by Anne Nelson
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contents
map of paris
dramatis personae
| CHAPTER 1 | strangers
| CHAPTER 2 | the real war
| CHAPTER 3 | paris by night
| CHAPTER 4 | la plaque tournante
| CHAPTER 5 | monsieur henri
| CHAPTER 6 | spring wind, winter stadium
| CHAPTER 7 | the ragged network
| CHAPTER 8 | suzanne and sophie
| CHAPTER 9 | the unimaginable
| CHAPTER 10 | la clairière
| CHAPTER 11 | le grand livre
| CHAPTER 12 | the unraveling
| CHAPTER 13 | flight
| CHAPTER 14 | all saints’ day
| CHAPTER 15 | the last train
| CHAPTER 16 | liberation
| CHAPTER 17 | the aftermath
Photographs
illustration credits
acknowledgments
about the author
appendix
notes
bibliography
index
To Suzanne’s Children:
Pilette and Bazou, Larissa, Sami, and Jacques.
The children she cared for then, The children she would care for now.
I end up wondering if I won’t simply decide to split the world in two: the world of those who cannot understand (even if they know, even if I tell them . . .) and the world of those who can.
—Hélène Berr, Journal, October 17, 1943
dramatis personae
The Spaaks
Paul Spaak, writer; married to
Marie Janson Spaak, daughter of Belgian prime minister Paul Janson, sister to Prime Minister Paul-Émile Janson, and world’s first female senator
Their Children
Paul-Henri Spaak, prime minister of Belgium; married Marguerite
Charles Spaak, screenwriter of Grand Illusion and numerous other films
Claude Spaak, playwright and art connoisseur; married Suzanne Lorge
Madeleine (Pichenette) Spaak Masson
The Lorges
Louis Lorge, financier; married to
Jeanne Bourson
Their Children
Suzanne (Suzette) Lorge; married Claude Spaak
Alice (Bunny) Lorge; married Milo Happé
Angèle (Teddy) Lorge; married Maurice Fontaine
Claude and Suzanne Spaak’s Children
Lucie (Pilette)
Paul-Louis (Bazou)
Ruth Peters, Suzanne Spaak’s childhood friend and Claude Spaak’s mistress
Soviet Agents
Leopold Trepper, Polish Jewish Communist
Georgie de Winter, Trepper’s young mistress
Hersch (Harry) and Miriam (Mira) Sokol, Jewish refugees turned radio operators
Madame May, Trepper’s elderly courier
Fernand Pauriol, French Communist who supported Trepper’s radio operations
The Jewish Underground
Leon Chertok, Jewish refugee doctor and a leader of the children’s rescue efforts
Sophie Schwartz Micnik, Polish trade unionist and women’s leader
Charles Lederman, Polish-born French Jewish lawyer
Adam Rayski, Polish-born journalist and militant
Édouard (Arek) Kowalski, Jewish Communist military leader
Jewish Children Rescued by the Network
Larissa Gruszow
Sami Dassa
Jacques Alexandre
Simone and Armand Boruchowicz
The Doctors and the Ladies
Robert Debré, leading French Jewish pediatrician
Elisabeth de la Panouse, Countess de la Bourdonnaye, Debré’s partner, known as “Dexia”
Fred Milhaud, French Jewish pediatrician working for the UGIF Jewish Council; married to
Denise Milhaud, president of the Entr’aide Temporaire relief organization
The Berrs (Raymond and Antoinette, their daughters Hélène and Denise; cousin Nicole Schneiderman; and Denise’s sister-in-law, Nicole Job), activists with Entr’aide Temporaire
Marguerite “Peggy” Camplan, MNCR partner
The Protestants
Pastor Paul Vergara, pastor at the Oratoire; married to Marcelle Vergara
Sylvain Vergara, the Vergaras’ teenage son
Eliane Vergara, the Vergaras’ oldest daughter, married to
Jacques Bruston, a member of the Gaullist Resistance
Marcelle Guillemot, social worker at La Clairière church soup kitchen
Odette Béchard, a member of the Oratoire who joined Entr’aide Temporaire
Maurice-William Girardot, church deacon and courier for funds
The Gaullists
Jean Moulin, leader of the Gaullist resistance
Jacques Grou-Radenez, master printer who helped the student movement Défense de la France
Hugues Limonti, family friend of Marcelle Guillemot and Gaullist agent in Paris
The Neighbors
Colette, considered France’s greatest writer of her time, Palais Royal resident with her Jewish husband, Maurice Goudeket
Jean Cocteau, prodigious French artist and writer, Palais Royal resident with his lover, actor Jean Marais
The Germans
Theodor Dannecker, SS officer who organized deportations in Paris from September 1940 to July 1942
Helmut Knochen, SS officer placed in charge of the Gestapo in France in November 1940
Klaus Barbie, SS officer placed in charge of the Gestapo in Lyon in November 1942
Alois Brunner, SS officer placed in charge of the camp at Drancy in June 1943
Heinz Pannwitz, Gestapo officer in command of the Red Orchestra task force (Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle), charged with tracking down Leopold Trepper and his associates
Rudolf Rathke, Gestapo officer on the task force
The British
Benjamin Cowburn, agent of the Special Operations Executive (SOE)
Johnny Barrett, radio operator for the SOE
1
strangers
| 1937–1940 |
Suzanne and Claude Spaak moved to Paris in 1937, bringing their two children, a surrealist art collection, and a large wicker trunk. They were a golden couple, attractive, affluent, cultured; the move was designed to mend the fault lines. Claude was frustrated in his writing career, and their marriage had faltered. Maybe Paris would help.
