12 Hardwick State Papers, vol. 1, pp.365 and 367–8.
13 CSP Foreign, Elizabeth, vol. 22, p.227.
14 Wernham, Expedition . . ., p.xxix.
15 BL Lansdowne MS 103, f.93.
16 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, p.525.
17 APC, vol. 18, p.297.
18 HMC Southampton, p.126.
19 CSP Domestic Elizabeth, 1581–90, p.568.
20 Rowse, Tudor Cornwall, p.398.
21 Wernham, Expedition, p.xxi. The owners of the Dutch flyboats submitted a petition to Drake and Norris ‘not to be compelled to join in the expedition as their ships were unprovided with victuals and other things necessary for such a voyage’. Furthermore, the ships’ detention was, they said, ‘a violation of the treaty between her majesty and the States’ of Holland. CSP Domestic Elizabeth, 1581–90, p.591.
22 Rowse, op. cit., p.399.
23 Another name for armour.
24 Wernham, Expedition, pp.126–7.
25 Wernham, ‘Queen Elizabeth . . .’, p.24.
26 BL Add. MS 12,497, f.183.
27 Hatfield House CP 18/82. ‘From my study, some few days before my departure’ and endorsed: ‘The Earl of Essex before his departure to the voyage of Portugal.’
28 CSP Domestic Elizabeth, 1581–90, p.592.
29 Contarini to the Doge and Senate; Madrid, 24 May 1589. CSP Venice, vol. 8, p.439.
30 Wernham, Expedition, p.222.
31 Ibid., p.146. Thirty were killed by the fall of masonry.
32 Ibid., p.153.
33 CSP Venice, vol. 8, pp.438–9.
34 Wernham, Expedition, p.xlv.
35 Somewhat lamely, Norris and Drake told the Privy Council that they had met up with Essex off Cape Finisterre but were ‘unable to send him home earlier as they could not spare the services of the Swiftsure’. CSP Domestic Elizabeth, 1581–90, p.604.
36 BL Stowe MS 159, f.370.
37 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, p.554.
38 CSP Domestic Elizabeth, 1581–90, p.603.
39 Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy, vol. 2, p.326.
40 Wernham, Expedition, p.137.
41 Ibid., p.182.
42 MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I: War and Politics 1588–1603, p.87.
43 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, p.549.
44 APC, vol. 18, p.49.
45 Leahy, Elizabethan Triumphal Processions, p.80.
46 Hatfield House, CP 18/54.
47 BL Lansdowne MS 59, f.105.
48 A fother was the equivalent of a cartload in the sixteenth century, or nineteen and a half hundredweight (990.65 kg).
49 Hatfield House, CP 18/26.
50 Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea, p.274.
51 CSP Venice, vol.8, p.437.
Epilogue
1 Giovanni Mocenigo to Doge and Senate of Venice; San Dié, 21 November 1588. CSP Venice, vol. 8, p.413.
2 Charlotte Sneyd (transl.), A Relation . . . of the Island of England about the year 1500 CS (London, 1847), pp.24–5.
3 S. Daultrey, ‘The Weather of NE Europe during the Summer and Autumn of 1588’ in Gallagher & Cruickshank, God’s Obvious Design, pp.114–16 and 138.
4 Daultrey, op. cit., pp.117–36.
5 See: Douglas, Lamb and Loader, ‘A Meteorological Study . . .’, 1978.
6 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, p.450.
7 They had been captured with Pedro de Valdés when the Rosario surrendered.
8 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, pp.438 and 455.
9 Ibid., p.551.
10 Martin & Parker, Spanish Armada, p.226.
11 Ibid., p.227.
12 The money was held in a large chest. An iron-strapped replacement for the original, made in 1623, is on display in the museum of Chatham’s Royal Naval Dockyard. It has five locks, each key held by a different person. The ‘Chatham Chest’ was amalgamated with the Greenwich naval hospital in 1802. Its minutes and accounts for 1594–1987 are held in the Medway Archives and Local History Centre in Chatham under the reference CH 108.
13 Keevil, Medicine and the Navy, vol. 1, p.54.
14 CSP Venice, vol. 8, p.414.
15 Both ships ran aground before being set ablaze by their captains. Sir Walter Raleigh described graphically how they grounded, ‘tumbling into the sea heaps of soldiers so thick as if coals had been poured out of a sack in many portholes at once. Some were drowned and some stuck in the mud.’ Then they blew up, ‘many Spanish drowned themselves; many, half burnt, leapt into the water, very many hanging by the ropes’ ends by the ships’ sides, under the water, even to the lips; many swimming with grievous wounds, stricken under water and put out of their pain . . . [There was] a huge fire and such tearing of the ordnance in the Great Philip . . . if any man had a desire to see Hell itself, it was there most lively coloured.’ See: Graham, The Spanish Armadas, p.214.
16 Two English sailors were hanged for molesting a woman in Cadiz and Essex chivalrously allowed 1,500 nuns to leave the city. ‘Such a gentleman has not been seen before among heretics,’ Philip observed.
17 Pierson, Commander of the Armada, p.212.
18 CSP Spain (Simancas), vol. 4, p.635.
19 The burial registers for St Paul’s church has this record by the vicar John Tremaine: ‘the twenty-third day July, the year of our Lord God 1595, on the which day the church, tower, bells and all other things pertaining to the same, together with the houses and goods was burned and spoiled by the Spaniards in the said parish, being Wednesday . . .’ He recorded the burials of Jenkin Keigwyn of Mousehole ‘being killed by the Spaniards’ and ‘James of Newlyn was slain by enemies . . . likewise Teek Cornall’.
20 McGrath & Rowe, ‘Anstruther Analysed . . .’, pp.8–9.
21 Parmiter, ‘Imprisonment of Papists . . .’, pp.29–30.
22 Brennan, ‘Papists and Patriotism . . .’, p.10.
23 See LPL MS 250, ff.170–5.
24 Hutchinson, House of Treason, pp.217–18; 220–1.
25 Quinn, Sir Francis Drake as seen by his Contemporaries, pp.13–14.
26 His soft organs were buried in St Andrew’s church Plymouth and his body was taken to London and buried in St Giles-without-Cripplegate.
27 Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, p.343.
28 Barratt, op. cit., pp.244–9.
29 Hutchinson, Elizabeth’s Spymaster, pp.253–4.
30 Michael Graves, Profiles in Power: Burghley (London, 1998), p.100.
31 Parotitis is inflammation of the parotid glands, the largest of the salivary glands at the back of the mouth. Elizabeth must have suffered intense pain when salivating or eating – hence her refusal to consume any food. See: Clifford Brewer, The Death of Kings (London, 2000), p.151 and Graham, op. cit., p.273.
32 Rex, The Tudors, p.235.
33 Philip III’s ratification of the Treaty of London, dated 15 June 1605, is in TNA, E30/1705.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Add. MS Additional Manuscript
AGS CMC Archivo General de Simancas, Mayor de Cuentas
AGS CS Archivo General de Simancas, Contaduria del Sueldo
AGS Estado Archivo General de Simancas, Secció de Estado
AGS GA Archivo General de Simancas, Guerra Antigua
AGS GM Archivo General de Simancas, Guerra y Marina
APC Acts of Privy Council
Arch. Cant. Archaeologia Cantiana, journal of the Kent Archaeological Society
BL British Library
Bull. Bulletin
CP Cecil Papers, Salisbury MSS, Hatfield House, Hertfordshire
CRS Catholic Record Society
CS Camden Society
CSP Domestic Calendar of States Papers, Domestic, in reign of Elizabeth
CSP Foreign Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, in reign of Elizabeth
CSP Ireland Calendar of State Papers, Ireland, in reign of Elizabeth
CSP Milan Calendar of State Papers, Milan
CSP Spain Calendar of State Papers, Spain preserved in . . . t
he Archives of Simancas
CSP Venice Calendar State Papers, Venice
CSP Vatican Calendar of State Papers preserved in Rome, in the Vatican archives
ed. edited, editor(s)
EHR English Historical Review fn footnote
HMC Historical MSS Commission
HJ Historical Journal
Jnl journal
LPL Lambeth Palace Library
MM Mariner’s Mirror, journal of the Society for Nautical Research
MS/MSS manuscript/manuscripts
NRS Naval Records Society
n.s. new series
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
r recto
rev. revised
SAC Sussex Archaeological Collections, journal of Sussex Archaeological Society
STC Short Title Catalogue
Trans Transactions
TNA The National Archives, Kew, Surrey
TRHS Transactions Royal Historical
Society
v verso
vol.(s) volume(s)
PRIMARY SOURCES
Manuscript
MINISTERIO DE CULTURA, SPAIN
ARCHIVO GENERAL DE SIMANCAS, VALLADOLID
Contaduria Mayor de Cuentas (AGS CMC)
2a/772 – Papers of San Francisco, vice-flagship of Armada’s Andalusian squadron, with Medina Sidonia’s new ration orders; 9 July 1588.
