Permissions Acknowledgments
The author has endeavored to credit all known persons holding copyright or reproduction rights for passages quoted and for illustrations reproduced in this book, especially:
Anvil Press Poetry for the passages from Dante: The Divine Comedy, translated by Peter Dale, copyright © 1996 by Peter Dale.
New City Press, Hyde Park, N.Y. (www.newcitypress.com), for the passages from Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, Volume 1: The Saint, Volume 2: The Founder, Volume 3: The Prophet, copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001 by the Franciscan Institute of St. Bonaventure, New York.
Oxford University Press for The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, Volumes I, II, III, translated by Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman, copyright © 1994, 1998, 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Paulist Press, New York/Mahwah, New Jersey (www.paulistpress.com), for the passages from Hildegard of Bingen: Scivias, translated by Mother Columba Hart and Jane Bishop (in the Classics of Western Spirituality series), copyright © 1990 by the Abbey of Regina Laudis: Benedictine Congregation of the Strict Observance, Inc.
Penguin Group, UK, for the passages from The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, translated by Betty Radice (Penguin Classics, 1974), copyright © Betty Radice, 1974.
Photography Credits
1.4 Hildegard von Bingen, Wisse Die Wege “Scivias” © Otto Müller Verlag, 9. Auflage Salzburg 1996
1.5 Hildegard von Bingen, Wisse Die Wege “Scivias” © Otto Müller Verlag, 9. Auflage Salzburg 1996
1.6 Scala / Art Resource, NY
1.7 Scala / Art Resource, NY
1.8 © J. Schwanke / Alamy
1.9 St. Peter’s, Louvain, Belgium / Bridgeman Art Library
1.10 akg-images / Schütze / Rodemann
1.11 Scala / Art Resource, NY
1.12 Marka / age fotostock
1.13 Scala / Art Resource, NY
1.14 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
1.15 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
1.16 © François Guénet
1.17 Peter Willi / Bridgeman Art Library
1.18 © François Guénet
1.19 The Art Archive / Dagli Orti
1.20 age fotostock / SuperStock
2.1 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
2.2 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY
2.3 akg-images / Amelot
2.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY
2.6 Scala / Art Resource, NY
5.1 Musee National du Moyen Age et des Thermes de Cluny, Paris / Bridgeman Art Library
5.2 Index S.A.S.
5.3 Index S.A.S.
5.4 The Art Archive / San Clemente Basilica Rome / Dagli Orti (A)
5.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.1 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
6.2 The Art Archive / Dagli Orti
6.3 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY
6.4 Giraudon / Bridgeman Art Library
6.5 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.6 Index S.A.S.
6.7 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.8 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.9 Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY
6.10 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.11 The Art Archive / San Francesco Assisi / Dagli Orti (A)
6.12 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.13 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.14 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.15 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.16 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.17 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.18 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.19 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.20 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.21 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.22 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.23 Scala / Art Resource, NY
6.24 Scala / Art Resource, NY (detail)
6.26 Cameraphoto / Art Resource, NY
6.27 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
6.28 Alinari / Art Resource, NY
6.29 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
7.2 Courtesy Achim Bednorz
7.3 © Alessandro Chiarini / Alamy
7.4 © Archivo Iconografico, S.A. / CORBIS
7.5 Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, Italy / Bridgeman Art Library
8.1 Scala / Art Resource, NY
8.2 Scala / Art Resource, NY
Details of the Apse of San Clemente pages itr.2, itr.3, 1.2, 2.5a, 2.6a, 2.6b, 2.7a, and 3.1: Index S.A.S.
Index
Italicized references indicate illustrations.
A
Abbey of Saint Hildegard of Bingen
Abelard, Peter, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Bernard of Clairvaux and
death of
Héloïse and
persecution for heresy
philosophy of
physical appearance and personal qualities
writings, 4.1, 4.2
Absolute authority
Adams, Henry, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1
Adela of Champagne
“Adeste Fideles” (Wade)
“Adoro te devote, latens Deitas” (Thomas Aquinas)
Adrian V, Pope
Adultery, culture of, 2.1, 2.2
Aenor, duchess of Aquitaine, 2.1, 2.2
Albert the Great, Count, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Albigensians
Alchemy, 5.1, 5.2
Alcuin
Alexander, brother of Philo
Alexander III, Pope
Alexander IV, Pope, 3.1, 3.2
Alexander the Great, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3, itr.1
Alexandria, fm1.1, fm2.1, fm2.2, itr.1
Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons, 3.1, 8.1
Alix, Princess, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Anastasius IV, Pope
Anchorites, 1.1, 1.2
Andreas Capellanus
Anekdota (Procopius)
Anselm de Laon
Antipopes
Antony, Mark
Apathics
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas
Aquitaine
Architecture
cathedrals, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Giotto’s works, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Arezzo, 6.1, 6.2
Aristarchus of Samos
Aristotle, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2
philosophy of, 4.1, 4.2
Thomas Aquinas and, 4.1, 4.2
Arius, fm2.1, fm2.2
Arnold, Matthew
Arnolfo di Cambio
Ars Amatoria (Ovid), 2.1, 2.2
Art
beginning of Western art
crucifixion art, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
eucharistic messages in
Francis of Assisi’s influence, 6.1, 6.2
fresco technique
happiness, demonstrations of
ikonic tradition, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2
Madonna and Son imagery, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
stained-glass windows, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 5.1
statuary, 1.1, 1.2
storytelling with pictures
three-dimensionality in painting, 6.1, 6.2
See also Giotto di Bondone
Arthur, British king, 2.1, itr.1
Arthur of Brittany
Assisi
Assisi basilica paintings (Giotto), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
Astralabe, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Astrology
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2
Attila the Hun
Augustine (monk), itr.1, itr.2
Augustine of Hippo, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
Augustus, Caesar, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2
Autobiography
Ave Maria, 2.1, 2.2
Averroës
B
Bacon, Roger, fm2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Franciscan order, membership in
life and work
Ballad of the White Horse, The (Chesterton)
Baptism, salvation through
Baptistery of San Giovanni, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Barbarians, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, it
r.4
Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
Basilica of Santa Maria (Trastevere), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1
Becket, Thomas, fm1.1, 1.1
Benedictines
Benedict of Nursia, Saint, 1.1, 8.1
Benedict XVI, Pope
Benigni, Roberto
Bernardo, Oportulo de
Bernard of Clairvaux, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 8.1
Abelard and
Dante’s portrayal of
Eleanor of Aquitaine and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Hildegard of Bingen and, 1.1, 1.2
Second Crusade, 2.1, 2.2
Bernardone, Pietro di, 2.1, 2.2
Bertolf, Abbot
Bestiaries
Bible
Bishoprics
Black Death
Blanche of Castile
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1
Bogomils
Bohemund
Bonaventure, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1
Boniface, Saint
Boniface VIII, Pope, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1
Book of Marvels, The (Polo)
Book of Wisdom
Bouts, Dirk
Boyce, Frank Cottrell
Brendan the Navigator
Brown, Peter, fm2.1, fm2.2
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Buber, Martin
Buddhism, fm2.1, itr.1
Bulgaria
Buridan, Jean
Bush, George W.
Byzantine empire, itr.1, itr.2
C
Cacciaguida
Caesar, Julius, fm2.1, fm2.2, itr.1
Calendars
Caligula, Roman emperor
Call to Action
Campanile di Giotto, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Canonical hours
Canterbury
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer)
“Canticle of the Creatures, The” (Francis of Assisi)
Carmina Burana
Carraia Bridge, 6.1, 7.1
Cassiodorus
Castrillon Hoyos, Cardinal Dario
Cathars
Cathedrals, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Siena, 8.1, 9.1
Catullus
Cavafy, Constantine
Cavalcanti, Guido
Cavallini, Pietro
“Celestial Omnibus, The” (Forster)
Celestine III, Pope
Celestine V, Pope
Charlemagne, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Charles de Valois
Charles of Anjou
Chartres Cathedral, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10
Chaucer, Geoffrey, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2
Chemistry
Chesterton, G. K., 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1
Chiarini, Marco
Chrétien de Troyes
Christianity
Abelard’s views on
abuse of power by Christian leadership
anchorites, 1.1, 1.2
antipopes
Aristotelianism and, 4.1, 4.2
baptism, salvation through
barbarians and, itr.1, itr.2
bishoprics
canonical hours
Catholic Church of today
Christmas celebrations
Christmas Martyrology
clerics
conversion of classical Greeks and Romans to
