Constantinople- the Last Great Siege, 1453

Home > Other > Constantinople- the Last Great Siege, 1453 > Page 35
Constantinople- the Last Great Siege, 1453 Page 35

by Roger Crowley


  Theophanes Confessor, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, trans. Cyril Mango and Roger Scott, Oxford, 1997

  Tursun Beg, The History of Mehmed the Conqueror, trans. Halil Inalcik and Rhoads Murphey, Minneapolis and Chicago, 1978

  Modern Works

  Ak, Mahmut and Başar, Fahameddin, Istanbul’un Fetih Günlüğü, Istanbul, 2003

  Akbar, M. J., The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity, London, 2002

  Armstrong, Karen, Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World, London, 1992

  Atıl, Esin, Levni and the Surname: The Story of an Eighteenth-century Ottoman Festival, Istanbul, 1999

  Ayalon, David, Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom, London, 1956

  Aydın, Erdoğan, Fatih ve Fetih: Mitler ve Gerçekler, Istanbul, 2001

  Babinger, Franz, Mehmet the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton, 1978

  Bartusis, Mark C., The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204–1453, Philadelphia, 1992

  Baynes, Norman H., Byzantine Studies and Other Essays, London, 1955

  Bury, J. B., A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene, 395–800, 2 vols, London, 1889

  Cahen, Claude, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, trans. J. Jones-Williams, London, 1968

  Carroll, Margaret, ‘Notes on the authorship of the Siege Section of the Chronicon Maius’, Byzantion 41, 1971

  Chatzidakis, Manolis, Mystras: The Medieval City and the Castle, Athens, 2001

  Cipolla, Carlo M., European Culture and Overseas Expansion, London, 1970

  Clark, Victoria, Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo, London, 2000

  Coles, Paul, The Ottoman Impact on Europe, London, 1968

  Corfis, Ivy A. and Wolfe, Michael (eds), The Medieval City under Siege, Woodbridge, 1995

  DeVries, Kelly, Guns and Men in Medieval Europe, 1200–1500, Aldershot, 2002

  Dirimtekin, Feridun, Istanbul’un Fethi, Istanbul, 2003

  Emecen, Feridun M., Istanbul’un Fethi Olayı ve Meseleleri, Istanbul, 2003

  Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden, 1960

  Esin, Emel, Ottoman Empire in Miniatures, Istanbul, 1988

  Freely, John, The Companion Guide to Istanbul, Woodbridge, 2000

  Gill, Joseph, The Council of Florence, Cambridge, 1959

  Goffman, Daniel, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 2002

  Goodwin, Godfrey, The Janissaries, London, 1994

  Goodwin, Jason, Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1999

  Granville Browne, E. (ed.), A History of Ottoman Poetry, London, 1904

  Guilmartin, John F., Galleons and Galleys, London, 2002

  Haldon, J. and Byrne, M., ‘A Possible Solution to the Problem of Greek Fire’, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 70, pp. 91–99

  Hall, Bert S., Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology and Tactics, Baltimore, 1997

  Hattendorf, John B. and Unger, Richard W., War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Woodbridge, 2003

  Heywood, Colin, Writing Ottoman History: Documents and Interpretations, Aldershot 2002

  Hogg, Ian V., A History of Artillery, London, 1974

  Howard, Michael, War in European History, Oxford, 1976

  Imber, Colin, ‘The Legend of Osman Gazi’, The Ottoman Emirate 1300–1389, Rethymnon, 1993

  Imber, Colin, ‘What Does Ghazi Actually Mean’, The Balance of Truth: Essays in Honour of Professor Geoffrey Lewis, Istanbul, 2000

  Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire: 1300–1650, Basingstoke, 2002

  Inalcik, Halil, ‘Mehmet the Conqueror and His Time’, Speculum 35, pp. 408–427

  Inalcik, Halil, Fatih Devri üzerinde Tetkikler ve Vesikalar I, Ankara, 1987

  Inalcik, Halil, The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization and Economy, London, 1978

  Inalcik, Halil, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, London, 1973

  Istanbul: Everyman Guides, London, 1993

  Kaegi, Walter Emil, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, Cambridge, 1992

