by Thomas Leahy
Ó hAdhmaill, Féílim on IRA activities in England, 104, 195, 212–213
on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 35, 126, 149
on the peace process, 216, 227
O’Brien, Brendan, 127, 162, 214
O’Brien, Seamus, 143, See also Heatherington, Vincent
O’Doherty, Shane Paul and IRA activities in England, 101, 104
and the Tyrone IRA, 101
on Derry city, 22, 36–37
on Operation Motorman, 92
on the Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), 35, 93–4
on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 94–95, 115
O’Donnell, Catherine, 202
O’Loan, Nuala, 83, See also McConville, Jean
O’Reilly, Tom, 174
Oatley, Michael, 76, 109, 112, 115, 131, 136, 207, See also MI6
O’Callaghan, Sean and IRA activities in England, 191–192, 193, 195
and IRA arms shipments, 197
on the rural IRA, 101
O’Doherty, Shane Paul and IRA activities in England, 101
on Derry city, 22, 36–37
on Operation Motorman, 92
on the Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA), 35, 93–94
on the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 94–95, 115
O’Donnell, Catherine, 203
Official IRA (OIRA), 20, 34, 44, 46, 48, 49, 157
Oldfield, Sir Maurice, 131
Omand, Sir David on community support, 7, 22, 38
on divisions within the state, 7
on intelligence cooperation, 41
on intelligence strategy, 65
on types of intelligence, 8
Open-source intelligence (OSINT), 8, 241
Operation Banner, 19on ‘an acceptable level of violence’, 7, 17, 123
on British intelligence and security strategy, 38, 66, 130, 131, 145
on checkpoints, 189
on criminalisation, 123
on cross-border roads, 47
on house searches, 37
on internment, 39
on Irish security forces, 189
on screening, 86
on the border area, 186
on the IRA, 36, 81, 82, 85, 88, 103, 126, 168
on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 168, 170
on the south Armagh watchtowers, 167
Operation Kenova, 148, 247, See also Stakeknife
Operation Motorman, 55, 87, 150, See also Belfast Brigade (IRA); Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA)
Paisley, Ian, 74, 114
Palmer, Brian, 83, See also McKee, Kevin; Wright, Seamus
Patterson, Henry, 42, 176, 213
Perry, Margaret, 179, See also Burns, Gregory
Phoenix, Ian on intelligence rivalries, 141
on IRA activities in England, 192, 195
on Martin McGartland, 149
on the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 36, 143, 146, 152, 156
on the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 183
on the Loughgall SAS ambush (1987), 141, 182
on the SAS, 152, 210
on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 167, 195
Police Ombudsman Northern Ireland, 83, 146, 148
Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), 13, 142
Powell, Jonathan on constructive ambiguity, 109
on decommissioning, 224, 225
on pan-nationalist strategy, 207
on republican leaders and the peace process, 220, 228, 232
on the IRA ceasefire (1972), 244–245
on the IRA ceasefire (1975), 246
on the peace process, 247
on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 171
Powell, Lord Charles, 131, 197
Price, Dolours, 13, 84, 103, 246
Price, Marion, 246
Prior, James, 128, 133, 134, 135
Provisional IRA (IRA), 2, 34–35, 91, See also Belfast Brigade (IRA); Derry Brigade (Derry city IRA); East Tyrone Brigade (IRA); Fermanagh IRA; North and mid-Armagh IRA; South Armagh Brigade (IRA)activities in England, 5, 10, 71, 77–78, 81, 102–107, 163, 164, 165, 191–196, 197–198, 223–225, 230, 233, 237, 239
and a British declaration of intent to withdraw (1972), 53–54, 56, 57
and a British declaration of intent to withdraw (1974–1975), 66, 67, 68, 75, 76, 108, 109, 110, 111–112, 113, 114, 237, 246
and a British declaration of intent to withdraw (1976–1979), 122
and a British declaration of intent to withdraw (1980–1998), 219, 224
