by Vaclav Smil
Gray, M. R. 2001. Tutorial on upgrading of oils and bitumen. http://www.ualberta .ca/--gray/Links%20&%20Docs/Web%20Upgrading%20Tutorial.pdf.
Greenpeace. 2013. Driving destruction in the Amazon: How steel production is throwing the forest into the furnace. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. http:// www.greenpeace.org/international/ Global/international/publications/forests/2012/ Amazon/423-Driving-Destruction-in-the-Amazon.pdf.
Grisso, R., M.F.Kocher, and D.H.Vaughan. 2010. Predicting tractor diesel fuel consumption. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-073/442-073-pdf.pdf.
Grubler, A. 2004. Transitions in energy use. In Encyclopedia of Energy, vol. 6, ed. C. Cleveland, et al., 163-177. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press.
Gunnlaugsson, E. 2012. The Hellisheidi geothermal project: Financial aspects of geothermal development. In Short Course on Geothermal Development and Geothermal Wells, UNU-GTP and LaGeo, Santa Tecla, El Salvador, March 11-17, 2012.
Hafele, W., and W.Sassin. 1988. The global energy system. Annual Review of Energy 2:1-30.
Hall, K. D., J.Guo, M.Dore, and C.C.Chow. 2009. The progressive increase of food waste in America and its environmental impact. PLoS ONE 4 (11): e7940. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007940.
Hammersley, G. 1973. The charcoal iron industry and its fuel, 1540-1750. Economic History Review 26 (4): 593-613.
Hansen, M. C., P.V.Potapov, R.Moore, et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342:850-853.
Harper, J. A., and J.Kostelnik. 2012. The Marcellus Shale play in Pennsylvania. http://www.marcellus.psu.edu/resources/PDFs/DCNR.pdf.
Harris, J. R. 1988. The British Iron Industry 1700-1850. London: Macmillan.
Harvey, G. A. 2008. Simulated reentry heating by torching. NASA Langley Research Center. http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20080042413_200804 2808.pdf.
Hau, E. 2005. Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Applications, Economics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Hausman, W. J. 1980. Business enterprise in 18th-century Britain: Toft Moor Colliery, 1770-79. Business and Economic History 9:152-166.
Harris, J. R. 1988. The British Iron Industry 1700-1850. London: Macmillan Education.
Hein, F. 2013. Geology of the oil sands. http://www.apega.ca/members/Presentations/ 2013/APEGA%20Geology%20of%20the%200i1%20Sands.pdf.
Helby, P., H.Rosenqvist, and A.Roos. 2006. Retreat from Salix: Swedish experience with energy crops in the 1990s. Biomass and Bioenergy 30:422-427.
Hills Solar. 2008. Brisbane, Queensland collector efficiencies. http://www.energy matters.com.au/renewable-energy/solar-power/ solar-hot-water/hills-collector -efficiency.pdf.
Hitachi. 2009. Hitachi develops automotive lithium-ion battery having the world's highest output. Hitachi.com, May 19. http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/090519a .html.
Hoffmann, 0. 2012. Steel lightweight materials and design for environmental friendly mobility. ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe. http://www.industrialtechnologies 2012.eu/sites/default/files/presentations_sesHoffmann.pdf.
Hoogwijk, M., B. de Vries, and W.Turkenburg. 2004. Assessment of the global and regional geographical, technical and economic potential of onshore wind energy. Energy Economics 26:889-919.
Hooke, R., B.Le, J.F.Martin-Duque, and J.Pedraza. 2012. Land transformation by humans: A review. GSA Today 22:4-10.
Howard, B., J.Parshall, J.Thompson, et al. 2012. Spatial distribution of urban building energy consumption by end use. Energy and Building 45:141-151.
Howarth, R. W., and S.Bringezu, eds. 2009. Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
Hsieh, C., T.Aramaki, and K.Hanaki. 2007. Estimation of heat rejection based on the air conditioner use time and its mitigation from buildings in Taipei City. Building and Environment 42:3125-3137.
Hyde, C. K. 1977. Technological Change and the British Iron Industry 1700-1870. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hytonen, J. 2008. Intensive production of woody biomass. http://www.tapio.fi/files/ tapio/Eng%20sivut/Intesive_production_of_woody_biomass_seminaari.pdf.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). 2005. Guidebook on environmental impact assessment for in situ leach mining projects. Vienna: IAEA. http://www-pub .iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te-1428
IAEA. 2007. Nuclear power plant design characteristics. Vienna: IAEA. http://www -pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/te-1544-web.pdf.