  Kazankaya, Hasan, Fatih Sultan Mehmed’in Istanbul’un Fethi ve Fethin Karanlık Noktaları, 2 vols, Istanbul, 1995

  Keegan, John, A History of Warfare, London, 1994

  Keen, Maurice (ed.), Medieval Warfare: A History, Oxford, 1999

  Kelly, Laurence, Istanbul: A Traveller’s Companion, London, 1987

  Khadduri, Majid, War and Peace in the Law of Islam, Baltimore, 1955

  Kinross, Lord, The Ottoman Centuries, London, 1977

  Koran, The, trans. N. J. Dawood, London, 1956

  Levey, Michael, The World of Ottoman Art, London, 1971

  Lewis, Bernard, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, Norman, 1968

  Lewis, Bernard, ‘Politics and War’ in J. Schacht and C. E. Bosworth (eds), The Legacy of Islam, Oxford, 1979

  Lewis, Bernard, Islam from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, 2 vols, Oxford, 1987

  Lewis, Bernard, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, London, 1982

  Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, Travels with a Tangerine, London, 2001

  Mango, Cyril, Studies on Constantinople, Aldershot, 1993

  Mango, Cyril (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium, Oxford, 2002

  Mansel, Philip, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924, London, 1995

  Massignon, Louis, ‘Textes Prémonitoires et commentaires mystiques relatifs à la prise de Constantinople par les Turcs en 1453’, Oriens 6, pp. 10–17

  Matar, Nabil, Islam in Britain 1558–1685, Cambridge, 1998

  Mathews, Thomas F., The Art of Byzantium: Between Antiquity and the Renaissance, London, 1998

  McCarthy, Justin, The Ottoman Turks: an Introductory History to 1923, Harlow, 1997

  McNeill, William H., The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, Chicago, 1990

  Mijatovich, Chedomil, Constantine Palaiologos: the Last Emperor of the Greeks, 1448–1453, London, 1892

  Morris, Jan, The Venetian Empire: A Sea Voyage, London, 1980

  Murphey, Rhoads, Ottoman Warfare 1500–1700, London, 1999

  Nicol, Donald M., Byzantium and Venice, Cambridge, 1988

  Nicol, Donald M., The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans, Cambridge, 1969

  Nicol, Donald M., The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, London, 1972

  Nicolle, David, Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774, London, 1983

  Nicolle, David, Constantinople 1453, Oxford, 2000

  Nicolle, David, The Janissaries, London, 1995

  Norwich, John J., A History of Byzantium, 3 vols, London, 1995

  Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine State, trans. Joan Hussey, Oxford, 1980

  Parry, V. J., Richard Knolles’ ‘History of the Turks’, ed. Salih Özbaran, Istanbul, 2003

  Parry, V. J. and Yapp, M. E. (eds), War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, London, 1975

  Partington, J. R., A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, Cambridge, 1960

  Pears, Edwin, The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks, London, 1903

  Rose, Susan, Medieval Naval Warfare, 1000–1500, London, 2002

  Runciman, Stephen, The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and Eastern Churches during the 11th and 12th Centuries, Oxford, 1955.

  Runciman, Stephen, The Fall of Constantinople, Cambridge, 1965

  Runciman, Stephen, The Eastern Schism, Oxford, 1955

  Schwoebel, Robert, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk, 1453–1517, Nieuwkoop, 1967

  Setton, Kenneth M., The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), vol. II: The Fifteenth Century, Philadelphia, 1978

  Shaw, Stanford, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. I: Empire of the Gazis, Cambridge, 1976

  Sherrard, Philip, Constantinople: The Iconography of a Sacred City,
London, 1965

  Simarski, Lynn Teo, ‘Constantinople’s Volcanic Twilight’, Saudi Aramco World, Nov./Dec., 1996

  Stacton, D., The World on the Last Day, London, 1965

  Tsangadas, B. C. P., The Fortifications and Defence of Constantinople, New York, 1980

  Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E., The Origins of the Greek Nation: The Byzantine Period, 1204–1461, New Brunswick, 1970