and decommissioning, 223, 224–225, 234
and Libyan weapons, 157, 164, 174, 197, 198, 204, 205, 226, 230
and loose talk, 85–86, 149
and loyalists, 51–52, 53–54, 57–58, 73, 210–211
and loyalists and unionists, 55, 109–111, 213
and Newry, 5, 42, 145, 165, 168, 185–186, 190, 239, See also South Armagh Brigade (IRA)
and ‘shoot-to-kill’ incidents, 181, 187, 210, 242
and the Ballysillan Post Office SAS ambush (1978), 152
and the disappeared, 33, 82–85, 95–96, 144
and the Irish state, 204–205
and the Mitchell principles, 223
and the peace process, 247
and the SDLP, 26, 49–50, 52, 134
and the suspension of Stormont (1972), 24
Armalite and Ballot-Box strategy (1981), 233
Army Council, 26, 51, 52, 67, 74, 102, 104, 109, 128, 129, 164, 191, 196, 197, 224, 226, 232
Army Executive, 191, 224
assassination of Joe Bratty, 210, 211
assassination of Lord Mountbatten (1979), 125, 131
assassination of Raymond Elder, 210, 211
Balcombe Street ‘gang’ (1975), 104, 106
Baltic Exchange bombing (1992), 193
Birmingham pub bombings (1974), 77, 105, 106
Bishopsgate bombing (1993), 194
Brighton bombing (1984), 125, 131, 193, 195, 197
cell structure, 5, 89–90, 125–126, 130, 138, 154–155, 205
Chief of Staff, 24, 44, 53, 54, 104, 191, 196
Christmas ceasefire (1990), 217, 218
civilian casualties, 138, 153–154, 162–163, 186, 204–205, 212–213, 237
Cloghogue checkpoint attack (1992), 189, See also South Armagh Brigade (IRA)
counter-intelligence measures, 88–89
Deal barracks bombing (1989), 193
Derryard checkpoint attack (1989), 189
Docklands bombing (1996), 224
Downing Street mortar attack (1991), 170, 193, 194, 197, See also South Armagh Brigade (IRA)
Enniskillen bombing (1987), 177, 212, 213, See also Fermanagh IRA
Five-point peace plan (1971), 52, 245
formation (1969), 30
Free Derry press conference (1972), 52
General Army Conventions, 191, 226
General Headquarters (GHQ), 101, 104, 226
General Order Eight, 204
Green Book, 204
Guildford pub bombings (1974), 105
Harrods bombing (1983), 193
Heathrow mortar attacks (1994), 194
Houses of Parliament bombing (1974), 105
hunger-strikes (1980–1981), 91, 124, 128, 131, 134, 148, 156, 157, 160, 165, 178, 202
Hyde Park bombing (1982), 193
internal security unit, 2, 130, 145–146, 147, 150, 180, 185, 190–191
leadership, 108, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 153, 154, 191–198, 199–200, 224–225, 234
Long War strategy, 126–130, 138, 165
M62 coach bombing (1974), 105
Magherafelt bombing (1993), 162, 178
Manchester bombing (1996), 223, 224
Newtownards bombing (1993), 179
Old Bailey bombing (1973), 103–104
Quartermasters, 104, 157, 196
Regent’s Park bombing (1982), 193
Shankill fish shop bombing (1993), 153, 211
St Mary’s Axe bombing (1992), 170, See also South Armagh Brigade (IRA)
Thiepval barracks bombing
(1996), 224
TUAS strategy (1994), 221–222
volunteers and the peace process, 225–228
Warrenpoint ambush (1979), 125, 167, 168, 170
Warrington bombing (1993), 196, 212
Rathcoole, 54, 57
Rees, Merlyn, 114, See also British government policy; British Labour Party; Callaghan, James, Donoughue, Bernard; Jenkins, Roy; Mason, Roy; Wilson, Haroldand British strategy (1974–1975), 63, 137
and British strategy (1975–1976), 117, 122
and criminalisation, 123
and independence for Northern Ireland (1974–1975), 66, 67–68, 69, 70–72, 74–77, 79–80, 110, 111–112, 122
and IRA activity in England, 77–78
and IRA ceasefire talks (March 1972), 53
and IRA talks (July 1972), 54
and the ban on Sinn Féin, 111
and the Constitutional Convention (1975), 69
and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 66–72, 75–80, 107, 110, 111–112, 241
and the legalisation of Sinn Féin and the UVF, 68
and Ulster loyalists, 70–71, 72, 75, 76–77
on British strategy (1974–1975), 137
