinion trends 1945–1949, p. 6.
48 NARA College Park, as above, p. 8.
9 NO PARDON
1 Text available online in Latin, German, English and other languages at http://www.pax-westphalica.de/ipmipo/index.html.
2 See Gregor Dallas, Poisoned Peace 1945 – The War That Never Ended, pp. 495f.
3 Ibid., pp. 508f.
4 See Norman Davies, Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory, p. 195.
5 Thus the Head of Operations of the German Red Cross from 1937 to early 1945 was Professor Dr E. R. Grawitz, who was also Chief Physician of the SS and perpetrator of notorious ‘scientific’ atrocities at Buchenwald. His successor, Karl Gebhardt, was a senior SS doctor and personal physician to Himmler, and was in charge of lethal human experiments at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. For Grawitz, see Benno Muller-Hill (translated by George R. Fraser), Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies and Others, Germany 1933–1945, p. 82, and Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 607. For Gebhardt see Evans, p. 604f. and p. 612.
6 Evans, The Third Reich at War, p. 728.
7 Ibid.
8 John Weitz, Joachim von Ribbentrop: Hitler’s Diplomat, p. 295.
9 Quoted from Lovat Fraser, ‘Shall We Hang the Kaiser?’, in The War Illustrated, 11 January 1919, available online at http://www.greatwardifferent.com. Fraser (1871–1926) was a former editor of the Times of India and a prolific journalist who at this time was also a regular foreign correspondent for the London Times. See his obituary in The Times, 21 April 1926.
10 Ann Tusa and John Tusa, The Nuremberg Trial, p. 69.
11 Jeffrey D. Hockett, ‘Justice Robert H. Jackson, the Supreme Court, and the Nuremberg Trial’, in The Supreme Court Review, vol. 1990 (1990), p. 258.
12 Quoted in Robert E. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg, New York, 1993 (paperback edition), p. 68.
13 See Charter of the International Military Tribunal – Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, Article 22: ‘The permanent seat of the Tribunal shall be in Berlin. The first meetings of the members of the Tribunal and of the Chief Prosecutors shall be held at Berlin in a place to be designated by the Control Council for Germany. The first trial shall be held at Nuremberg, and any subsequent trials shall be held at such places as the Tribunal may decide.’
14 Daniel Bloxham, quoted in Olick, In the House of the Hangman, p. 109.
15 Ibid., p. 109, n.37.
16 Cited in ibid., pp. 112f.
17 See Marion Gräfin Dönhoff, Namen, die keine mehr nennt: Ostpreußen, Menschen und Geschichte, pp. 26ff. And for the following.
18 Jacobs, Freiwild, p. 86.
19 For an account in English of this incident see Christina von Krockow, The Hour of the Women (translated by Krishna Winston), pp. 45f.
20 Ibid., preface (unnumbered).
21 See Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 142f.
22 See Arnd Bauerkämper, ‘Zwangsmodernisierung und Krisenzyklen, Die Bodenreform und Kollektivierung in Brandenburg 1945–1960/61’ in Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 25. Jahrg., H. 4, Ostdeutschland unter dem Kommunismus 1945–1990 (October–December 1999), p. 560.
23 Ibid., p. 153.
24 See Taylor, The Berlin Wall, p. 195.
25 Naimark, The Russians in Germany, p. 93.
26 See Winfrid Halder, ‘“Prüfstein . . . für die politische Lauterkeit der Führenden?” Der Volksentscheid zur “Enteignung der Kriegs- und Naziverbrecher” in Sachsen im Juni 1946’, in Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 25. Jahrg., H. 4, Ostdeutschland unter dem Kommunismus 1945–1990 (October–December. 1999), pp. 592f.
27 Halder, ‘“Prüfstein . . . für die politische Lauterkeit der Führenden?”’, as above.
28 Figures in ibid., p. 589.
29 For Krupp’s arrest, see Henke, Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands, pp. 483f. The valet’s words were: ‘Meine Herren, Herr Krupp erwartet Sie. Darf ich Sie bitten, näherzutreten?’