  Van Millingen, Alexander, Byzantine Churches in Constantinople, London, 1912

  Van Millingen, Alexander, Byzantine Constantinople, London, 1899

  Vassilaki, Maria (ed.), Mother of God: Representations of the Virgin in Byzantine Art, Turin, 2000

  Ware, Timothy, The Orthodox Church, London, 1993

  Wheatcroft, Andrew, Infidels: The Conflict between Christendom and Islam 638–2002, London, 2003

  Wheatcroft, Andrew, The Ottomans: Dissolving Images, London, 1995

  Wintle, Justin, The Rough Guide History of Islam, London, 2003

  Wittek, Paul, The Rise of the Ottoman Empire, London, 1963

  Yerasimos, Stephane, La Fondation de Constantinople et de Sainte-Sophie dans les Traditions Turques, Paris, 1990

  Yerasimos, Stephane, Les Traditions Apocalyptiques au tournant de la Chute de Constantinople, Paris, 1999

  Index

  Figures in italics indicate captions.

  Abraham 1

  Abraham of Ankara 1

  Acropolis point 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Adige River 1

  Adrianople (Edirne) 1, 2

  see also Edirne

  Aegean coast 1, 2

  Aegean Sea 1, 2, 3, 4

  Agincourt, Battle of (1415) 1, 2

  Ahmet (half-brother of Mehmet II) 1

  Ahmeti 1

  ak sancak (Sultan’s banner) 1

  Akshemsettin, Sheikh 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Al-Kashgari 1

  Al-Rawandi 1

  Albania 1

  Aleppo 1

  Alexander the Great 1, 2, 3, 4

  Alexios IV Angelos (pretender) 1

  Alfonso of Aragon and Naples 1

  Alhambra, Spain 1

  Ali (half-brother of Mehmet II) 1

  Ali Bey 1

  Amasya, Anatolia 1

  Anadolu Hisari 1, 2

  Anatolia 1, 2, 3, 4

  Ottoman call to arms 5

  retreating Muslims harassed (718) 1

  fertile lowlands 1

  gazis frequently raid 1

  referred to as Turchia by 1220s 1

  Byzantine kingdom in exile at Nicaea 1

  collapses into a mosaic of small kingdoms (1243) 1

  mobilization for the 1453 campaign 1

  wandering holy men 1

  and the Great Idea 1

  Anatolian troops 1, 2

  Ancona 1, 2

  Andronikos III, Emperor 1

  Andronikos the Terrible 1

  Anemas prison 1

  Ankara slave market 1

  Anthemius 1

  anti-unionist clergy 1, 2, 3

  Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius 1

  Arabian Peninsula 1

  archers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Aristotle 1

  Armenia: surrender to the Arabs (653) 1

  armourers 1

  arquebuses 1, 2

  Arrian 1

  arrows, flaming 1, 2

  Arsenal, Constantinople 1

  Arslan, Sultan Alp 1

  Artevelde, Philip van 1

  artillery

  contribution to the conduct of warfare 1

  Murat II creates the infrastructure for an artillery force 1

  and long-drawn-out sieges 1

  Asia Minor 1, 2

  Asian steppes 1

  Asomaton 1

  Ataturk, Kemal 1, 2

  Attila the Hun 1

  Avar siege (626) 1

  Avars 1, 2, 3

  Aya Sofya mosque, Constantinople 1, 2

  see also St Sophia church

  Ayyub (Eyüp; the Prophet’s standard-bearer) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  azaps (Ottoman infantry) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