IAEA. 2008. Estimation of global inventories of radioactive waste and other radioactive materials. Vienna: IAEA. http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te _1428_web.pdf.
IAEA. 2009. Nuclear fuel cycle information system: A directory of nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Vienna: IAEA. http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pdf/te_1613_web.pdf.
IAEA. 2012. International status and prospects for nuclear power 2012. Vienna: IAEA. http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GCS6/GCS6InfDocuments/English/ gc56inf-6_en.pdf.
IAEA. 2013. Nuclear Power Reactors in the World. Vienna: IAEA. http://www-pub.iaea .org/books/IAEABooks/10593/Nuclear -Power-Reactors-in-the-World-2013-Edition.
lamarino, M., S.Beevers, and C.S.B.Grimmond. 2012. High-resolution (space, time) anthropogenic heat emissions: London 1970-2025. International Journal of Climatology 32:1754-1767.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). 2010. Aviation outlook. Montreal: ICAO. http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Environment Report-2010/ICAO_EnvReportlo-Outlook_en.pdf
Ichinose, T., K.Shimodozono, and K.Hanaki. 1999. Impact of anthropogenic heat on urban climate in Tokyo. Atmospheric Environment 33:3897-3909.
ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). 1998. ICNIRP Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics 74:494-522.
ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams). 2014. Register of dams. http:// www.icold-cigb.org/GB/World-register/world-register.asp.
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2014. IEA online data services. http://www.iea .org/statistics.
IFRI (International Forestry Resources and Institutions). 2012. IFRI researcher attends a conference about the "4 Fs." http://www.ifriresearch.net/2012/12/20/ifri -researcher-attends-a-conference-about-the-4fs.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers). 2012. National electric safety code. New York: IEEE.
IGA (International Geothermal Association). 2013a. Direct uses. http://www .geothermal-energy.org/geothermal-energy/direct-uses.html.
IGA. 2013b. Installed generating capacity. http://www.geothermal-energy.org/ geothermal-energy/electricity-generation.html.
IGU (International Gas Union). 2012. World LNG report 2011. http://www.igu.org/ sites/default/files/node-page-field-file/LNG%20Report%202011.pdf.
Ineichen, P. 2011. Global Irradiance: Average and Typical Year, and Year to Year Annual Variability. Geneva: Universite de Geneve. http://www.cuepe.ch/html/biblio/pdf/ ineichen-2011-interannual-variability.pdf.
INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). 2013. Estimativa do Prodes 2013. http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/Prodes Taxa20l3.pdf.
Intel. 2005. Intel Pentium 4 processor. http://ark.intel.com/products/27471/Intel -Pentium-4-Processor-551- supporting-HT-Technology-1M-Cache-3-40-GHz-800- MHz-FSB.
Intel. 2013. The story of the Intel 4004. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html.
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1995. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Paris: IPCC/OECD.
IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. http://www.climate change20l3.org/images/uploads/WGIARS- WGI-12Doc2b-FinalDraft-Chapter08 .pdf.
Ito, A. 2011. A historical meta-analysis of global terrestrial net primary productivity: Are estimates converging? Global Change Biology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011 .02450.x.
ITTO (International Tropical Timber Organization). 2009. Encouraging I
ndustrial Forest Plantations in the Tropics. Yokohama: ITTO.
Jacobson, M. Z. 2008. Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security. Energy and Environmental Science 2:148-173.
Jacobson, M. Z. 2013. Examining the feasibility of converting New York state's allpurpose energy infrastructure to one using wind, water, and sunlight. Energy Policy 57:585-601.
Jacobson, M., and C.L.Archer. 2010. Comment on estimating maximum global land surface wind power extractability and associated climatic consequences. Earth System Dynamics Discussions 1:C84-C85.
Jacobson, M. Z., and M.A.Delucchi. 2011. Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power. Part I.Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 39:1154-1169.
Jatro. 2014. BioJet fuel. http://biofuel.org.uk/Jatro-BioJet-Fuel.html.
Jeffery, R. D., C.Krogh, and B.Horner. 2013. Adverse health effects of industrial wind turbines. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien 59:473-475.
Johnson, R. C., et al. 2010. An assessment of in-place oil shale resources in the Green River Formation, Piceance Basin, Colorado. Reston, VA: USGS. http://pubs.usgs.gov/ dds/dds-069/dds-069-y/REPORTS/69_Y_CH_1.pdf.
Jordaan, S. M., D.W.Keith, and B.Stelfox. 2009. Quantifying land use of oil sands production: A life cycle perspective. Environmental Research Letters 4.024004. http:// iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/2/024004.
