Colombian drug trade, 62–64
Conroy, Bill, 69
Constitution of Mexico, 164
Contreras, Julián, 188, 202
Coparmex Juárez, 18, 20
Corchado, Alfredo, 69
Córdova, José Ángel, 213
Coronel, Ignacio “Nacho,” 268
Corral Jurado, Javier, 208
corruption. See federal police, Juárez municipal police, Mexico, state ministerial police
Creel, 151
crime: crime spree, 110–111; link to drug trafficking, 47; increase in, 56, 105, 269–270; at schools, 119
Crime Stoppers, 189, 230
Crispín, Margarita, 30
Cuesta, La, 69
Dávila, Luz María, 185–186, 189–191, 198, 205, 217, 219–221
DEA (U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency), 30, 76, 102, 233, 238, 247, 254
de la Rosa, Gustavo: death threats to, 175–177; description of, 88; detainment by U.S., 178–179; on expansion of federal police, 241; on human rights work group, 225, 228; opinion of Reyes Ferriz, 88; work as human rights advocate, 168, 171, 173–175
de la Rosa Carrillo, Alejo, 176
Delta Group, 103–104
Desid, Victor Manual, 246
DFS. See Federal Directorate for Security
Diario, El: on Los Aztecas, 54; circulation, 259; on collaboration with U.S. law enforcement, 233; confronts army, 78; criticisms of SPS, 50; demands government intervention, 25; on early army successes, 80; employment of Rodríguez, 116; on “failed state” debate, 201; on El Chapo Guzmán, 30; on murders of U.S. Consulate staff, 237; public opinion of army, 81; public opinion of government responsibility, 202; quotes de la Rosa, 177; on Saulo Reyes, 19, 254; on Reyes Ferriz’s opinion of Reyes Baeza, 261; on Javier Rosales case, 168–170; on tally of dead, 15; on Villas de Salvárcar, 187, 193, 206
Diego, El. See Acosta Hernández, José Antonio
Dirección Federal de Seguridad. See Federal Directorate for Security
Dirty War, 90–92, 202–204
domestic violence, 165
Donaldo Colosio, Luis, 3
Double A’s. See Artistas Asesinos
Dowell, Guillermo, 126
Duarte, César, 252, 256, 258
Durango, 5, 35, 80, 236
Echeverría, Luis, 90
Elena: early history, 60; financial strain, 158–159; relationship with Hernán, 58, 65–66; work in brothel, 159–162
El Paso: de la Rosa detained in, 178; home of Lesley Enríquez, 235; hub for trafficking, 85; move of Reyes Ferriz family to, 2, 146; porous border, 39; Saulo Reyes affair, 16, 20; rumors of being Reyes Ferriz’s home, 145–148; source of cheaper goods, 223–224
El Paso del Norte, 10
Emergency Response Center (CERI), 229, 233, 239, 243, 265
Encina, Alonso, 180–186, 189, 198, 205
Encina, Ángel Alonso, 182–183, 185–186
Encina, José Adrián, 182–183, 185, 189–190, 198
Encino, Oscar Alan, 182–183, 185
Enríquez, Jesús, 180
Enríquez, Lesley, 235–237, 256
Escamilla, Brenda, 192, 193, 198, 218
Escobar Prieto, Avelardo, 213, 217
Espinosa, Patricia, 71
Espitia, General Felipe de Jesús, 175, 247
Estado Mayor, 219–221, 225
Excélsior, 259
extortion, 5–6, 138, 162–163, 197, 223, 246, 269
Familia Michoacana, La, 12, 32, 244–245, 267–268
FARC guerillas, 215
FBI (U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation), 76, 102, 233, 236, 238, 247
Federal Directorate for Security (DFS), 89–92
federal police: attacks increase against, 265; in Camarena affair, 233; corruption of, 33, 246–248; description of, 245; distrust of municipal police, 105; expansion of, 34, 241–242, 268; first promised to Juárez, 49; lack of forces, 50; mortality rate, 5; public opinion of, 137–138; restrictions on, 34; tension with Hector Murguía, 265. See also Patiño, Patricio
federal preventive police, 14, 243. See also federal police
Federation. See Pax Mafiosa
Félix Guerra, Heriberto, 213
femicides, 15, 83, 116, 128, 168, 190, 207
Fernández, Sergio, 168–171
Financiero, El, 201
FNCR. See National Front Against Repression
Fox, Vicente, 3, 33, 240
Fraccionamiento Villa de Alcalá, 128
Fuentes, Amado Carrillo, 166, 175
Fuentes, Carlos, 135–136
Fuentes, Vicente Carrillo, 99
Galindo, Mara, 190
Galdino Menera Molina, José, 245
Galván Galván, Guillermo, 96, 127
gang task force, 26, 29
García, Raquel, 170
