4. Working memory.
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_David_Lynn_Harris
6. Panksepp (1982) suggests that jealousy might be a mixture of panic, rage and expectancy.
6. Sexual attraction
1. From The Evolution Of Desire by David M. Buss (2003). Published by Basic Books. Reprinted by permission of the Perseus Books Group.
2. The orbitofrontal cortex.
7. Shades of desire from simple to complex
1. From ‘Individual Differences in Sexual Risk Taking’ by John Bancroft in The Role of Theory in Sex Research edited by John Bancroft (2000). Published by and reprinted courtesy of Indiana University Press.
2. This is comparable to ‘frustrative non-reward’, though in this case the non-reward is, of course, self-imposed.
3. There was a slight but insignificant effect in this direction.
8. Details of the brain and desire
1. The cingulate cortex, insula (Craig, 2002) and lateral hypothalamus play a role here.
2. The insula and somatosensory cortex are involved in processing and interpreting information deriving from the interior of the body. A reasonable assumption is that this includes signals on the swelling of the genitals.
3. Regions implicated here include the cingulate cortex, claustrum and the nucleus accumbens.
4. Brain areas concerned with planning motor action are implicated here.
5. This refers to a pathway running from the ventral tegmental area of the brain to the nucleus accumbens and to the orbitofrontal region. See Chapter 2.
6. For example, at the nucleus accumbens.
7. Also activated is the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, a region linked to the nucleus accumbens and involved in emotional processing and decision-making.
8. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
9. Described simply as ‘the striatum’, a region that, depending upon the particular investigator’s terminology, either includes or is near to the nucleus accumbens
10. Specifically, the cortex.
11. Also the insula and claustrum.
12. Anterior cingulate, left insula and left orbitofrontal cortex.
13. Using the technique of electromyography.
14. Preoptic and ventromedial nuclei.
15. Paraventricular and dorsomedial nuclei.
16. Particularly the lateral prefrontal cortex (Chein et al., 2011).
17. The ventral striatum, a brain region including the nucleus accumbens, was particularly activated by conventional erotic images in participants with conventional desires but not by SM imagery. This same region was activated by SM imagery in participants with SM tastes. Other regions, e.g. amygdala, were activated under all conditions, pointing to general emotional arousal, irrespective of quality. In the latter case, there might have been differentiation but the resolution was insufficient to reveal it.
18. A pathway projecting from the substantia nigra to the striatum, not shown in Figure 2.10.
19. Orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala and hypothalamus.
20. Anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
21. This term refers to the structure of the regions of the brain.
9. Arousal
1. A reference to Smith College, Massachusetts.
2. See Chapter 2.
3. These involve release of what are termed ‘catecholamines’, specifically adrenalin and noradrenalin.
4. This term means a stimulus other than an erotic one, for example, physical exercise.
5. The insula region of the cortex appears to form a biological basis where objective signals, e.g. from the genitals, are integrated with cognitive information on meaning and yield subjective levels of arousal (Spiering and Everaerd, 2006).
10. The consequences of sexual behaviour and associated expectations
1. Students often confuse negative reinforcement and punishment but they are quite distinct processes having opposite effects (Chapter 2).
2. Confronted with two levers, drug addicts can come to favour pressing that which delivers a shot of drug to them even though they cannot consciously register the arrival of drug, let alone appreciate any pleasure (see Robinson and Berridge, 1993).
3. A particular region of this nucleus, acting together with another structure, the ventral palladium.
4. The orbitofrontal cortex.
11. Sexual familiarity and novelty
1. ‘Je sais mieux aimer! Je suis ta servant et ta concubine! Tu es mon roi, mon idole! Tu es bon! Tu es beau! Tu es intelligent! Tu es fort!’ Il s’était tant de fois entendu dire ces choses, qu’elles n’avait pour lui rein d’original! Emma ressemblait à toutes les maîtresses; et le charme de la nouveauté, peu à peu tombant comme un vêtement…
2. In the basal ganglia.
3. Specifically in variants (‘alleles’) of a gene mediating differences in the mechanism (‘transporter’) underlying re-uptake of dopamine from the synaptic gap. This would be seen as differences in the clearance of dopamine following its release.
12. Inhibition, conflict and temptation
1. Concerning the neurochemical basis of inhibition, acetylcholine is a neurochemical having general inhibitory properties on motivation antagonistic to those of dopamine (Hoebel et al., 2008).
2. With orgasm in human males, activity in the lateral hypothalamus falls and that in the anteroventral hypothalamus increases (Georgiadis et al., 2010).
3. Natural substances similar to cannabis.
4. Et il s’inclina doucement pour l’embrasser. Mais, au contact de ses lèvres, le souvenir de l’autre la saisit, et elle se passa la main sur son visage en frissonnant.
5. This result stands in contrast to that obtained by Istvan et al. (1983), described in Chapter 4.
6. CBN interview with David Brody, 9 March 2011.
7. The inferior frontal gyrus.
13. How did sexual desire get here?
1. From Particulars of my Life by B. F. Skinner (1976). Published by Jonathan Cape. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group.
