by Thomas Leahy
27. See Appendix A.1.
28. Operation Banner, points 529–30.
29. Operation Banner, points 529–30.
30. For more further details see Northern Ireland: Prevention of Terrorism debate, House of Commons, Hansard, 8 June 1993: www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-06-08/Debate-5.html.
31. See further examples in Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 226–9; see reference number 2833 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
32. Operation Banner, point 524; see also Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 252–3.
33. ‘Fracas During Watchtower Protests’, BBC News Online, 17 December 2000: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1075322.stm; ‘Police, Army Attacked at Armagh Watchtowers’, Irish Times, 10 December 2001: www.irishtimes.com/news/police-army-attacked-at-armagh-watchtowers-1.406827.
34. For examples see Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 252–62.
35. Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 124–5.
36. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 20 January 2014.
37. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012; interview with veteran Troubles commentator, 22 May 2012.
38. Powell, Great Hatred, pp. 162–3, 176.
39. IWMSA, 28361, reel 31, Julian Thompson, recorded 10 November 2005.
40. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 May 2011.
41. MacDonald, Chosen Fews, pp. 40–1.
42. TNA, CJ 4/3474, South Armagh area review, March 1980, pp. 8–9, 19–20, 28.
43. Matchett, Secret Victory, p. 13.
44. TNA, CJ 4/3474, South Armagh area review, March 1980, pp. 19–20.
45. MacDonald, Chosen Fews, pp. 25–9; Nash, Reid and Graham, Partitioned Lives, pp. 6–19, 62.
46. Christine Toner, A Different South Armagh (Newry: Teaghlagh Publishing, 2011), pp. 75, 130–40, 150–70; MacDonald, Chosen Fews, pp. 39–41, 100–6, 121–3, 174.
47. Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, pp. 209–10.
48. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012.
49. McDonald, Chosen Fews, pp. 28–9; Toner, A Different South Armagh, pp. 32–9.
50. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
51. Smithwick Tribunal, pp. 93–103.
52. See Appendix A.1.
53. ‘Fermanagh Informer Had “Limited Information’’’, An Phoblacht, 2 February 2006: www.anphoblacht.com/contents/14776.
54. Lewis, Fishers, pp. 164–84.
55. Reference numbers 2664–6 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, pp. 191–3.
56. Lewis, Fishers, pp. 111–37, 163–84, 198–209.
57. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and west Tyrone area review, January 1981, pp. 23–30.
58. Lewis, Fishers, pp. 112–13.
59. Richard Latham, Deadly Beat: Inside the Royal Ulster Constabulary (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, 2001), pp. 143–7.
60. Reference numbers 1680–2, 1909, 2427, 2733, 3354 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
61. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and west Tyrone area review, January 1981, p. 16.
62. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and west Tyrone area review, January 1981, pp. 16–17.
63. Henry Patterson, ‘Sectarianism Revisited: The Provisional IRA Campaign in a Border Region of Northern Ireland’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 22.3 (2010), 337–56.
64. Reference numbers 2283–2893, 2921 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
65. Paul Bew and Gordon Gillespie, Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1968–1999 (Dublin: Scarecrow Press, 1999), p. 210.
66. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 22 May 2012; see also Mulroe, Bombs, Bullets and the Border, pp. 147–8, 156–7.
67. See table for breakdown of population by district between 1987 and 1996, CAIN online: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/popul.htm.
68. Conway, Southside Provisional, p. 99.
69. Reference number 2744 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; see also Mulroe, Bombs, Bullets and the Border, pp. 211–12.
70. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and west Tyrone area review, January 1981, p. 30.
71. See Appendix A.1.
72. Reference number 2312 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
73. Conway, Southside Provisional, p. 192; see also Mulroe, Bombs, Bullets and the Border, pp. 228–9.
74. See Appendix A.1.
75. ‘Chronology of the Conflict for 1992 and 1993’, CAIN online: at http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch92.htm and http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch93.htm.
76. See Appendix A.2.
77. Dillon, Dirty War, pp. 364–76; reference number 2606 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, pp. 118–22.
78. See Appendix A.1; reference numbers 3101–4 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
79. ‘Chronology of the conflict for 1992 and 1993’.
80. See Appendix A.2.
81. Reference number 2775 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
82. Harkin and Ingram, Stakeknife, pp. 122–35; reference numbers 3212, 3324–6 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
83. Harkin and Ingram, Stakeknife, pp. 122–35; Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 194–6; reference numbers 2487, 3324–6 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, p. 151.
84. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 194–205; reference numbers 2479–81 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; Urban, Big Boys’ Rules, pp. 151–60.