García Luna, Genaro: connection to Patiño, 23, 47; description of, 248; in El Diario, 50; effort to clean up federal police, 33; in Juárez, 127, 213; meetings with, 124; position in the government, 12; at press conference, 95; Reyes Ferriz’s opinion of, 246–248; rumors of connection to El Chapo Guzmán, 243–244, 247, 249–250; on U.S. weapons, 136; views on law enforcement, 248–249
García Urquiza, Angel Orlando, 120
Geraldo, 128
Giner Durán, General Práxedes, 38
golden triangle, 5
Gómez Mont, Fernando: meetings in Juárez, 127; meets with Reyes Ferriz, 125; perspective on Juárez, 222; response to Villas de Salvárcar, 205–211, 213, 216, 221
Gómez Palacio, 102
González, Patricia: meets with Patiño, 23, 79; response to Casa Aliviane, 153; response to de la Rosa’s security concerns, 176; response to Villas de Salvárcar, 188, 197; Reyes Ferriz’s opinion of, 260–261; at security meetings, 247
Güereque, Eduardo, 200
Guerrero, 5, 80, 174
Guevara, Che, 90
Gulf cartel: connection to Zetas, 202, 269; pre/post-Calderón status, 267–268; total arrests of, 244; Valdés discusses, 32; war with Sinaloa cartel, 13, 47
Guzmán, Edgar, 13
Guzmán Loera, Arturo, 251n5
Guzmán Loera, Joaquín El Chapo: attacks police, 30; conflict with Juárez cartel, 13; reporters ask about, 23; role within Sinaloa cartel, 268; rumored connection to García Luna, 243–244, 247
Heraldo de Chihuahua, El, 77
Hernán: assassination of, 152; character of, 65; drug trafficking, 85; relationship with Elena, 65–66; status in cartel, 60; use of cocaine, 151–152
Hernández Sánchez, Juan, 129
heroin: and crime, 56; domestic use, 53–54; La Línea’s role in transporting, 82; supply routes to U.S., 63; trafficking by Juárez cartel, 85
Hotel Santa Fe, 266
Human Rights Commission, 78, 88, 170, 176, 241
human rights violations. See under federal police; Juárez municipal police; Mexican army; Mexico; Operación Conjunto Chihuahua; state ministerial police
Human Rights Watch, 172–173, 175
human trafficking, 5
ICE. See Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Iglesia Jesucristo, Sol de Justicia, 192
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 17, 30, 69, 238
Independencia, 181
Inter-American Development Bank, 167, 211, in Medellín, 215
Inter-American Human Rights Commission (IAHRC), 176
Jaguares, Los, 183, 192, 198, 217
Jáuregui, César, 253–254, 258
journalists: danger to, 6, 115; precarious position of, 114–115; threats to, 116. See also Rodríguez, Armando
Juárez (Cuidad Juárez): abandoned by residents, 200–201; anger in, 222; atmosphere of fear, 22; Chinese residents in, 160; code of silence, 59; conspiracy theories in, 130; cynicism of people, 131; drug-related crime, 55; economic history, 17–18; executions in, 6, 127, 239; gang culture, 26, 28, 150, 158; judicial corruption, 172; narco-culture, 61; “new strategy,” 196, 204; number of schools in, 157; physical description of, 17; problems faced, 119; resilience
of, 6, 59, 272; unemployment in, 155, 165, 180; U.S. issues travel warning, 236
Juárez, Benito, 9
Juárez cartel: arrest of Armando Acosta Guerrero, 265; attack on Villas del Salvárcar, 183–186, 193–195, 197; houses of death, 68, 82; importance, 85; organizational structure, 54; pre/post-Calderón status, 267–268; relationship with law enforcement, 83–84, 104, 140; rumors of connection to Murguía, 253–254; targets Reyes Ferriz, 81; total arrests of, 244; use of cocaine, 151–152; use of narcocorridos, 107; in Valley of Juárez, 175–176; war with Sinaloa cartel, 12, 57, 194–195, 269. See also La Línea
Juárez Citizen’s Assembly, 203
Juárez Loera, General Jorge, 71–72, 75; assassination of, 126n1; suggests police chief, 101, 121
Juárez Maquiladora Association, 200
Juárez municipal police: assassinations of, 67, 95, 103, 113, 122–123; code of silence, 109; Confidence Tests, 74, 94–95, 105–110, 148; connection to La Línea, 82–84; corruption of, 1, 16, 19–20, 31, 37, 42–43, 56–57, 70, 75, 121, 231; creation of “New Police,” 139–140; disbanded, 132; inefficiency of, 241; mass resignations, 7; mission of, 26; response to Enríquez murder, 235; restrictions on, 34; size of force, 83; tensions with Orduña, 103–105; tier in law enforcement, 33