Joshi, Y. 2001. Heat out of small packages. Mechanical Engineering 123 (12): 56-58.
Juwi Solar. 2008. Neue Dimension der solaren Stromerzeugug. http://www.rio-energie .de/fileadmin/user_ upload/Solarenergie/Flyer_Energiepark_Brandis_2008_06.pdf.
Kadam, K. L., and J.D.McMillan. 2003. Availability of corn stover as a sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology 88:17-25.
Kapitsa, P. 1976. Physics and the energy problem. New Scientist 72 (1021): 10-12.
Kaplan, S. 2007. Rail Transportation of Coal to Power Plants: Reliability Issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Kato, M., D.M.DeMarini, A.M.Carvalho, et al. 2005. World at work: Charcoal producing industries in Northeastern Brazil. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62:128-132.
Keith, D. 2013. A Case for Climate Engineering. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Khaira, G. 2009. Coal transportation logistics. http://www.tumblerridge.ca/Portals/ 0/Temp/CN-OctO9.pdf.
Khan, A. A., W. de Jong, P.J.Jansens, and H.Spliethoff. 2009. Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potential problems and remedies. Fuel Processing Technology 90:21-50.
Kim, E., and S.Barles. 2012. The energy consumption of Paris and its supply areas from the eighteenth century to the present. Regional Environmental Change 12:295-310.
Kind, P. 2013. Disruptive challenges: Financial implications and strategic responses to a changing retail electric business. Washington, DC: Edison Electric Institute. http://www. eei.org/ourissues/finance/Documents/ disruptivechallenges.pdf.
King, P. 2005. The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales. Economic History Review 58:1-33.
King, H. 2013. Production and royalties decline in a natural gas well over time. http://geology.com/royalty/production-decline.shtml.
Klasnja, B., S.Orlovic, M.Drekic, and M.Markovic. 2003. Energy production from short rotation poplar plantations. In VIIth International Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research, 161-166. Hunedoara: ISIRR.
Klein Goldewijk, K. 2001. Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15:417-433.
Klein Goldewijk, K., A.Beusen, and P.Janssen. 2010. Long term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way, HYDE 3.1. Holocene 20 (4): 565-573.
Kongsager, R., and A.Reenberg. 2012. Contemporary Land-Use Transitions: The Global Oil Patin Expansion. Copenhagen: Global Land Project.
Koomey, J. G. 2008. Worldwide electricity used in data centers. Environmental Research Letters 3:1-8.
Koomey, J. G. 2011. Growth in data centers electricity use 2005 to 2010. http:// www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html.
Koorey, K. J., and A.D.Fernando. 2010. Concurrent land use in geothermal steamfield development. In Proceedings, World Geothermal Congress 2010, 1-6. Bali, April 25-29. http://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2010/0207.pdf.
Krausmann, F., and H.Haberl. 2002. The process of industrialization from an energetic metabolism point of view: Socio-economic energy flows in Austria 1830-1995. Ecological Economics 41:177-201.
Kumar, A., W.Ma, and G.Gou. 2006. Three Gorges-Shanghai HVDC: Reinforcing interconnection between Central and East China. http://www05.abb.com/global/ scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/1a115447a1040f63c 125721e0042bdf3/$file/three%20 gorges%20-%20shanghai%20hvdc%20-%20%20 reinforcing%20interconnection .pdf.
Laderchi, C. R., A.Olivier, and C.Trimble. 2013. Balancing Act: Cutting Energy Subsidies While Protecting Affordability. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Lazard. 2013. Lazard's levelized cost of energy analysis: Version 7.0. http://gallery .mailchimp.com/ce17780900c3d223633ecfa59/ files/Lazard_Levelized_Cost_of _Energy_v7.0.1.pdf.
Lee, D., V.N.Owens, A.Boe, et al. 2007. Composition of Herbaceous Biomass Feedstocks. Brookings, SD: North Central Sun Grant Center.
Lei, Q. 2011. The development of China's cement industry. http://www.tcma.org.tr/ images/file/Cin%20Cimento%20Birligi %20Baskani%/20Lei%/20QIANZHI%/20.pdf.
Lenzen, M., and C.J.Dey. 2000. Truncation error in embodied energy analysis of basic iron and steel products. Energy 25:577-585.
Lenzen, M., and G.Treloar. 2003. Differential convergence of life-cycle inventories toward upstream production layers, implications for life-cycle assessment. Journal of Industrial Ecology 6:3-4.
Leonard, J., III, and J.W.Leonard. 1991. Coal Preparation. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining Metallurgy and Exploration.
Li, G. 2011. World Atlas of Oil and Gas Basins. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Likvern, R. 2013. Is the typical NDIC Bakken tight oil well a sales pitch? The Oil Druin, April 28, 2013. http://www.theoildrum.com/node/9954.
Lin, X.-Q., D.-F. Zhu, H.-Z. Chen, et al. 2009. Effects of plant density and nitrogen application rate on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of super hybrid rice. Rice Science 16:138-142.
Linde. 2010. LNG technology. http://www.linde-engineering.com/internet.global .lindeengineering.global/en/images/LNG_1_1_e_13_ lSOdpil9_4577.pdf.
Liu, W. Y., J.E.D.Fox, and Z.Xu. 2003. Litterfall and nutrient dynamics in a montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailao Mountains, SW China. Plant Ecology 164:157-170.
Lodl, M., G.Kerber, R.Witzmann, et al. 2010. Abschatzung des PhotovoltaikPotentials auf Dachflachen in Deutschland. In Symposium Energieinnovation, Graz, February 10-12, 2010. http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/969497/969497.pdf.
Lorenz, E. N. 1976. The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Abnosphere. Geneva: World Meteorological Association.
Lovins, A. B. 1977. Soft Energy Paths: Toward a Durable Peace. Cambridge, MA: Friends of the Earth International.
Lovins, A. B. 2011a. The Essential Amory Lovins. Ed. C.M.Burns. London: Earthscan.
Lovins, A. B. 2011b. Renewable energy's "footprint" myth. Electricity Journal 24 (6): 40-47.
Lu, X., M.B.McElroy, and J.Kiviluoma. 2009. Global potential for wind-generated electricity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:10933-10938.
Lund, J., B.Sanner, L.Rybach, et al. 2003. Ground-source heat pumps. Renewable Energy World 6:218-227.
Luyssaert, S., P.Ciais, S.L.Piao, et al. 2009. The European carbon balance: Part 3. Forests. Global Change Biology. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02056.x.
Madaeni, S. H., R.Sioshansi, and P.Denholm. 2013. Estimating the capacity value of concentrating solar power plants with thermal energy storage: A case study of the Southwestern United States. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 28:1205-1215.
Malone, P. M. 2009. Waterpower in Lowell: Engineering and Industry in NineteenthCentury America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Manitoba Hydro. 2013a. Limestone generating station. http://www.hydro.mb.ca/ corporate/facilities/gs-lime stone. shtml.
Manitoba Hydro. 2013b. Transmission and distribution. http://www.hydro.mb.ca/ corporate/facilities/transmission-system. shtml.
Marland, G., and M.Obersteiner. 2008. Large-scale biomass for energy, with considerations and cautions: an editorial comment. Climatic Change 87:335-342.
Maugeri, L. 2013. The Shale Oil Boom: A U.S.Phenomenon. Cambridge, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs; http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/ files/draft-2.pdf.
Mauthner, F., and W.Weiss. 2013. Solar heat worldwide: Markets and contribution to the energy supply 2011. Gleisdorf, Austria: AEE INTEC. http://www.slideshare. net/UweTrenkner/worldwide20ll-ed2Ol3-lo-res.
McDonald, R., J.Fargione, J.Kiesecker, et al. 2009. Energy sprawl or energy efficiency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America. PLoS ONE 4 (8). http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006802.
McKay, A. D., and Y.Miezitis. 2001. Australia's uranium resources, geology and development of deposits. Canberra: AGSO-Geoscience Australia. http://www.ga.gov .au/image-cache/GA9508.pdf.
McKay, D.J.C. 2008. Sustainable energy-Without the hot air. http://www .inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/cft.pdf.
McKay, D.J.C. 2013. Solar energy in the context of energy use, energy transportation and energy storage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 371:20110431.
McMahon, M. 2011. Blots on the landscape. Spectator 27:18.
McQuaid, J. 2009. Mining the mountains. Smithsonian, January. http://www .smithsonianmag.com/ecocenter-energy/ mining-the-mountains-130454620.
Mead, D. J. 2005. Forests for energy and the role of planted trees. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 24:407-421.
Mehani, I., and N.Settou. 2012. Passive cooling of building by using solar chimney. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 69:521-525.
Menberg, K. et al. 2013. Long-term evolution of anthropogenic heat fluxes into a subsurface urban heat island. Environmental Science & Technology 47:9247-9755.