Contaduria del Sueldo (AGS CS)
2a/278 f.617 – Account of putrid provisions thrown overboard in the Armada; 30 June 1588.
Secció de Estado (AGS Estado)
455/320–1 Copy of Medina’s dispatch to Parma of 10 June 1588, annotated by Philip II.
594/113 – Parma to Philip II; Bruges, 7 August 1588.
594/182 – Prince of Asculi to Philip II; Dunkirk, 12 August 1588.
693/30 – Complaint by the town of Emden about the removal of navigation marks from the ‘banks of Flanders’, 13 September 1588.
2,219/164, Appendix, document 29: Irish merchants Philip Roche and Edward Walsh; Waterford, 5 January 1589.
K-1568/185, Appendix, document 23 – Testimony of the boatswain of Trinidad Valencera; London, 3 December 1588.
– 140 – Letter from Captain Marolín de Juan; Le Havre, 27 December 1588.
Guerra Antigua (AGS GA)
225/55–6 – Don Pedro de Valdés to Philip II; Corunna, 15 and 19 July 1588.
247 and 249 – Documents on Armada losses sent to Philip II by Beltrán del Salton; 10 April 1589.
Guerra y Marina (AGS GM)
244/42, Appendix, document 26 – Pedro Combarro to Domingo de Berganza; Santander, 1 January 1589.
262/147, Appendix, document 34 – Testimony of Juan Lázaro, helmsman of the Trinidad Valencera.
BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD
Douce Prints
a.48 – A Declaration of the Sentence and deposition of Elizabeth the vsurper and pretensed Quene of Englande; Antwerp, 1588 (Mutilated).
BRITISH LIBRARY, LONDON
Additional MSS
12,497, f.183 – Earl of Essex to the Privy Council; April 1589.
12,505 – Proceedings of a General Court held on board the Elizabeth Bonaventure, 30 May 1587 before Sir Francis Drake on mutineers of the ship Golden Lion, commanded by Captain Marchant.
21,565, f.21 – List of bishops within the Province of Canterbury ‘that have sent certificates of their provision for horse and armour’.
32,092, f.102 – Privy Council letter to John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, seeking public prayers against the success of the Armada; Richmond Palace, 2 August 1588.
33,740, ff.2–3 – Privy Council letter to Lord High Admiral Howard that a ‘good number of the best and choicest shot of the trained bands’ of Kent should be sent immediately to the coast ‘to double man the ships’; Richmond Palace, 4 August 1588.
f.6 – Resolution of a council of war of English naval commanders ‘to follow and pursue the Spanish fleet until we have cleared our own coast . . .’; 11 August 1588.
44,839 – Map of Thames Estuary from Lambeth to Tilbury Hope made by Robert Adam, Surveyor of the Works, showing the route taken by Elizabeth I from Westminster to Tilbury Fort, August 1588.
48,027 (Yelverton MS 31), ff.83–125v – Papers relating to the imprisonment, trial and execution of Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, 1570–2.
– ff.242–247v – Documents relating to Dr William Parry, including two accounts of his execution and speech on the scaffold.
– ff.249–251v – Bond of Association for the safety of Elizabeth (19 October 1584) and oath of allegiance to Bond of Association allegedly signed by Mary Queen of Scots at Wingfield, 5 January 1584.
– ff.636–650v – Papers relating to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, 1587, including a pencil-and-ink drawing of the execution at Fotheringay Castle on 8 February at f.650.
ff.654–658v – ‘A Report of the manner of the execution of the Scottish Queen performed 8 February Anno 1586 in the great hall within the castle of Fotheringay, with relation of speeches uttered and actions happening in the said execution, with the delivery of the said Scottish Queen to Mr Thomas Andrews esquire, sheriff of the county of Northampton, unto the end of the said execution’ by Richard Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough.
48,029 (Yelverton MS 33) – f.81 – Confession of Sir Thomas Gerard; 25 October 1588.
– f.102 – Confession of William Bennet, priest, a prisoner in the Counter gaol, Wood Street. 16 October 1588.
62,935 – Map of warning beacons in Kent by W[illiam] L[ambarde]; August 1585.
63,742, ff.99–105 – Estimates of the annual revenues of Spain, c.1584–9.
Cotton MSS
Caligula B v, f.159 – Instrument of an Association for the Preservation of the Person of Queen Elizabeth I, signed at Hampton Court, 19 October 1584.
