20. John Ralston Saul, Reflections of a Siamese Twin: Canada at the End of the 20th Century (Toronto: Viking, 1997), chs. 2 and 3.
21. Richard Goldstone and Carl Tham, International Independent Commission on Kosovo: Final Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). I was a member of this commission, and I supported the Kosovar claim to conditional independence under international supervision.
22. I used this term in The Warrior’s Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (Toronto: Penguin, 1998).
23. See my book Isaiah Berlin: A Life (Toronto: Penguin, 1998).
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INDEX
aboriginal peoples, 14, 81, 129
abuse of, 75, 115
assimilation of, 60, 64, 75, 83
and citizenship, 60, 63
and constitutional reform, 7, 116, 117
individual freedoms of, 19
inequality of, 63
as minorities, 66
as nations, 28, 58–59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 80
vs. non-aboriginals, 18, 68, 82, 83–84, 114, 123
in other countries, 8, 60
redress for, 74, 115
rights denied to, 59, 60
social conditions of, 15–16
treaty agreements with, 8, 58–59, 80–81, 121
as wards of the state, 59, 63
aboriginal rights, 1, 11, 16, 20, 28, 74, 76, 77, 79, 116, 118, 119, 123 See also land rights
resources; self-government
treaty rights in Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 7, 12, 65
as pre-existing, 28, 58–59
abortion, 7, 85, 90, 137
absolutism, moral, 17, 137
abundance, 91–93
abuse, 22, 23. See also child abuse; redress; women
of immigrants and refugees, 37, 130–31
protection from, 28, 88, 123
of rights, 37–38, 49, 50–52
Acadians, 120
access rights, 118adjudication, 9, 11, 25, 31, 82, 94, 110, 121, 126
of competing rights claims, 31, 76, 80
adoption rights, 86, 110
affirmative action, 11, 12, 74, 88.
See also redress
Afghanistan, 140
Africa, 44
agency, 23, 39, 41, 109, 111
and human difference, 53
and human rights, 43, 44, 53
and identity, 24, 53
Alberta, 38, 125
anglophones, 69, 71
Arbour, Louise, 10–11
Asia, 44
assembly, freedom of, 33, 67
assimilation, 60, 61–63, 64, 75, 83
asylum, right of, 37
Attica prison, 3
Australia, 60
authenticity, ideal of, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111
autonomy
of cultures, 45, 73
of the family, 95
individual, 39, 90
Aztecs, 32
Baldwin, Robert, 132
Baltic states, 10, 13
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 48
Bentham, Jeremy, 35
Berlin, Isaiah, 112, 137
best practice, standard of, 43–44
betrayal, 107, 108, 137
bilingualism, 63, 64, 69
Bill 101 (Charte de la langue française), 8, 69
blacks, 3, 5, 11, 31
Bleak House (Dickens), 40
Bosnia, 50, 140
Brazil, 60
Britain, 4, 5, 12, 13, 44, 132
British Columbia, 120
British Conquest, 134, 135
British North America Act, 116
British Proclamation (1763), 28, 58
Burke, Edmund, 127
Burnt Church (N.B.), 16, 121
Canada, 6, 9, 13, 129
as civic nationalist state, 128, 129–30
common history of, 134–36, distinctiveness of, 13–14, 27, 124–25, 132
founding nations of, 129, 130
founding of, 14, 28, 58 (see also Confederation) as multi-ethnic, multinational
state, 10, 11, 65, 66, 130, 141
political crisis in, 6–7, 63, 76–77
political space of, 58, 62, 64–65, 67–68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 84, 114, 119
politics in, 11, 13–14, 33
pre-existing differences in, 58
pre-existing rights in, 28
Quebec in federation of, 115–16, 132–35
rights suspended in, 47
right to secede from, 8–9, 133
capitalism, 23, 24, 29, 91, 92, 106
capital punishment, 7, 46
Charlottetown Accord, 77
Charte de la langue française (Bill 101), 8, 69
Charter 77, 4
Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 13, 17, 81, 117, 125
aboriginal rights in, 12, 65, 81
affirmative action in, 12
consent to, 67, 77
group rights in, 7, 65
minority rights in, 66, 131–32
and national unity, 77
and Quebec, 77
child abuse, 22, 93, 101–2, 103