Claude had outgrown Brussels, though the city had offered him every advantage. He owed many of them to his wife. “Suzette” was the oldest child of Louis Lorge, one of Belgium’s leading financiers. A self-made man, he spent his life pursuing wealth and social status. He had married into a prominent family and employed German and English governesses for his daughters. He provided his family with a mansion in Brussels, a house in the country, and holidays on the French Riviera.
Louis doted on his firstborn, a petite blonde with long ringlets and a Cupid’s bow mouth. He decided that she should marry into the aristocracy and sent her to finishing school to study embroidery, piano, and household management. But she chafed at her father’s mercenary values and leaned toward literature and social reform.
The summer she was fourteen, Suzanne fell in love with Claude
Spaak, her fifteen-year-old neighbor at their country estate. A dreamy-eyed poet and a member of Belgium’s leading political dynasty, he courted her on romantic boat rides, reciting French verse. The two became secretly engaged. Suzanne was also enamored of Claude’s mother, Marie Spaak, a tiny dynamo who fought for women’s suffrage, labor reforms, and immigrant rights. When Marie’s father died in 1921, she was invited to take his place in the Belgian senate. According to family lore, “She refused the position and told her family. Her sons burst out laughing, and she was so insulted she changed her mind and accepted”—becoming the first female senator in the world.1
Louis Lorge strongly opposed Suzanne’s choice of husband, but she stood firm. A last-minute complication arose. The couple’s mothers discovered that there was a third party to the romance, a Canadian classmate of Suzanne’s named Ruth Peters. The two girls shared everything, including an infatuation with Claude. The mothers sent Ruth home to Toronto, and Louis took measures to protect his daughter’s fortune. Rather than disbursing her dowry in a lump sum, he would pay it in monthly installments to guarantee her a good living.
Claude Spaak was the youngest of three brothers, all of them tall and combative. Paul-Henri, the oldest, ran away as a teenager to enlist in the Belgian army in the First World War and ended up in a German prison camp. He returned to join the family’s political enterprise, and it was said that he addressed the Belgian parliament as “Monsieur le Président, Sénateurs, et Maman.” The second son, Charles, was on the way to becoming a celebrated screenwriter in Paris. Claude struggled to emerge from his brothers’ shadows. Little was heard of their sister, Madeleine, known as “Pichenette.”
When the brothers joined the family at weekly lunches, they never made it to dessert; one was certain to have stormed out. They taunted Claude’s young fiancée. When there was a lull, she stared at her plate until one demanded, “Suzette, do you hear the clock ticking?” and she would run to her room. As her father’s favorite, Suzanne expected to be treated with respect, but Claude chose to see her take his place at the bottom of the stack.
The couple married in 1925. Within a year Suzanne was pregnant and miscarried, but the next year she gave birth to a healthy girl, Lucie. Claude sent the news to Ruth in Canada in an envelope bearing three horses, indicating her place in their relationship. The family nicknamed the child “Pilette” after a famous Belgian race car driver, whose garage sign caught her attention on her daily stroll.
Claude was appointed the first artistic director of Brussels’ new Palais des Beaux-Arts, where his job was to organize exhibits and answer complaints. He dealt with the boredom by taking up the avant-garde. He was attracted to a struggling Belgian painter, René Magritte, a rough-hewn man from the coal-mining region west of Brussels, six years his senior. Magritte was eking out a living designing wallpaper and sheet music. He aspired to make a name as a surrealist painter, but he struggled with the complex wordplay of the Parisian intellectuals. Claude helped him along by suggesting ideas for paintings, then acquiring them for himself and the extended family (some of whom hid them in the attic). Curious canvases began to fill the Spaaks’ walls. Other families displayed pictures of dead ancestors or bowls of fruit, but the Spaaks’ Magrittes showed a tuba bursting into flame and leather boots sprouting toes.2
At home, all was far from well. Claude’s temper drove Suzanne to tears, and there were other complications. Claude was smitten with an older woman, whom he followed to the South of France. She humored him for two weeks, then sent him packing back to Brussels, whereupon he began an affair with a coworker.
Divorce was legal but rare in Belgium, and Suzanne would be required to show cause, embarrassing the family. She wrote Ruth in Canada and asked her to come back. If Claude was going to have a mistress, it might as well be someone she liked. Ruth could calm Claude’s tantrums and intuit his wishes—and she could type. So she became his secretary, and Claude alternated between two beds.
In 1931 Suzanne gave birth to Paul-Louis, or “Bazou.” On the way home from the hospital the taxi driver looked at him and exclaimed, “Quel petit gros bazouf!” (“What a big little fatso!”), and the nickname stuck. Claude and Ruth stood over his cradle and promised never to do anything that would hurt the children.