– f.175v–176 – Account of the execution of Mary Queen of Scots at Fotheringay Castle, 8 February 1586.
Caligula C ix, f.2 – Letter from Elizabeth to James VI of Scotland denying any responsibility for the death of his mother, Mary Queen of Scots; 14 February 1587.
Caligula D i, f.292 – Letter from William Ashby to Sir Francis Walsingham describing the seizure of Scottish and Dutch fishing boats in the Shetland islands; Edinburgh, 18 September 1588.
f.420 – Letter from James VI of Scotland to Elizabeth; Edinburgh, 4 August 1588.
– f.420 – Letter from Elizabeth to James VI of Scotland; London, August 1588.
Julius F x, ff.111–17. ‘A Relation of Proceedings’ – possible official English account of the action against the Armada.
Otho E ix, f.180v – Edward Radcliffe to Earl of Sussex, reporting Elizabeth’s visit to the camp at Tilbury, Essex; Burntwood, Essex, 20 August 1588.
f.185r – Letter from Lord High Admiral Howard to Sir Francis Walsingham, requesting reinforcements from Portsmouth; ‘from aboard her majesty’s good ship, Ark Royal, 1 August 1588.
f.187 – Letter from William Hawkins, mayor of Plymouth, to the Privy Council providing news of the Spanish Armada.
f.214v – Letter from Walsingham to Burghley, arranging for more gunpowder and shot to be sent to Lord High Admiral Howard; 4 August 1588.
Vespasian C viii, f.207 – Letters to Sir Francis Walsingham from ‘Mr Hunter of Lisbon’ describing his imprisonment in that city and the armaments there; 10 February 1589.
C xiv, f.583 – Order to remove the Earl of Northumberland’s banner and stall plate as a Knight of the Garter; St George’s Chapel, Windsor, 27 November 1569.
C xvi, f.145 – Will of Mary Queen of Scots, drawn up at Sheffield in February 1577 by her secretary Claude Nau, with corrections in her own hand.
Egerton MSS
2,541, f.1 – ‘Queene Elizabeth’s whole army at sea against the Spanish forces in anno 1588; list of ships, crews and names of captains’.
Harleian MSS
167, f.104 – Sir Francis Drake’s account of his raid on Cadiz in a letter to John Foxe, ‘p
reacher’; written in Elizabeth Bonaventure, 7 May 1587.
– f.104r. Account of Drake’s raid on Cadiz by one of his crew, probably Robert Leng.
288, f.187 – Sir William Stafford to Sir Francis Walsingham; Paris, 25 April 1588.
290, f.88 – Letter from Mary Queen of Scots to the Duke of Norfolk urging him to escape from house arrest; 31 January 1571.
295, f.190 – Letter from the English spy ‘B.C.’ on the preparations of the Spanish Armada; Madrid, 28 May 1588.
296, f.44 – ‘Pompeo Pellegrini’ (alias Anthony Standen) to Jacomo Manucci, on the results of Drake’s raid on Cadiz, 3 July 1587.
– f.46 – Letter, partly in cipher, in the same hand as ‘Pompeo Pellegrini’, signed ‘B.C.’ and endorsed ‘from Mr Standen’ on the verso; Florence, 28 August 1587.
– f.48 – Letter from Stephen Paule to Sir Francis Walsingham warning of an attempt to poison Elizabeth; Venice, 7 November 1587.
360, article 38, ff.65r and v – Plan to intern English Catholics in ten castles, in Sir Francis Walsingham’s handwriting, undated but probably before spring 1579.
6,798, f.87 – Speech by Elizabeth I to her troops at West Tilbury, Essex, 19 August 1588.
6,990, f.44 – Proclamation by the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland; Darlington, 16 November 1569.
6,991, ff.31–33. Memorandum on the 1569 Rebellion written by Lord Huntingdon to Cecil; York, 10 October 1573.
6,993, f.125 – Letter from Sir Francis Walsingham in which he dismisses reports of Spanish preparations to invade England as ‘Spanish brag’, March 1586.
6,994, f.76 – Letter from Sir Francis Walsingham to Burghley, calling for Drake to attack the Spanish bullion fleets and cautioning Burghley to protect the true identity of his agent Pompeo Pellegrini; 26 July 1587.
7,190, article 2, ff.125r–126r – Eighteenth-century copy of Elizabeth I’s letter to Mary I from the Tower, 17 March 1554.
The Spanish Armada Page 42