by Lance Selfa
Even small victories can galvanize a sustained resistance and draw wider segments of the population into active opposition. This will be necessary to build a revitalized left that can sustain longterm social movement opposition, especially important in order to build a more powerful base of opposition rooted in the labor unions. Building that more powerful base is crucial because “Trumpism” is providing an opening for the Republican establishment to advance its reactionary agenda, while also nurturing the resurgence of the far right and fascist movements in the streets. Any long-term possibilities for the left depend on how fast and how well we can organize and sustain active opposition over the next four years.
THE END OF PROGRESSIVE NEOLIBERALISM
Nancy Fraser
The election of Donald Trump represents one of a series of dramatic political uprisings that together signal a collapse of neoliberal hegemony. These uprisings include the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom, the rejection of the Renzi reforms in Italy, the Bernie Sanders campaign for the Democratic Party nomination in the United States, and rising support for the National Front in France, among others. Although they differ in ideology and goals, these electoral mutinies share a common target: all are rejections of corporate globalization, neoliberalism, and the political establishments that have promoted them. In every case, voters are saying “No!” to the lethal combination of austerity, free trade, predatory debt, and precarious, ill-paid work that characterize financialized capitalism today. Their votes are a response to the structural crisis of this form of capitalism, which first came into full view with the near meltdown of the global financial order in 2008.
Until recently, however, the chief response to the crisis was social protest—dramatic and lively, to be sure, but largely ephemeral. Political systems, by contrast, seemed relatively immune, still controlled by party functionaries and establishment elites, at least in powerful capitalist states like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Now, however, electoral shockwaves reverberate throughout the world, including in the citadels of global finance. Those who voted for Trump, like those who voted for Brexit and against the Italian reforms, have risen up against their political masters. Thumbing their noses at party establishments, they have repudiated the system that has eroded their living conditions for the last thirty years. The surprise is not that they have done so, but that it took them so long.
Nevertheless, Trump’s victory is not solely a revolt against global finance. What his voters rejected was not neoliberalism tout court, but progressive neoliberalism. This may sound to some like an oxymoron, but it is a real, if perverse, political alignment that holds the key to understanding the US election results and perhaps some developments elsewhere too. In its US form, progressive neoliberalism is an alliance of mainstream currents of new social movements (feminism, antiracism, multiculturalism, and LGBTQ rights), on the one side, and high-end “symbolic” and service-based business sectors (Wall Street, Silicon Valley, and Hollywood) on the other. In this alliance, progressive forces are effectively joined with the forces of cognitive capitalism, especially financialization. However unwittingly, the former lend their charisma to the latter. Ideals like diversity and empowerment, which could in principle serve different ends, now gloss policies that have devastated manufacturing and what were once middle-class lives.
Progressive neoliberalism developed in the United States over the last three decades and was ratified with Bill Clinton’s election in 1992. Clinton was the principal engineer and standard-bearer of the “New Democrats,” the US equivalent of Tony Blair’s “New Labor.” In place of the New Deal coalition of unionized manufacturing workers, African Americans, and the urban middle classes, he forged a new alliance of entrepreneurs, suburbanites, new social movements, and youth, all proclaiming their modern, progressive bona fides by embracing diversity, multiculturalism, and women’s rights. Even as it endorsed such progressive notions, the Clinton administration courted Wall Street. Turning the economy over to Goldman Sachs, it deregulated the banking system and negotiated the free-trade agreements that accelerated deindustrialization. What fell by the wayside was the Rust Belt—once the stronghold of New Deal social democracy, and now the region that delivered the electoral college to Donald Trump. That region, along with newer industrial centers in the South, took a major hit as runaway financialization unfolded over the course of the last two decades. Continued by his successors, including Barack Obama, Clinton’s policies degraded the living conditions of all working people, but especially those employed in industrial production. In short, Clintonism bears a heavy share of responsibility for the weakening of unions, the decline of real wages, the increasing precarity of work, and the rise of the two-earner family in place of the defunct family wage.
As that last point suggests, the assault on social security was glossed by a veneer of emancipatory charisma, borrowed from the new social movements. Throughout the years when manufacturing cratered, the country buzzed with talk of “diversity,” “empowerment,” and “nondiscrimination.” Identifying “progress” with meritocracy instead of with equality, these terms equated “emancipation” with the rise of a small elite of “talented” women, minorities, and gays in the winner-takes-all corporate hierarchy instead of with the latter’s abolition. These liberal-individualist understandings of “progress” gradually replaced the more expansive, anti-hierarchical, egalitarian, class-sensitive, anti-capitalist understandings of emancipation that had flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. As the new left waned, its structural critique of capitalist society faded, and the country’s characteristic liberal-individualist mindset reasserted itself, imperceptibly shrinking the aspirations of “progressives” and self-proclaimed leftists. What sealed the deal, however, was the coincidence of this evolution with the rise of neoliberalism. A party bent on liberalizing the capitalist economy found its perfect mate in a meritocratic corporate feminism focused on “leaning in” and “cracking the glass ceiling.”