Pilette contracted polio at the age of two. After a long search, Suzanne found a Swedish doctor who helped her with a new procedure. The painful operation kept her in a cast for months, but it saved her leg. Suzanne then turned to social issues. The Depression had driven factory workers into the streets. In 1935 Paul-Henri was appointed to serve as Belgium’s youngest cabinet minister. Though he advocated for the workers, Claude and Suzanne thought he was too cautious. Suzanne turned to the World Committee of Women against War and Fascism, a leftist coalition of feminists and pacifists.3
She took an interest in the plight of the Jewish immigrants she met there, a growing population invisible to most Belgians. Jews counted for less than 1 percent of Belgium’s population of eight million, and only a small fraction were citizens. Most had fled hardship and pogroms in Eastern Europe, and the Nazis were adding thousands to their ranks. When Suzanne read some articles by a young Polish Jewish activist, Julia Pirotte, she encouraged her to take up photojournalism. She commandeered her sister Bunny’s Leica Elmar III. “You never use it,” she told her, and Bunny’s Leica launched Pirotte’s career as a world-class photographer.4
In 1936 Claude commissioned Magritte to paint family portraits. He began with a snapshot of Suzanne, placing her image on a page of a book opening to a patch of blue sky with white clouds. Then he did portraits of Claude and Ruth seated in front of surrealist backgrounds. Claude disliked them and cropped the paintings, leaving only the heads. The next year Magritte painted the children in front of a window open to a road strewn with surrealist icons. His final painting of Claude’s family was L’Ésprit de géométrie, which depicted a mother with Bazou’s childish head, holding an infant with Suzanne’s adult head. It is both the most disturbing and successful of his Spaak portraits.I
By 1937 Claude decided that his career was stalled. Brussels was small, provincial, and dominated by his powerful family; his uncle was the current prime minister, and his brother Paul-Henri, the boy wonder of Belgian politics, was about to assume that position. In France, brother Charles had become one of the country’s leading screenwriters, and his coattails would be useful. Claude submitted some plays to Paris producers. Several expressed interest, and he packed up the family.
It was, of course, Suzanne’s inheritance that made the move possible. Claude rented a comfortable apartment in the suburb of Saint-Cloud, and the couple installed the children, unpacked their trunks, and hung their Magrittes. Claude mingled with theater and film folk, but Suzanne felt out of place. Parisians were defying the Great Depression with madcap pursuits. Le Hot Club de France had just launched its first jazz label. Hemlines were long, waists were narrow, and the collaboration between surrealists and couturiers sizzled. Elsa Schiaparelli and Salvador Dalí designed a hat that looked like a shoe and a “skeleton dress” with a protruding rib cage.
In July 1937 Suzanne’s father died, leaving her a sizable inheritance, and the couple bought a farmhouse in the bucolic village of Choisel, thirty miles south of Paris. They renovated it top to bottom and set aside a room for Ruth. Suzanne thought the country would be good for the children. Bazou was thrilled to be reunited with his German shepherd, Wotan, who had been left behind in Brussels, but Suzanne now found herself stranded in a hamlet of flinty French farmers and weekenders.
Magritte, still struggling, wrote to patrons pleading for a stipend. When they turned him down, Suzanne offered him one thousand francs a month (roughly the salary of a secretary) in exchange for a series of paintings. The Spaaks amassed an extraordinary collection of forty-four works that would one day grace the world’s leading museums.
The Spaaks had moved to France for art’s sake, but there was no escaping politics. Over the mid-1930s Paris was rocked b
y street violence, and the country was polarized. The Left formed a coalition of Socialists, Communists, and trade unions, which won the 1936 elections. Léon Blum became France’s first Socialist and first Jewish prime minister. The Right responded with rage, echoing the Nazi diatribes against immigrant “Jewish agitators” and the “international Jewish banking conspiracy.”
France was still officially at peace, but war was in the air. Edith Piaf sang “Mon Legionnaire,” and there was a new vogue for war movies. One of them was La Grande Illusion, written by Charles Spaak. The 1937 masterpiece, directed by Jean Renoir, was based in part on Paul-Henri’s experiences as a German prisoner of war. It became an international sensation, but Paul-Henri, Belgium’s foreign minister, banned it in that country for fear it would enflame anti-German sentiment.II
In Spain, Fascist forces battled the democratically elected Republican government, and French newspapers warned there was worse to come. In April 1937 German and Italian planes bombed the town of Guernica, killing hundreds of civilians. Tens of thousands of refugees poured across the border into France. Suzanne helped those she could, including a girl named Carmen, who taught the children to dance the jota. Suzanne sewed Spanish costumes, and she and Claude took them to neighboring towns with the family gramophone. Locals gathered in the town square to watch them perform. Suzanne unfurled a banner—“Open the borders to Spain!”—as Bazou passed the hat. A photo shows Suzanne and her entourage raising their fists in a “No Pasarán!” salute.
The French public tended to regard the conflict as a Spanish problem. They were convinced that a broader war was unlikely and that their army and defenses shielded them. But the November 5, 1938, edition of Le Figaro challenged their complacency: