Pangea, 49–52
carcharodontosaurs and, 156–157
Chinle Formation, 62–68
crocodile–dinosaur convergence, 72–77
crocodile–dinosaur morphological disparity, 78–81
humid dinosaur zone, 59–61, 81
hyperseasonality, 71
Palisades sill, 88–89
Portugal remnant, 53–59
rift basins, 92–99
split, 85–87, 91, 94–95, 97, 98–100
split extinctions, 87, 91, 95, 99, 339
split slow, 143–145, 180, 190–191
Panphagia, 43, 61
pareiasaurs, 14, 16, 18
Parker, Bill, 63
Permian Period, viii, 13–15
sprawlers vs. upright, 28, 30
tracks at Holy Cross Mountains, 24, 25–26
Triassic transition, 18, 20, 26, 52, 57
volcanic mass extinction, 15–18, 26, 52, 57, 87, 338–339
Petrified Forest National Park (US), 62, 63
photogrammetry, 110, 111, 112, 211
phylogeny. See family tree
phytosaurs, 73, 98
plants
Permian mass extinction, 16–18
Triassic hyperseasonality, 71
Triassic Pangea split extinction, 95
Jurassic post-volcanoes, 98
Cretaceous asteroid, 311, 312, 314, 318, 337
flowering plants, 245
Petrified Forest National Park, 62, 63
plate tectonics
Cretaceous continents, 190–191, 229–232
mantle currents, 15
paleomagnetism, 323
Pangea, 49–52. See also Pangea
rift basins, 92–99
Plateosaurus, 61, 101, 112
Poland
Holy Cross Mountains, 13–18, 23–28
paleontologist Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, 13, 22–24, 29
Permian Period, 13–15, 17, 18
Prorotodactylus, 11, 27–28, 29, 30–33
track type evolution, 33–35
Portugal, 53–59, 57, 94, 143
posture upright, 26–28, 30, 31, 72
Prorotodactylus, 11, 27–28, 29, 30–33
Protoceratops, 277
proto-sauropods, ix, 61, 81, 100–101, 112
pseudosuchians, 30, 73–81
dinosaur convergence, 69, 72–77, 75, 98–99
dinosaur morphological disparity, 78–81
outnumbering dinosaurs, 60, 77, 96–97
tracks disappear, 97, 98
Psittacosaurus, 185, 292
pterodactyls. See pterosaurs
pterosaurs, 30, 124, 271
Qianzhousaurus, 159, 161–166, 165, 190
radiometric dating, 35–36
rauisuchians, 74, 75
Saurosuchus, 43, 45, 60, 74
Rayfield, Emily, 207–208
Redschlag, Helmuth, 236–237, 239, 241, 242
Reed, William, 129, 130
rhynchosaurs, 38, 60, 61, 98
rift basins, 92–99
Riker Hill Fossil Site (New Jersey), 90–91
Romer, Alfred Sherwood, 38–39
Ross, Dugald, 102–108, 105
Russia, 15–18, 172–176
Sahara Desert expeditions, 149–157
Sanjuansaurus, 42–43
Saturnalia, 60, 61
sauropods, ix
Jurassic after Pangean rift, 100–102, 101
Jurassic globally, 143–144
Cretaceous Period, 145–147, 246, 252–253
India humid dinosaur zone, 60
long necks of, 114, 116
lung efficiency, 115–116
Morrison Formation, 127, 139–140, 141–143
rise of, 61, 100–101
Scotland, 83, 101–107, 104, 105
size of, 100–101, 108–117, 111
Saurosuchus, 43, 45, 60, 74, 79
Scotland, 83, 101–107, 104, 105
Sellés, Albert, 332
Sereno, Paul, 126
African expeditions, 149–157
Ischigualasto, 40, 149
Morrison Formation, 128–129, 134, 139
University of Chicago, 41, 148–149, 236, 351–352
Shaochilong, 152, 188
Siats, 187–188
Siber, Kirby, 135–139
Siberia (Russia), 15–18, 172–176
sills, 88–89
Sinornithosaurus, 283
Sinosauropteryx, 279–280, 292
Sinotyrannus, 180–181, 184–185
Sinraptor, 178, 185
size estimation, 109–117, 111
Smith, Nate, 63–68
South America
Aerosteon, 188
Brazil, 59, 60, 94, 246–254, 249
carcharodontosaurs, 152, 156–157
Cretaceous asteroid, 313
Cretaceous Period, 152, 230
Gondwana, 143, 145
sauropods, 252–253
spinosaurs, 147, 151, 187
Stegosaurus, ix, 100, 116, 119, 131, 133, 141, 143, 147
Stocker, Michelle, 63
Stokesosaurus, 141, 180, 185
stress forces on skeletons, 206–208
supersalamanders, 56–57, 58, 93, 98
synapsids, 25, 26
Tarbosaurus, 172, 216
theropods, ix
Triassic, 71, 81
Jurassic, 100, 144, 147–148
Cretaceous Brazil, 250–251, 253
birds from, 40, 65, 282–284, 283, 285
eggs and nests, 221, 288
feathers, 201. See also feathers
lung efficiencies, 116, 290
olfactory bulb size, 219–220
White House track cast, 90
timeline of geological history, viii
life evolutionary history, 20–21
true dinosaurs, 37
Timurlengia, 173, 188–189, 217
titanosaurs, 112, 146, 252–253
Torrejonia (mammal), 348
trace fossils, 19–20
coprolites, 20, 126, 202, 204
digitigrade tracks, 31
Prorotodactylus tracks, 26–28, 29, 30–33
track type evolution, 33–35, 97
tracks at Holy Cross Mountains, 23–28, 29
tracks at Isle of Skye, 105, 106–107
tracks at Watchung Mountains, 89–92, 96–99
upright vs. sprawling, 28, 30
tracks. See trace fossils
Transylvania dinosaurs, 256–265, 262, 264
Triassic Period, viii
climate, 50–52, 59–62, 71, 81, 95
dating challenges, 35–36
desert-living dinosaurs, 61–68
dinosauromorphs, 32–35, 36, 49
Jurassic transition, 91–92, 96
Newark Basin, 92–99
Palisades sill, 88–89
Pangea, 49–52. See also Pangea
Permian transition, 18, 20, 26, 52, 57
proto-sauropods, 81, 100–101
pseudosuchian–dinosaur morphological disparity, 77–81
pseudosuchians, 30, 73–77
tracks at Holy Cross Mountains, 24, 26–28
tracks at Watchung Mountains, 89–92, 96–99
true dinosaurs, 33–35, 36, 37–43, 52, 85
upright posture, 26–28, 30, 31, 72
Triceratops, ix, 100, 116, 185, 227, 237–239, 242, 330
Turner, Alan, 63–68
tyrannosaurs
evolution of, 172–191, 179, 182, 246
feathers, 183–184, 193
Qianzhousaurus, 159, 161–166, 165, 190
southern hemisphere absence, 250
Tyrannosaurus rex
arms expert Burch, 127, 214–215
brain, 209, 218–220
Brown discovering, 134, 165, 167–171, 169, 233
CAT scans, 209, 216–220, 217
description, 198 –201, 205, 208–209, 225, 246
extinction of, 202
family tree, ix
growth of, 221–225, 222, 235
lung efficiencies, 116, 212–213
meat-eater, 195–197, 202–210, 208, 209, 213–214
North American dominion, 162, 185, 186, 190–191, 201, 202, 215, 229, 230, 231
pack behavior, 196, 215–216, 223–224
sense organs, 219–220
size, 171, 186, 195, 197, 198, 206–208
size evolution, 184–191
speed of, 210–212
T. rex and the Crater of Doom (Alvarez), 319
University of Edinburgh (Scotland), 102
Upchurch, Paul, 330
upright posture, 26–28, 30, 31, 72
Uzbekistan, 173, 188–189
Velociraptor, ix, 277, 278, 289–290, 300
Vila, Bernat, 332
Vinther, Jakob, 296–297
volcanoes
Permian global effects, 15–18, 26, 87, 338–339
Cretaceous asteroid, 313, 318, 328, 331, 332
Cretaceous climate, 187
Gondwana split, 145
Mount Kilimanjaro, 93
Pangea splitting, 86–87, 91, 94, 97–100
sills, 88–89
Vremir, Mátyás, 259–265, 262, 333
Wang, Steve, 301–302
Watchung Mountains (New Jersey), 89–91, 96–99
weather. See climate
weight estimation, 109–117, 111
Werning, Sarah, 63
Whitaker, George, 65, 74
Whiteside, Jessica, 63, 70–71
Wilkinson, Mark, 102
Williams, Scott, 234–246
Williamson, Tom, 344–348, 345
Witmer, Larry, 67, 140, 208, 209, 217, 218
world map of prehistoric Earth, x
Xu, Xing, 176–178, 182–184, 291–293
Yanornis, 304
Yi qi, 298–299
Yutyrannus, 182–185, 201
Zallinger, Rudolph, 121–125, 123
Zelenitsky, Darla, 219–220, 293–295, 294
Zhenyuanlong, 1, 4–6, 7, 281, 282, 284, 295, 297, 300
About the Author
STEVE BRUSATTE is a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh. A graduate of the University of Chicago, he completed his doctorate at Columbia University. He writes frequently for Scientific American, including the May 2015 cover story on the evolution of tyrannosaurs. His academic research has been published in Science and other leading journals, and he authored a leading paleontology textbook, Dinosaur Paleobiology. He is the “resident paleontologist” for BBC’s Walking with Dinosaurs. A native of the Chicago area, he lives in Edinburgh, Scotland, with his wife, Anne.
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Copyright
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE DINOSAURS. Copyright © 2018 by Stephen (Steve) Brusatte. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
Cover design by Mumtaz Mustafa
Cover illustration by Todd Marshall
Where no credit is specified, photograph is courtesy of the author. Additional photo credit information: Page 109, first image: Image #36246a, American Museum of Natural History Library. Page 129: Image #238372, American Museum of Natural History Library. Page 130, first image: Image #328221, American Museum of Natural History Library. Page 130, second image: Image #312963, American Museum of Natural History Library. Page 131: Published in Maidment et al., PLoS ONE, 2015, 10 (10): e0138352. Page 167: Image #17808, American Museum of Natural History Library. Page 197: Image #00005493, American Museum of Natural History Library.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Brusatte, Stephen, author.
Title: The rise and fall of the dinosaurs : a new history of a lost world / Stephen Brusatte.
Description: New York, NY : William Morrow, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017038066 | ISBN 9780062490421 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Dinosaurs.
Classification: LCC QE861.4 .B79 2018 | DDC 567.9--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038066
* * *
Digital Edition APRIL 2018 ISBN: 978-0-06-249045-2
Print ISBN: 978-0-06-249042-1
Version 03262018
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