85. See Appendix A.1.
86. Nelson Inquiry Report, p. 28.
87. ‘Chronology of the conflict for 1993’, CAIN online.
88. Reference numbers 2473–5, 3122–4, 3176–82 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
89. Dewar, British Army, p. 136.
90. Anne Cadwallader, Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland (Cork: Mercier Press, 2013).
91. See reference number 3094 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives; see also Henry McDonald, ‘British Army Unit Watched as Loyalists Shot IRA Man Dead, Report Finds’, The Guardian, 5 March 2012: www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/05/british-army-loyalists-ira-report; ‘Ombudsman to Probe Police Collusion in Loyalist Killings’, The Irish News, 21 January 2016: www.irishnews.com/news/2016/01/21/news/ombudsman-to-probe-police-collusion-in-loyalist-killings-389669/; ‘UVF Killed Sam Marshall as Eight Soldiers Watched – Cover-Up?’, An Phoblacht, 2 April 2012: www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1423.
92. See Appendix A.2.
93. Nelson Inquiry Report.
94. See Appendix A.1.
95. Reference numbers 2187–90, 2543–6, 2726–7, 2972–9 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
96. See Appendix A.1.
97. Reference numbers 3277–84 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
98. TNA, CJ 4/3474, East Tyrone area review, July 1980, p. 30.
99. Reference numbers 2838–45, in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
100. Hughes in Moloney, Voices, p. 266; McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 142–3.
101. Harkin and Ingram, Stakeknife, p. 53.
102. Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, pp. 205–21.
103. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 11–24.
104. TNA, CJ 4/3474, East Tyrone area review, July 1980, pp. 30, 38, 79–80.
105. Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, pp. 241–4.
106. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 318–19.
107. Frampton, ‘Agents and Ambushes’, pp. 92–6; Moloney, Secret History, p. 319.
108. Cf. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 11–24, 232–3.
109. Reference number 3330 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
110. Interview with Tommy McKearney, Monaghan, 18 April 2011 (italics mine).
111. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
112. Matchett, Secret Victory, p. 12.
113. Hughes with Moloney, Voices, pp. 266–70.
114. See Appendix A.2.
115. See Appendix A.1.
116. Collins with McGovern, Killing Rage, pp. 14, 152, 235.
117. Collins with McGovern
, Killing Rage, pp. 216–94; Fulton, Unsung Hero, pp. 182–9; see also Fulton in Smithwick Tribunal, p. 250.
118. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 251–60; Fulton, Unsung Hero; Smithwick Tribunal, pp. 237–68.
119. Collins with McGovern, Killing Rage, pp. 120, 152–79, 222–3.
120. Interview with veteran Troubles commentator, 22 May 2012.
121. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 20 January 2014.
122. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 147–53.
123. Matchett, Secret Victory, p. 192; Mulholland, ‘Politics and Violence’, pp. 410–11.
124. See table 9 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives, p. 1557.
125. For examples, see TNA, CJ 4/3474, East Tyrone area review, July 1980, p. 18, 42; TNA, CJ 4/3474, South Armagh area review, March 1980, pp. 19–21.
126. Interview with Féilim Ó hAdhmaill, Cork, 9 September 2013.
127. Operation Banner, point 414.
128. Foley, Countering Terrorism in Britain and France, pp. 264–5, 317.
129. TNA, FCO 87/976, Future Terrorists Trends, 15 December 1978.
130. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 61–2; Patterson, Ireland’s Violent Frontier, p. 1.
131. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and West Tyrone area review, January 1981, p. 6, 23.
132. Interview with Séanna Walsh, Belfast, 21 May 2012 in Leahy, Informers, p. 169.
133. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012.
134. Matchett, Secret Victory, pp. 30, 114–16, 129–32, 152–3, 220, 246–7.
135. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and West Tyrone area review, January 1981, pp. 26–7.
136. TNA, CJ 4/3474, South Armagh area review, March 1980, pp. 31, 53, 67.
137. TNA, CJ 4/3474, Fermanagh and West Tyrone area review, January 1981, p. 40.
138. Former British Army soldier 1, interview with author, 26 June 2012.
139. Operation Banner, point 411.
140. Patterson, Ireland’s Violent Frontier, pp. 49–50.
141. Mulroe, Bombs, Bullets and the Border, pp. 34, 108, 125, 157–61, 195–205, 230–1.
142. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 May 2011.
143. Nash, Reid and Graham, Partitioned Lives, p. 135.
144. Harnden, ‘Bandit Country’, pp. 262–5; Operation Banner, see the yellow box on pp. 5–2.
145. Reference numbers 3084–5 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
146. Operation Banner, point 507.
147. McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 116–17.
148. Nash, Reid and Graham, Partitioned Lives, p. 88.
149. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012.