2. From Particulars of my Life by B. F. Skinner (1976). Published by Jonathan Cape. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group.
3. From Particulars of my Life by B. F. Skinner (1976). Published by Jonathan Cape. Reprinted by permission of The Random House Group.
4. Alas, the conclusion is not without controversy. It does not necessarily involve comparing like with like (Shaver, 2006). The girls adopted into the family of the bridegroom-to-be were more likely to be ill-treated as compared to those staying with their biological parents, which might have disrupted their subsequent lives.
14. Setting the trajectory – link to adult sexuality
1. Including the lateral prefrontal cortex (Chein et al., 2011).
2. This term refers to the period in evolution during which humans evolved into their present form.
3. A fascinating article by McGeoch (2007) suggested why this might be.
4. Anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area (AH/POA) (Chapter 2).
5. Specifically termed ‘androgens’ in both sexes.
6. Kinsey et al. (1953, p. 14) suggest that, for both males and females, restrictions on ‘premarital heterosexual contacts appear to be primary factors in the development of homosexual activities…’
7. From ‘Narratives of Desire in Mid-Age Women With and Without Arousal Difficulties’ by Lori A. Brotto, Julia R. Heiman & Deborah L. Tolman in Journal of Sex Research 46:5 (2009). Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
15. Sexual desire in interaction
1. Alors, les appétits de la chair, les convoitises d’argent et les mélancholies de la passion, tout se confondit dans une même souffrance; et, au lieu d’en détourner sa pensée; elle l’y attachait davantage, s’excitant à la douleur et en cherchant partout les occasions. Elle s’irritait d’un plat mal servi ou d’une porte entrebâillée.
2. The anterior insular and anteri
or cingulate cortex.
3. My computer tried to change this to ‘forward’ but I insisted otherwise. It means to act in a way that is contrary to what is expected.
4. At least, this is the case in rats (Frohmader et al., 2010b) and it is most likely so in humans too.
5. Another name for methamphetamine.
16. Representations of sex
1. For example, the ventral striatum, a region containing the nucleus accumbens.
2. Specifically, amongst other regions, the ventral globus pallidus, a region that receives an input from the nucleus accumbens.
3. Parts of the parietal lobes.
4. Regions of the basal ganglia.
5. For example, the nucleus accumbens.
6. Typically, the first statement might be that the ‘President expressed his total faith in Mr X’, the second and contradictory statement might be ‘Now that Mr X has been shown to be a crook, the President keeps quiet about him’ and the exculpatory statement could be ‘The President is silent because he feels shocked and betrayed.’
7. Insula and lateral orbital cortex.
17. Sexual addiction
1. The discussion of ‘sexual addiction’ usually relates to heterosexual men, though, as discussed in this chapter, women and gay men can also meet this description.
2. This is termed ‘negative reinforcement’.
3. In other words, positive reinforcement.
18. Variations in desire: general principles
1. Though the claim that paedophilia can be explained in terms of an invariable link between early abuse and later becoming an abuser has little support (Feierman and Feierman, 2000).
2. A phenomenon that he terms ‘phylogenetic regression’.
3. The orbitofrontal region of the prefrontal cortex is one such, acting in close interaction with the amygdala (Blair, 2006).
4. The prefrontal cortex and amygdala are involved in ethical decision-making, in calculating anticipated consequences of actions and using this information in planning and decision-making (Blair, 2006).
19. Some forms of desire at the fringes
1. ‘bouleversa complètement’.
2. The so-called ‘sensory homunculus’.
3. The Washington journalist Dave Jamieson made a thorough investigation and had extensive exchanges of letters with Sweatt (www.alternet.org/story/53378/?page=entire).
4. In his autobiography, Graham Greene records a somewhat similar experience (Greene, 1971, p. 32). The English poet Algernon Swinburne is another example (C. Wilson, 1988).
20. The toxic fusion: violence and sexual desire
1. The term ‘rape’ used here refers to enforced sexual interaction usually involving penetrative sex of a woman victim by a man. However, there can be other forms such as homosexual rape and a woman demanding oral sex of a man at knife-point. The focus of this study is on the more common situation of the rape of a woman by a man.
2. Occasionally, it is argued that sexual arousal cannot be associated with rape since anger triggers the sympathetic branch of the ANS, whereas erection is mediated via the opposite, parasympathetic, branch. However, evidence suggests that both branches contribute to erection acting in combination (Zillmann, 1984, 1986). See also Bancroft (2009). Furthermore, erection is sometimes triggered under such conditions as anger and aggression, even outside an explicit sexual context (Chapter 13).
21. Sexually associated (serial) murder
1. The term ‘operant’ usually refers to behaviour. However, it can also be applied to mental events.
2. A large percentage of those involved with hardcore sadomasochism, where actual physical damage is inflicted, have suffered childhood surgical interventions. Their suffering has subsequently been eroticized (Doidge, 2007). It could be that some similar process was involved in Dahmer’s development.
3. Ressler et al. (1992) noted a similar case of early trauma causing salience attribution to parts of the offender’s own body.
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