  Bacon, Roger 1

  Bactatinian Tower 1

  Baghdad 1

  sacking of (1258) 2

  Balkans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

  Baltaoglu, Admiral 1

  seizure of the Princes’ Islands 1, 2

  fleet assembled under him at Gallipoli 1

  failed attack on the boom 1, 2

  confronts Genoese intruders 1, 2, 3, 4

  wounded by a stone 1

  stripped of his rank and property 1

  replaced by Hamza Bey 1

  Barbaro, Marco 1

  Barbaro, Nicolo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32

  battering rams 1, 2, 3

  Bayburt, Anatolia 1

  Bayezit, Sultan 1, 2

  Bayezit II, Sultan 1, 2

  Bedouins 1

  Bektashi order 1

  Belgrade 1

  Bellini, Gentile 1, 2

  Benvenuto, consul of Ancona 1

  biremes 1, 2

  Blachernae church 1

  Blachernae Palace 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

  Blachernae sacred shrine of the Virgin 1

  Blachernae wall 1

  Black Death 1, 2

  Black Sea 1, 2, 3

  Ovid exiled 4

  oil wells 1

  and Rumeli Hasari 1

  blockade of 1, 2

  winters 1

  supply of food dries up (winter of 1452 ) 1

  cannon ball production 1, 2, 3

  Constantine’s fortified outposts 1

  throttling of trade routes 1

  Bocchiardi brothers 1, 2, 3, 4

  Bocchiardo, Antonio 1

  Bocchiardo, Paolo 1, 2

  Bocchiardo, Troilo 1

  bodyguards 1, 2, 3, 4

  Bologna 1

  bolts, crossbow 1, 2, 3

  bombards 1, 2

  Bosnia 1

  Bosphorus Strait 1, 2, 3

  divides Asia and Europe 4, 5

  severe winters 1, 2

  Darius’s bridge of boats 1, 2

  an area of vulnerability for the Ottomans 1

  Constantine’s fortified outposts 1

  troops ferried across (1453) 1

  strong currents 1, 2

  Bourges 1

  bowmen 1, 2, 3

  bows 1, 2

  Brankovic, George 1

  Brankovic, Mara 1

  brigantines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  Brightman, Thomas 1

  Brocquière, Bertrandon de la 1, 2, 3, 4

  bronze 1, 2, 3

  Brusa (Bursa) 1

  Bryennios, Joseph 1

  Bucoleon Palace 1

  Budapest 1

  Bulgars 1, 2, 3

  Bull of Excommunication (1054) 1, 2

  Bursa 1, 2

  tombs of Osman and Orhan 3

  revolt of Janissaries (1451) 1, 2

  slave market 1

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord 1

  Byzantine army

  defeat at the Battle of Manzikert (1071) 1, 2

  defeat in 1176 1

  size of army at 1453 siege 1

  multi-national force 1

  organisation of 1

  Byzantine Empire

  Constantinople as capital 1

  Justinian’s statue as a monument to its might 1

  theological issues 1

  tribal wanderers in 1

  size of 1

  resilience 1

  Turks invited to help in civil wars 1

  dismembered 1, 2

  internecine feuding 1

  vassal of the Ottoman Emperor 1

  reputation for cunning 1

  inexorable decline 1

  end of 1

  Byzantine fleet

  Battle of the Masts (655) 1

  running battles with the Arabs (674-8) 1

  attack using Greek fire destroys Mus
lim fleet (678) 1

  abolished by Andronikos (1284) 1

  workless sailors defect to the Ottomans 1

  available craft 1

  Byzantines

  fear of siege 1

  considered to be heirs to the Roman Empire 1

  Greek-speaking inhabitants of Constantinople 1

  fatalism 1

  attacks ascribed to God’s punishment for

  Christian sin 1

  preference for their settled Muslim neighbours 1

  kingdom in exile at Nicaea 1

  Constantinople recaptured (1261) 1

  hidebound by a thousand years of ceremony and tradition 1

  dynastic marriages and legitimate succession through approved bloodlines 1

  Byzas 1

  Caesar, Julius 1, 2

  Cafer Bey 1

  Cairo 1

  Caligaria Gate 1, 2, 3

  Camariotes, Mathew 1

  Campi, Jacopo de 1

  Candia, Crete 1, 2, 3, 4

  cannon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

  manufacture 7

  Murat breaches the Hexamilion with long cannon 1

  bronze vs. forged iron 1

  Ottomans able to cast medium-sized barrels on the battlefield 1, 2

  repair of 1

  barrels tailor-made to available ammunition 1

  Orban’s guns 1, 2

  firing 1

  transporting 1

  Therapia attack 1

 

‹ Prev