Dante’s conception of. See Divine Comedy, The
The Da Vinci Code and
deicide charge against Jews
education for clergy
Eucharist, mystery of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
Francis of Assisi’s career, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1
friars, 4.1, 6.1
God in
guilt and
heretical sects
Holy Grail
Incarnation (Word becoming flesh), itr.1, itr.2
Inquisition
interdict punishment
Limbo, doctrine of
liturgy and prayer
magi tradition
manners for Christians
monasticism, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1
mysteries of, 4.1, 5.1
Original Sin, doctrine of, 4.1, 4.2
Orthodoxy
papacy, itr.1, 7.1
Philo’s influence
Platonism and, 4.1, 4.2
political and legal issues
Purgatory concept
rationalism and, 5.1, 6.1
reformation sensibility
Roman civilization and, itr.1, itr.2
Rome’s rebuilding into Christian shrine
the rosary
royals’ piety
sacrifice, tradition of
sexual attitudes in, fm2.1, fm2.2
storytelling with pictures
theological controversies of early church, fm2.1, itr.1
Thomas Aquinas’s career
Trinity concept, fm2.1, itr.1
unbelievers
women, attitudes toward
See also Hildegard of Bingen; Jesus of Nazareth; Virgin Mary cult
Christmas celebrations
Christmas Martyrology
Christ Sein (Kung)
Chronica Majora (Paris)
Chronicle of Touraine
Cicero, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2
Cimabue, Giovanni, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1
Circumcision
Cistercians
Clare of Assisi, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Class system, 1.1, 4.1
Claudius, Roman emperor
Clement V, Pope
Clement of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3, itr.1, itr.2
Cleopatra VII, queen of Egypt, fm2.1, fm2.2
Clerics
Cligés (Chrétien de Troyes)
Color preferences
Conrad III, German emperor
Constantine I (the Great), Roman emperor, fm2.1, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 7.1, 8.1
Cosmopolitanism of medieval Europe
Craft guilds
Crèche tradition, 6.1, 6.2
Crucifixion
Crucifixion art, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Crucifix of San Damiano, 2.1, 2.2
Crusades
First, 1.1, 2.1
Second, 1.1, 2.1
Third, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Fourth
Fifth
Children’s Crusade
Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, fm2.1, fm2.2
D
Dale, Peter, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Dancing
Dangerosa
Dante Alighieri, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
banishment from Florence, 7.1, 7.2
death of
exile experience, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
Florentine identity
physical appearance, 7.1, 7.2
political views, 8.1, 8.2
sexual attitudes
theology of
writings, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3. See also Divine Comedy, The
Da Vinci Code, The (book)
De Amore (Andreas Capellanus)
Death, ideas about
Death penalty
De natura rerum (Albert the Great)
Denmark
De Sica, Vittorio
Disibod, Saint
Disibodenberg, 1.1, 1.2
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
on bitterness of exile
Dante’s assignments to the afterlife
Dante’s intentions regarding
Dante’s personal story and
English translations
Inferno, 7.1, 7.2
language of
moral dimension, 7.1, 8.1
Paradiso, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
pilgrimage theme
Purgatorio, 7.1, 7.2
rhyme scheme
structure of
Dominicans, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
Dominic de Guzmán, Saint, 2.1, 6.1
Donati, Corso, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Donati, For
ese
Donation of Constantine, 7.1, 7.2
Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
E
Eco, Umberto
Education. See Universities
Egan, Cardinal Archbishop Edward
Einstein, Albert
ElBaradei, Mohamed
Eleanor, queen of Castile
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 8.1
Bernard of Clairvaux and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Crusade experience, 2.1, 2.2
dream vision
early years, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
education of
family history, 2.1, 2.2
feminism and
final years, 2.1, 2.2
generosity of
Guinevere’s story and
imprisonment of
letters
marriage to Henry II of England
marriage to Louis VII of France
as mother, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
physical appearance, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Raymond of Poitiers and
as reigning monarch of Plantagenet territories
religious attitudes
Elements (Euclid)
Eliot, T. S.
Encratites, fm2.1, fm2.2, fm2.3
Epictetus the Stoic
Epicureanism
Erasistratus, fm2.1, fm2.2
Eratosthenes, fm2.1, fm2.2
Etruscans
Eucharist, mystery of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1
Eucharist, The (Schillebeeckx)
Euclid, fm2.1, fm2.2, 1.1
Eugene III, Pope, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
F
Female body, social attitudes toward
Feminism, 2.1, 8.1
adultery and, 2.1, 2.2
Eleanor of Aquitaine and
Hildegard of Bingen and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Virgin Mary cult and
Ferdinand III, king of Castile
Feudalism
Flat-earthers
Florence, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Dante and
Flores d’Arcais, Francesca
Florin coins
Forster, E. M., fm2.1, fm2.2, 7.1
Franciscans, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2
Francis of Assisi, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
art, influence on, 6.1, 6.2
change of character
Cimabue’s portrait of
Mysteries of the Middle Ages Page 32