on IRA activities in England, 106
on the South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 97
Reid, Father Alec, 127, 200, 203, 217, 225, See also Adams, Gerry
Reynolds, Albert, 201, 208, 217, 222, See also Ahern, Bertie; Fianna Fáil; Mansergh, Martin
River Bann, 46, 187
Robinson, Vincent, 148
Rowan, Brian, 230
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 18, 138, 188, See also Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB), See also Clarke, George; Matchett, William; Phoenix, Ianand Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU), 139, 166, 180, 187
and ‘shoot-to-kill’ incidents, 187
and the Garda, 99–100, 188–189
and the nationalist community, 39–40, 187
and The Way Ahead for Security Policy (1977), 122
Chief Constable, 100, 140, 152
death statistics, 186
Reserve, 186
Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB), 7, 29, 90, 92, See also Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)and Garda Special Branch, 99–100, 188–189, 194
and intelligence cooperation, 39–41
and intelligence guidelines, 141
and intelligence rivalries, 141–142, 240
and MI5, 140
and Military Intelligence Liasion Officers (MILO), 33
and south Armagh, 172
and TCGs, 141
and the Gransha ambush (1984), 159
and the intelligence system, 138–139
and the Metropolitan Police Special Branch (MPSB), 106–107, 192
E4A, 139, 151
surveillance in Belfast, 151–152
Rural IRA, 6–7, 41–48, 95–102, 107, 164, 165–191, 239–240, See also East Tyrone Brigade (IRA); Fermanagh IRA; North and mid-Armagh IRA; North and mid-Down IRA; South Armagh Brigade (IRA); South Derry IRA; South Down IRA
Sands, Bobby, 46, 184, 229
SAS, 8and Antoin MacGiolla Bhride (1984), 174–175
and Peter Cleary (1976), 166
and rural IRA units, 190, 198
and Seamus Harvey (1977), 166
and TCGs, 141
and the Ballysillan Post Office depot ambush (1978), 152
and the Coagh ambush (1991), 183
and the Coalisland ambush (1992), 183
and the East Tyrone Brigade (IRA), 141, 174–175, 182–184, 190
and the Fermanagh IRA, 177–178
and the Gibraltar ambush (1988), 156
and the Gransha ambush (1984), 159
and the intelligence structure, 140
and the Loughgall ambush (1987), 141, 182–183
and the peace process, 210
Saville Inquiry (Bloody Sunday Inquiry, 2010), 21, 33
Scotland, 192
Shenton, Private Christopher, 160
Sherry, Peter, 192, See also Magee, Patrick; Phoenix, Ian
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), 8, 90, 130, 192, 243
Sinn Féin, 2, 124, See also British government policy; Irish government (Irish state); Provisional IRA (IRA); Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP)and a federal Ireland (Éire Nua), 49–50, 51–52, 72, 109, 110, 115
and abstention, 111, 133, 214, 226
and British government policy, 26, 121, 131–137, 199, 205–210, 215, 219–222, 228–234, 238, 243–247
and Derry city, 162–163
and elections, 225, 238, 247
and informers, 228–233
and Irish-America, 222
and local councils, 202
and pan-nationalist talks, 199, 200–205, 206–208, 216–217, 219, 221–223, 225, 233–234, 238
and the American government, 234
and the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 215
and the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 153–154, 156–157
and the broadcasting ban (UK), 135
and the Downing Street Declaration (1993), 220–222
and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 115–117
and the Irish government, 58–59, 117, 131–132, 135, 199, 200–205, 206–208, 212, 213–217, 221–223, 224–225, 233–234, 238, 247
and the Long War strategy, 126–130
and the peace process, 199–235, 243–247
and the SDLP, 58–59, 117, 131–132, 162–163, 181, 184–185, 199, 200–205, 206–208, 211–212, 215–217, 221–222, 224–225, 226, 227, 233–234, 237, 238, 247
and unionism, 202, 206, 219, 221
proscription, 54, 58, 135
Slater, Alistair, 175
Slater, Hugh, 92
Sligo (county), 125
Smith, Brigadier Mike, 173
Smith, Howard, 24
Smithwick Tribunal, 165
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 55, 58, 59, See also British government policy; Hume, John; Irish government (Irish state); Provisional IRA (IRA); Sinn Féinand a federal Ireland, 50
and British government policy, 23–28, 63, 64, 113, 121, 131–132, 134, 135–136, 206–207, 208
and Derry city, 138, 162
and independence for Northern Ireland (1974–1975), 74, 113
and majority rule, 17, 21
and pan-nationalist talks, 200–205, 206–207, 208, 217, 220–222
and Stormont majority rule, 24, 28
and the IRA and Sinn Féin, 24–26, 28, 49–51, 54, 111, 113, 131–132, 156, 162–163, 181, 185, 199, 200–205, 206–207, 208, 211, 215, 220–222, 225, 226, 227, 233, 237, 238, 247
and the Irish government, 113, 200–205, 206–207, 208
and the suspension of Stormont (1972), 20–21
rent-and-rates strikes, 22
Towards a New Ireland strategy, 50
South Africa, 196, 211
South Armagh, 168, 190and British Army watchtowers, 166–167, 170–171
and Croslieve Mountain listening tower, 140
and the Borucki Sangar, 166
and the shooting of Harry Thornton (1971), 45
Camlough, 44
Crossmaglen, 42, 44, 45, 165, 166, 168, 172
Culderry, 166
Cullaville, 170
Cullyhanna, 166, 168
Forkhill, 166
Keady, 95
nationalists and Dundalk, 47, 99
Newtownhamilton, 95, 98
Tullydonnell, 98
South Armagh Brigade (IRA), 5, 41, 95, 164, 186, 187, 190, 242, See also Provisional IRA (IRA); South Armaghand British Army helicopters, 169, 172, 173
and British Army watchtowers, 166–167, 170–171
and British vehicle patrols, 169
and checkpoints, 167
and IRA operations, 186
and IRA operations in England, 166, 170, 195, 198, 223–224, 237
and local support, 168–169, 172–173, 187
and Robert Nairac, 95–96
and smuggling, 165, 172–173
and
the border, 172
and the Borucki Sangar, 171
and the Cloghogue checkpoint attack (1992), 189
and the Croslieve Mountain listening tower, 167
and the IRA ceasefire (1974–1975), 102, 113, 117
and the IRA ceasefire (1994–1996), 231
and the IRA ceasefire (1997), 223–224, 233
and the Irish Civil War, 45
and the Irish War of Independence, 45
and the killing of Lord Justice Gibson (1987), 170
and the Newry barracks attack (1985), 170
and the SAS, 102, 166
and the Warrenpoint ambush (1979), 168, 170
and vetting volunteers, 190–191
arrests, 223
campaign, 95–102, 165–173, 190–191, 223, 237, 239
Crossmaglen barracks attacks, 168
intended target killings (1969–1972), 41
intended target killings (1972–1975), 96–97
intended target killings (1976–1998), 167–168
risk averse culture, 173
sniper attacks, 98, 167, 169, 170
training, 99
South Derry IRA, 178, 185
South Down IRA, 42, 185–186, 198, 237
Special Powers Act, 18
Stakeknife, 184, 236, 242, 247and Aidan Starrs, Gregory Burns and John Dignam, 180
and Freddie Scappaticci allegations, 2, 150, 236
and Joseph Fenton, 147
and the Belfast Brigade (IRA), 143, 145–146, 148, 150, 155
and the rural IRA, 190–191
and the South Down IRA, 185
Stalker, John, 180, See also Royal Ulster Constabulary Special Branch (RUC SB)
Starrs, Aidan, 179–180, See also Burns, Gregory; Dignam, John
Steele, Frank, 24, 25, 51, 55, 57, 58, 64, 89, See also MI6
Stormont and British security policy, 18–21
and Irish nationalists, 24
and Sinn Féin, 133, 219, 229
and the British government, 23–24
and the IRA, 28, 53
and the RUC, 40
and the SDLP, 17, 20
collusion debate (2015), 236
suspension (1972), 17, 21
Unionist majority rule, 17, 18, 23, 48, 51
Stuart, Edward, 83, See also Military Reaction Force (MRF)
Sunningdale Agreement and Executive (1973–1974), 65, 69, 70, 72, 76–77
Supergrass trials, 124–125, 131, 158, See also Gilmour, Raymond
Surveillance, 9, 96, 100, 151–152, 159–160, 161, 163, 192–193, 237