The result was a “progressive neoliberalism” that mixed together truncated ideals of emancipation and lethal forms of financialization. It was that mix that was rejected in toto by Trump’s voters. Prominent among those left behind in this brave new cosmopolitan world were industrial workers, to be sure, but also managers, small businessmen, and all who relied on industry in the Rust Belt and the South, as well as rural populations devastated by unemployment and drugs. For these populations, the injury of deindustrialization was compounded by the insult of progressive moralism, which routinely cast them as culturally backward. Rejecting globalization, Trump voters also repudiated the liberal cosmopolitanism identified with it. For some (though by no means all), it was a short step to blaming their worsening conditions on political correctness, people of color, immigrants, and Muslims. In their eyes, feminists and Wall Street were birds of a feather, perfectly united in the person of Hillary Clinton.
What made possible that conflation was the absence of any genuine left. Despite periodic outbursts such as Occupy Wall Street, which proved short-lived, there had been no sustained left presence in the United States for several decades. Nor was there in place any comprehensive left narrative that could link the legitimate grievances of Trump supporters with a fulsome critique of financialization, on the one hand, and with an antiracist, antisexist, and anti-hierarchical vision of emancipation, on the other. Equally devastating, potential links between labor and new social movements were left to languish. Split off from one another, those indispensable poles of a viable left were miles apart, waiting to be counterposed as antithetical.
At least until the remarkable primary campaign of Bernie Sanders, who struggled to unite them after some prodding from Black Lives Matter. Exploding the reigning neoliberal common sense, Sanders’s revolt was the parallel on the Democratic side to that of Trump. Even as Trump was upending the Republican establishment, Bernie came within a hair’s breadth of defeating Obama’s anointed successor, whose apparatchiks controlled every lever of power in the Democ
ratic Party. Between them, Sanders and Trump galvanized a huge majority of American voters. But only Trump’s reactionary populism survived. While he easily routed his Republican rivals, including those favored by the big donors and party bosses, the Sanders insurrection was effectively checked by a far less democratic Democratic Party. By the time of the general election, the left alternative had been suppressed. What remained was the Hobson’s choice between reactionary populism and progressive neoliberalism. When the so-called left closed ranks with Hillary Clinton, the die was cast.
Nevertheless, and from this point on, this is a choice the left should refuse. Rather than accepting the terms presented to us by the political classes, which oppose emancipation to social protection, we should be working to redefine them by drawing on the vast and growing fund of social revulsion against the present order. Rather than siding with financialization-cum-emancipation against social protection, we should be building a new alliance of emancipation and social protection against financialization. In this project, which builds on that of Sanders, emancipation does not mean diversifying corporate hierarchy, but rather abolishing it. And prosperity does not mean rising share value or corporate profit, but the material prerequisites of a good life for all. This combination remains the only principled and winning response in the current conjuncture.
I, for one, shed no tears for the defeat of progressive neoliberalism. Certainly, there is much to fear from a racist, anti-immigrant, anti-ecological Trump administration. But we should mourn neither the implosion of neoliberal hegemony nor the shattering of Clintonism’s iron grip on the Democratic Party. Trump’s victory marked a defeat for the alliance of emancipation and financialization. But his presidency offers no resolution of the present crisis, no promise of a new regime, no secure hegemony. What we face, rather, is an interregnum, an open and unstable situation in which hearts and minds are up for grabs. In this situation, there is not only danger but also opportunity: the chance to build a new new left.
Whether that happens will depend in part on some serious soul-searching among the progressives who rallied to the Clinton campaign. They will need to drop the comforting but false myth that they lost to a “basket of deplorables” (racists, misogynists, Islamophobes, and homophobes) aided by Vladimir Putin and the FBI. They will need to acknowledge their own share of blame for sacrificing the cause of social protection, material well-being, and working-class dignity to faux understandings of emancipation in terms of meritocracy, diversity, and empowerment. They will need to think deeply about how we might transform the political economy of financialized capitalism, reviving Sanders’s catchphrase “democratic socialism” and figuring out what it might mean in the twenty-first century. They will need, above all, to reach out to the mass of Trump voters who are neither racists nor committed right-wingers but themselves casualties of a “rigged system,” who can and must be recruited to the anti-neoliberal project of a rejuvenated left.
This does not mean muting pressing concerns about racism or sexism. But it does mean showing how those long-standing historical oppressions find new expressions and grounds today, in financialized capitalism. Rebutting the false, zero-sum thinking that dominated the election campaign, we should link the harms suffered by women and people of color to those experienced by the many who voted for Trump. In that way, a revitalized left could lay the foundation for a powerful new coalition committed to fighting for all.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A number of the articles in this collection appeared in print in other publications. All the authors have given their approval for the reprinting of their work here. In most cases, they have revised or updated the original texts for this collection.
Sharon Smith, “Chickens Coming Home to Roost for the Democratic Party? How Neoliberalism Quietly Devastated the US Working Class,” is original to this collection.
Charlie Post, “We Got Trumped!,” appeared in International Socialist Review 104, Spring 2017. It has been revised and edited for this collection.
Kim Moody, “Who Put Trump in the White House?,” appeared in Against the Current 186, January–February 2017.
A version of Mike Davis, “The Great God Trump and the White Working Class,” appeared in Jacobin, February 7, 2017.
Neil Davidson, “Choosing or Refusing to Take Sides in an Era of Right-Wing Populism,” appeared in International Socialist Review 104, Spring 2017. It has been revised and edited for this collection.
Lance Selfa, “From Hope to Despair: How the Obama Years Gave Us Trump,” is revised and updated from chapter 4 in The Democrats: A Critical History, 2nd ed. (Haymarket Books, 2012) and from “Sanders and the Left: Where Do We Go from Here?,” published in International Socialist Review 104, Spring 2017.
Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Black Politics in the Trump Era,” is original to this collection.
Elizabeth Schulte, “The Misogynist-in-Chief: The Stakes for Women’s Rights in the Trump Era,” is original to this collection.
“Trump, Islamophobia, and US Politics: An Interview with Deepa Kumar” appeared as “The Roots of Islamophobia” in Jacobin, December 21, 2015.
“From ‘Deporter-In-Chief’ to Xenophobia Unleashed: An Interview with Justin Akers Chacón” appeared in International Socialist Review 105, Summer 2017.
Nancy Fraser, “The End of Progressive Neoliberalism,” appeared in Dissent, January 2, 2017.
CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES
Sharon Smith is the author of Women and Socialism: Class, Race, and Capital and Subterranean Fire: A History of Working-Class Radicalism in the United States, both published by Haymarket Books (2005 and 2006, respectively), as well as many articles on women’s liberation and the US working class. Her writings appear regularly in Socialist Worker newspaper and the International Socialist Review.
Charlie Post is a longtime socialist activist who teaches at the City University of New York. He is the author of The American Road to Capitalism (Haymarket Books, 2012). Post has published essays on the trajectory of the Republican Party in New Politics, Jacobin, Cultural Dynamics, the Brooklyn Rail, and the International Socialist Review.
Kim Moody was a founder of Labor Notes and is a member of the National Union of Journalists. He is currently a Visiting Scholar at the University of Westminster in London and the author of On New Terrain: How Capital Is Reshaping the Battleground of Class War in the United States (Haymarket Books, forthcoming).
Mike Davis is the author of several books, including Prisoners of the American Dream, City of Quartz, Magical Urbanism, Late Victorian Holocausts, Planet of Slums (Verso Books, 2000, 2006, 2001, 2017, 2017, respectively, and In Praise of Barbarians (Haymarket Books, 2007). He is the recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship and the Lannan Literary Award. He lives in San Diego.
Neil Davidson currently lectures in sociology with the School of Social and Political Science at the University of Glasgow. He is the author of The Origins of Scottish Nationhood (Pluto Press, 2000); Discovering the Scottish Revolution (Pluto Books, 2003), for which he was awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize; How Revolutionary Were the Bourgeois Revolutions? (Haymarket Books, 2012 and 2017); Holding Fast to an Image of the Past (Haymarket Books, 2014); We Cannot Escape History (Haymarket Books, 2015); and Nation-States: Consciousness and Competition (Haymarket Books, 2016). Davidson is a member of rs21 at the UK level and of RISE: Scotland’s Left Alliance and the Radical Independence Campaign in Scotland.
Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor writes on Black politics, social movements, and racial inequality in the United States. Her articles have been published in Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society, Jacobin, New Politics, Guardian, In These Times, Black Agenda Report, Ms., International Socialist Review, Al Jazeera America, and other publications. Taylor is assistant professor in the department of African American studies at Princeton University. She is the author of From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation (Haymarket Books, 2016).
Lance Selfa is a frequent contributor to the International Socialis
t Review and writes a column on US politics for Socialist Worker. He is the author of The Democrats: A Critical History (Haymarket Books, 2012).
Elizabeth Schulte is a journalist at Socialist Worker, writing frequently on US politics and women’s rights. Her articles have also appeared in the International Socialist Review, Jacobin, and Truthout.
Deepa Kumar is an associate professor of media studies and Middle East studies at Rutgers University. She is the author of Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire (Haymarket Books, 2012) and Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike (University of Illinois Press, 2008). She has offered her analysis on Islamophobia to numerous outlets around the world, including the BBC, USA Today, Philadelphia Inquirer, Mexico’s Proceso, China International Radio, and Gulf News from Dubai.
Justin Akers Chacón is an activist, writer, and educator in the San Diego-Tijuana border region. He is a professor of Chicana and Chicano studies at San Diego City College. His previous work includes No One Is Illegal: Fighting Racism and State Violence on the U.S.-Mexico Border (with Mike Davis) (Haymarket Books, 2009). His forthcoming book Radicals in the Barrio (Haymarket Books, expected 2018) uncovers the lost history and rich tradition of Mexican and Mexican American political radicalism and labor militancy in the United States, forged in the flames of intense class struggle in Mexico and carried across the border into the Southwest during the first three decades of the twentieth century.