protection from, 21, 22, 94, 95–96, 102, 108, 111
child care, 22, 86, 98, 110, 111
children, 90, 123
agency of, 108–9
of divorce, 93, 94, 100, 104, 107–8, 109
need for limits of, 100, 101, 110
vs. parents, 18
and trust, 91, 100, 108, 109
children’s rights, 1, 20–21, 22, 85, 95, 108–9. See also
child abuse; corporal punishment
child support, 94, 101
China, 13, 32
choice, freedom of, 18–19, 73
Christians, 69–70, 72
churches, 75–76
citizenship, 36, 59, 60, 61, 81, 141
vs. aboriginal status, 60, 63
civil and political rights derived from, 34
equality of, 61, 125, 132, 141
and human rights, 37
unity of, 81, 121, 125
civic equality, 65. See also equality, of rights
in Constitution, 58, 81
of Québécois, 58
civic nationalist states, 128–29, 129–30
civil rights, 3, 47
derived from citizenship, 34
in other countries, 4, 11
political community createdby, 34
civil war, 9
class conflict, 25
class inequality, 19, 92
collective bargaining, 5
collectivism, 23
colonialism, 3
Communist bloc, 3–4
community, 23, 34
bounds of, 36, 41
created by rights, 32, 33–34, 53, 54, 125, 127, 139, 140
Confederation, 28, 58. See also Canada, founding of
conflict, 6, 25
adjudication of, 25, 31
in Canadian rights struggles, 9, 121
between competing rights, 25, 30, 31
vs. violence, 6, 9, 11
consent, 30, 39, 45, 67, 82, 121, 123
to citizenship, 61
to intervention, 50, 51, 52, 73
to sacrifice of individual rights, 72
conservative critique of family
and rights, 95, 96–97, 99–101, 102–3, 104, 106, 109, 111
Constitution, 58, 65
constitutional reform, 12, 65
in Canada, 7, 9, 116–17
constitutional rights, 1, 2
Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide, 46
Convention on the Rights of the Child 46
Convention relating to the Status
of Refugees (1951), 37
corporal punishment, 21, 95–96
courts
in family life, 94, 106, 110
rights conflicts in, 75, 76, 81–82
cultural rights, 63, 66–67, 113
, 120
as group rights, 24
and multiculturalism, 70
Czechoslovakia, 4
Dallaire, Roméo, 11
Davis Inlet (Nfld.), 16
Declaration of Independence
(U.S.), 28
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen, 35
deficit, federal, 119 Delgamuukw, 124
deliberative equality, 25–26 de Maistre, Joseph, 35, 39
democracy, 6, 23, 46, 135
and aboriginal peoples, 60
and human rights, 46–47
inclusiveness of, 6, 14, 26, 117–18
and inequality, 24, 29
minorities protected from, 1–2
and rights, 1–2, 14, 26, 72
devolution, 13, 134
Dickens, Charles, 40
Dion, Stéphane, 11
disabled, 114, 118
dissent, right to, 54
division of labour, 86, 98. See also under family
effect of rights on, 22, 85
states as, 78
division of powers, 81, 133–34
divorce, 22, 85, 93–94, 101
children of, 93, 94, 100, 104, 107–8, 109, 110
impact of, 89, 91, 105
men in, 104–5, 105–6
rates of, 21, 90, 93, 94, 106, 107
women’s rights in, 21
Divorce Act, 93, 106
due process of law, 4, 17, 31
economic equality, 113
economic insecurity, 20
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 3
education, 13, 73, 110, 111
in Quebec, 119 (see also under immigrants; language rights) employers, 5, 20, 25
employment laws, 110
enforcement of rights, 35
English Canadians, 14, 69, 129. See also anglophones nationalism of, 119, 134
vs. Québécois, 18, 19, 64, 114, 119, 122
entitlements, 30, 56, 126
derived from rights, 31
entry rights, 73
equality, 1, 2, 12, 31, 86, 111, 112
as assimilation, 62, 63
of citizenship, 61, 125, 132, 141
deliberative, 25–26 and human difference, 14–15, 41
of rights, 55, 62, 63, 65, 86, 119, 120, 139, 140, 141
and scarcity, 92
equal pay for equal work, 86
equal protection under the law, 131, 141
ethnic cleansing, 140
ethnic conflict, 13, 140
ethnic nationalist states, 128–29, 132, 140
eugenics laws, 38
Europe, 3, 7, 12, 43–44, 91
European Convention on Human
Rights, 44
European Court of Human Rights, 44
The Rights Revolution Page 14