Juárez Police Academy, 25–26
kidnapping, 5, 6, 105, 143
Lara, José Luis, 229
Leahy, Patrick, 172
Ledesma, Francisco, 26, 29, 41, 68, 109
levantado, 31, 82, 84, 90
Leyzaola, Julián, 266
lifted. See levantado
Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre, La, 90–92
Línea, La: arrest of Armando Acosta Guerrero, 265; beheads officer, 103; functions of, 43, 82–83; officers’ awareness of, 109; rumors link Murguía to, 254; Sinaloa cartel target, 24, 31, 42; in Valley of Juárez, 176
López Dóriga, Joaquín, 126, 200
Los Angeles Times, 128, 136, 259
Los Mexicles, 27, 199
Lozano, Fernando, 75–76
Lujambio, Alonso, 213
Madera, 90
Maerker, Denise, 126
Making of the President, The, 40
Malilla, El, 253
Manríquez, Father Mario, 163–167
Mansfield Amendment, 63
maquiladoras: closures, 180, 223; criticized for impact on families, 165; draw Juárez’s youth, 157; economic impact, 11, 82; employ women, 86–87; promotion of, 196; shape growth of Juárez, 17
marijuana: army’s seizure of, 77–78, 81, 96; rates of use in Chihuahua, 208; Saulo Reyes affair, 16; seizures in media, 215; trafficking by Colombian cartels, 62; trafficking by Juárez cartel, 30, 55, 68, 85; U.S. market, 63
mass graves, 4, 6
Matamoros, 47, 236
McGrath, Raymond, 237–238
Medellín, 215
Medina-Mora, Eduardo, 95, 127, 135, 267
Medrano, Juan Carlos, 192
Meléndez Ortega, Casimiro, 74
Mérida Initiative, 172, 179
methamphetamines, 82, 85, 215
Mexican army: begins patrolling Juárez, 76, 80; death squads, 202; decision to use, 35; deployment of, 4; distrust of municipal police, 105; human rights complaints against, 81, 168–172, 203, 241; increase in troops, 72; lack of accountability, 173–175; mortality rate, 5; public opinion of, 134, 137–138, 158; Red Berets, 170; replaced by federal police in Juárez, 241, 247; rumors of connection to Sinaloa, 130; takes over policing Juárez, 132, 241; tension with press, 78–79
Mexicano, El, 202
Mexican Revolution, 164
Mexicles, Los, 27, 199
Mexico: class structure, 144, corruption, 2–3, 20–21, 80, 96, 135, 164, 196; corruption in law enforcement, 34, 80; cynicism of people, 244; democratization impacts cartels, 269; dysfunction of judicial system, 117, 128, 224, 260–261, 270; emergence of drug market, 269; as “failed state,” 36, 201, 267; human rights issues, 5; law enforcement structure, 33. See also specific law enforcement agencies
Michoacán, 4, 5, 35, 80, 245
Molina, Captain, 170
money laundering, 21, 82
Monterrey, 236, 270
Monument to Fallen Police, 37, 41
Mouriño Terrazo, Juan Camilo, 96, 118
mules, 85
Muñoz, Rafael, 39, 92
Murguía, Hector “Teto”: attends high school, 89; bodyguard killed, 266; as candidate for mayor, 252, 258, 262; connection to Saulo Reyes, 18–20, 82; description of, 254; institutes youth curfew, 165; militarization of police, 104; run for governor, 141; suspicion of ties to Juárez cartel, 253; tension with federal police, 266–267
NAFTA, 203
narco-capitalism, 203
narcocorridos, 18, 65, 107–108, 203
narco-corruption, 21, 135
narcofosa, 128–129
Narco News, 69, 237
National Front Against Repression, 202–203, 219, 221
New York Times, 128, 259
NiNis, Los, 157, 164–167, 208, 224, 249, 272
Nogales, 236
Norponiente, 154
Norte, El, 27, 146, 202, 259
Nuevo Laredo: cartel rivalry, 32; U.S. issues travel warning, 236; violence in, 12, 14, 47
Nuevo León, 5, 270
Oasis Revolución, 163–164, 166
Oaxaca, 64, 80
Obama, Barack, 236, 239
Obregón, Adriana, 227
Ojinaga, 175
Omnia, 79
Ontiveros, Gilberto, 39, 92
Operación Conjunto Chihuahua: assessed by security cabinet, 95; de la Rosa’s reaction to, 88; human rights abuses, 168–175; lack of results, 201, 204; planning meeting, 125, 170–171. See also Mexican army; Operación Coordinada Chihuahua
Operación Coordinada Chihuahua, 201, 204, 212
Operation Hold the Line, 54, 269