30 William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty that Armed Germany at War, pp. 605f.
31 Tusa, The Nuremberg Trials, pp. 138f.
32 Henke, Die Amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands, p. 481.
33 Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel: IG Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine, p. 301.
34 Ibid., p. 290.
35 Quoted in ibid., p. 301.
36 Ibid., pp. 315f.
37 See Thomas Ramge, ‘Totaler Krieg, Totaler Profit’, at http://www.thomasramge.de/texte1/kriegprofit.htlm.
10 THE FISH AND THE NET
1 Frodien, Bleib übrig, p. 239.
2 For this and the following see Astrid M. Eckert, Kampf um die Akten: die Westalliierten und die Rückgabe von deutschem Archivgut nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, Transatlantische Historische Studien 20, pp. 59f., and Sven-Felix Kellerhof, ‘Brisante Papiere aus dem Müllhaufen’, in Die Welt, 2.11.2005.
3 See Lester K. Born, ‘The Ministerial Collecting Center near Kassel, Germany’, in The American Archivist, vol. 13, no. 3 (July 1950), pp. 237–58. Born, a trained archivist as well as a captain (later major) in the army, had played a major role in the foundation and op
eration of the MCC.
4 Born, p. 244.
5 Kenneth O. McCreedy, ‘Planning the Peace: Operation Eclipse and the Occupation of Germany’, in Journal of Military History, vol. 65, no. 3 (July 2001), p. 739.
6 JCS 1067 text, as cited above.
7 Biddiscombe, The Denazification of Germany, p. 47. And for the extreme advocates.
8 Interview with Steffen Cüppers, Dresden, February 2003. Faced with this passionate denial, the author returned to check with Götz Bergander. Herr Bergander confirmed that, although it was never discussed in the family, his father had indeed been a Party member of the passive sort.
9 Interview with Götz Bergander.
10 Tom Bower, The Pledge Betrayed: America and Britain and the Denazification of Post-War Germany, p. 98.
11 Biddiscombe, The Denazification of Germany, p. 77. Rudolph went on to design the Saturn V rocket that took the first American astronauts to the moon.
12 See Dolores Augustine, ‘Wunderwaffen of a Different Kind: Nazi Scientists in East German Industrial Research’, in German Studies Review, vol. 29, no. 3 (October 2006), pp. 579–88. The author went to school (from 1959) with several sons of German scientists who had worked on the V2 but by then were employed at the rocket research station at Westcott, near Aylesbury. Despite invariably being known to their fellow pupils as ‘Fritz’, they were otherwise popular and well integrated.
13 See Bower, The Pledge Betrayed, p. 97.
14 See Naimark, The Russians in Germany, pp. 214ff.
15 Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel, p. 298 and p. 298n.
16 John Gimbel, ‘US Policy and German Scientists: The Early Cold War’, in Political Science Quarterly, vol. 101, no. 3 (1986), p. 441.
17 Ibid. pp. 441f.
18 NA Kew FO 1032/787 Colonel G. E. O. Elms to Commanding General, European Theatre of Operations and Commanding General, British Army of the Rhine, 6 December 1945.
19 Bower, The Pledge Betrayed, pp. 101–3.
20 NA Kew FO 1032/787 CROWCASS Colonel G. E. O. Elms, as above.
21 Bower, The Pledge Betrayed, p. 171.
22 Ibid., p. 278.
23 For remarks about Heyman’s report see ibid., pp. 278f. For the draft text of the report see NA Kew FO 371/55436 Denazification Measures: Meetings of Denazification Committee Appendix ‘A’ to HQ/06101/9/Sep P of 16 May 1946: Report of Heyman Working Party, Disposal of Criminals, Nazis, Militarists and Potentially Dangerous Germans.
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