150. Nash, Reid and Graham, Partitioned Lives; for opinion polls carried out in the late 1970s showing evidence of some sympathy for IRA objectives and activities in Irish borderlands, see Davis and Sinnott, Attitudes in the Republic of Ireland, pp. 26, 48–9, 110–14.
151. Collins with McGovern, Killing Rage, p. 14.
152. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012.
153. Collins with McGovern, Killing Rage, pp. 235, 245.
154. Paul Larkin, ‘How Spooks Are Undermining the Peace Process in Northern Ireland’, The Guardian, 13 February 2012: www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/feb/13/spooks-undermining-peace-northern-ireland.
155. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 375–80.
156. Interview with Tommy McKearney, Monaghan, 23 May 2012.
157. Cf. McGladdery, IRA in England, pp. 5–6, 57–60, 142.
158. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 650–1.
159. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, pp. 288–92.
160. McGladdery, IRA in England, pp. 111–17.
161. O’Callaghan, The Informer, pp. 100–58.
162. ‘O’Callaghan: The Truth’, An Phoblacht, 6 March 1997, pp. 10–12.
163. Andrews, Defence of the Realm, pp. 782–5; ‘IRA Pair Who Plotted City “Fireball” Jailed’, The Independent, 21 January 1995: www.independent.co.uk/news/ira-pair-who-plotted-city-fireball-jailed-1568954.html.
164. Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, 180–6; see also ‘Vintage Stuff from English Jails’, An Phoblacht, 20 December 2007: www.anphoblacht.com/contents/17918.
165. Tommy McKearney, interview with author, Monaghan, 23 May 2012; McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 126–7.
166. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, pp. 375–6.
167. McKearney, Provisional IRA, pp. 126–7.
168. Reference numbers 2440–50, 2592–7 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
169. Reference numbers 2652–5 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
170. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, pp. 331–2.
171. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, p. 377; reference numbers 3057–66, 3070, 3127 in McKittrick et al., Lost Lives.
172. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, p. 378.
173. Taylor, Provos, pp. 321–2.
174. Aldrich and Cormac, The Black Door, pp. 396–7; Andrews, Defence of the Realm, p. 783.
175. ‘Chronology of the Conflict’, CAIN online: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch94.htm.
176. See McGladdery, IRA in England, pp. 146–69.
177. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 782–3.
178. Interview with veteran Troubles commentator, 22 May 2012.
179. McKearney, Provisional IRA, p. 127.
180. Cf. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, pp. 379–90.
181. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, p. 385.
182. Adams and Wilson, Metropolitan Police Special Branch, p. 330–1.
183. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
184. Interview with former British soldier 1, 26 June 2012.
185. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 113, 236–7.
186. Interview with Féilim Ó hAdhmaill, Cork, 9 September 2013.
187. Interview with Laurence McKeown, Belfast, 22 May 2012.
188. Interview with republican activist 1, 21 May 2012.
189. Holland and Phoenix, Phoenix, p. 289.
190. Bradley with Feeney, Insider, pp. 194–5.
191. Barker, Shadows, pp. 233–4.
192. Taylor, Provos, p. 333.
193. McGladdery, IRA in England, p. 143, 172.
194. Setting the Record Straight, pp. 30–6.
195. Cf. Barker, Shadows, pp. 233–40.
196. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 14–34.
197. LHCMA, Endgame in Ireland 1/14, Typescript transcript of rolls 94–6 with Charles Powell.
198. O’Callaghan, The Informer, pp. 178–85; see also Martin Ferris with J. J. Barrett, Martin Ferris: Man of Kerry (Kerry: Brandon, 2006), pp. 122–59.
199. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 738.
200. O’Callaghan, The Informer, p. 228; see similar assessments in Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 703; Taylor, Provos, pp. 277–8.
201. LHCMA, Endgame in Ireland 1/14, Typescript transcript of rolls 94–6 with Charles Powell.
202. Moloney, Secret History, pp. 157–8, 375.
203. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 750.
204. For examples of British attempts to convict leading republicans see TNA, CJ 4/3445, J. A. Daniell, ‘Analysis and assessment of the implications of the Provisional Sinn Fein case’, November 1978; TNA, DEFE 11/917, Ministry of Defence Chief of Staff meeting, 14 September 1976, p. 4; TNA, CJ 4/4815, A. R. Brown letter to Mr Davies on RUC monitoring of senior republican, 8 December 1983.
205. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 18 May 2011.
206. See a similar view by Kevin Toolis, ‘Was MI6 Behind the Brighton Bomb?’, The Times, 2 June 2006.
207. Interview with Danny Morrison, Belfast, 18 May 2011.