Orduña, Roberto: description, 101; narcomessages about, 122; resignation of, 123, 230; tension with the media, 101–103; tension with his officers, 103–105
Organización Popular Independiente, 156, 164
Ortiz, José, 95
Ortiz Arellano, Gerardo, 229
PAN. See Partido Acción Nacional
Pancho Villa, 163
Parra, Lizeth, 248
Parral, 163
Partido Acción Nacional (PAN): in Juárez, 40; success in presidential election, 3, 201, 204, 207–209, 240
Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), 3, 201, 207–209, 213, 221
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI): dominance of, 3, 140, 201, 208–209, 213; execution of candidate, 255; mayoral candidates, 252; in state government, 214
Pascual, Carlos, 247
Patiño, Patricio: on corruption in municipal police, 49, 73; on domestic drug use, 48; media criticism, 51; meetings with state government, 23, 47, 241; Pax Mafiosa, 13; on PR of cartels, 48–49
Penchyna, David, 208
Pérez Cúellar, Cruz, 201, 204
Pérez Serrano, Sacramento, 122
PGR. See Procuraduría General de la República
picaderos, 42, 53–55
Piña Dávila, José Luis, 186, 189–190
Piña Dávila, Marcos, 186, 189–190, 198
Pinos, Los, 32, 205, 209–210, 212, 215
Plataforma México, 249
police. See federal police; Juárez municipal police; state ministerial police
Portillo, César Iván, 123
PRD. See Partido de la Revolución Democrática
Presidencia Municipal, 1, 139, 157, 261
PRI. See Partido Revolucionario Institucional
Prieto Quintana, Guillermo: attempt at resignation, 70–71; collaboration with army, 97; on death of Román, 98; fear of assassination, 67; lengthens shifts, 103; relocation to El Paso, 100, 123; Jose Reyes’s trust in, 46; on Saulo Reyes, 19; on severity of violence, 15; takes Confidence Test, 94; in training, 25
Proceso, 207, 243–244
Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), 4,
189
Puma Group, 26, 29. See also gang task force
Quintana, Víctor, 201, 207–209
Quintana Roo, 80
Rama, El, 193–195
Ramírez Mandrujano, Noe, 135
Ramírez Peyro, Guillermo Eduardo, 69
Rebollo, General Gutiérrez, 166
Reco, El, 238
Red Cross, 186, 205
Red de Mujeres, 225
Redelfs, Arthur, 235, 237–238, 256
Reforma, 79, 249–250, 259
Reyes, Saulo, 16, 18–22, 30, 49–50, 82, 145, 254
Reyes Estrada Aguirre, José, 38, 40
Reyes Baeza, José: at Cibeles meeting, 219–220; on consulting military, 72; convoy ambushed, 124; end of term, 20; endorses candidates, 252; media criticism of, 201; meeting with Patiño, 23; moves state government, 214; opinion of de la Rosa, 168; on police assassinations, 95; rebukes federal government, 207; refusal to divert funds to Juárez, 133; relationship with Valencia, 145; response to Villas de Salvárcar, 190–191, 197, 205–206, 211, 213; at security meetings, 247; suspicions of, 126, 130, 141, 208–209; tension with Reyes Ferriz, 190, 259–261
Reyes Ferriz, José: asks Prieto to stay on, 73; on army as a stop-gap, 139; at Cibeles meeting, 219; on death of Román, 98; death threats, 108, 123–124, 255; defends army, 173–174; defends Calderón, 198; description of house, 147–148; early life, 38; exclusion from relevant meetings, 24, 51; on García Luna, 246–248; isolation of, 71; last day in office, 258–261; meets with Inter-American Development Bank, 167; move of his family to El Paso, 2; opinion of de la Rosa, 88; original agenda for his term, 10–11; relationship with the media, 117, 146, 201; on results of Confidence Tests, 106–107; on Reyes Baeza, 214, 259–261; rumors about, 130, 145–148; supports Jáuregui for mayor, 253; target of Juárez cartel, 11, 81; on Villas de Salvárcar, 187, 205–206, 211, 213
Rivera, Diego, 181
Rivera Bretón, Julián David, 132, 139, 230
Rodelo, Gerardo Gallegos, 80
Rodríguez, Adrián, 193–194
Rodríguez, Armando, 15, 116
Román, Antonio, 42, 68, 94–99
Román, Juan Antonio, 26
Rosales Rosales, Javier Eduardo, 168–172
Rosas, Facundo, 246–247
Ruiz, Raymundo: covers Calderón’s visit, 225; description of work, 112; early history, 27, 131–132; opinion of army, 134–135; position as journalist, 114–115, 117–118
The Fight to Save Juárez Page 40