by Paul Morland
ISIS, 242, 247
Islam: achievements, 237; pro-natalism, 233; role in Middle East and North Africa, 231–2; see also Muslims
Israel: conflict with Palestinians, 245–7; fertility rate, 32, 250–1, 271; and Gaza Strip, 252–3; immigration, 248–9, 251; Russian Jews migrate to, 170, 184, 248; territories, 252; water supply and consumption, 238; see also West Bank
Italy: emigration declines, 124; emigration to USA and Argentina, 87, 109; fertility rates, 137, 145–6; future population decline, 279; immigrants in France, 110; large family size, 86; low extra-marital births, 147; median age, 207; population increase, 124; population policy under Fascism, 124; settlers in North Africa, 228; women’s work handicaps, 147
Ivory Coast see Côte d’Ivoire
Jacobite rising (1745–6), 46
Japan: adopts European practices, 120; centenarians, 208; death rate, 30, 33; defeat (1945), 211; defeats Russia (1904–5), 162, 195–6, 201; demographic transition, 196, 199; economic decline, 209; economy and population size, 24, 203; extra-marital births, 204; falling birth rates, 18, 205–6; fertility rate falls, 204–5, 207; government debt, 209; high life expectancy, 151, 206–7; inadequate early data, 197; infanticide in, 198; low emigration, 202; low marriage and sex relations, 205; median age and ageing population, 33, 207–9, 275–6; modernisation and rise to power, 196–201; modest immigration, 207; not seen as threat, 83; orderly society, 242; population trend, 14, 206–7; post-war baby boom, 204; post-war pacifist policy, 209; pressure on pensions system, 206; pro-natalist policies, 203; reliance on agricultural imports, 202; small family sizes, 206, 208; stable population, 197; status and education of women, 204–5; territorial expansion and settlement question, 203; as threat to Australia, 116–17; twentieth-century population increase, 199, 202; wartime losses, 203; Western alarm at rise of, 203
Jefferson, Thomas, 64, 66, 134–5
Jews: birth rate, 251; emigrate from Soviet Russia to Israel, 170, 184, 248; flee Germany and Italy, 110–11; immigrants in England, 46; migrants to USA, 77, 87, 108–9; numbers, 248; persecuted in Russia, 110; see also Israel; Zionism
Jihadism, 240
Kazakhstan, 171
Kenya: female literacy, 270; fertility rate, 269; population growth, 36
Keynes, John Maynard: The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 101–2
Khameini, Ali, 234
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 233
Kingsley, Charles, 53
Kipling, Rudyard, 83
Kirk, Dudley, 112
Knowlton, Charles: The Fruits of Philosophy, 74
Koch, Robert, 73
Kollontai, Alexandra, 122
Korea: migrants in Japan, 202
Korea, North: Soviet-style policies, 178
Korea, South: falling birth rates, 222; fertility rate, 217; life expectancy, 222; median age, 223, 274
Kosovo, 190
Kravitz, Lenny: ‘Rock and Roll is Dead’ (song), 138
Ku Klux Klan, 114
Kurds: and Armenian massacres, 227; Turkish attitude to, 28
Lagos, Nigeria, 272
Lancet, The, 75, 90–1
Latin America: Catholicism in, 262; cultural and geographical differences, 255–6; demographic pattern, 255–6; falling infant mortality, 256; fertility rates, 257–8; immigrants in USA, 143, 153–5; population growth, 260; Spanish empire in, 57–8
Latvia: population decline, 279
Lazarus, Emma, 135
League of Nations: data collection, 107; formed, 130; mandates in Middle East, 228
Lebanon: conflict in, 28
Lenin, Vladimir I., 122, 165, 169
Le Pen, Marine, 159
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul: La question de la population, 120
Lesotho: fertility rate, 268
LGBTQ: effect on demography, 282
liberalism: decline after First World War, 122
Libya: civil breakdown, 247; fertility rate, 230; median age, 275
life expectancy: calculation, 283–4; and death rates, 33; increase, 5, 7–8, 107, 148–9; male–female differences, 180
Lister, Joseph, 1st Baron, 73
Lithuania: fertility rate, 148
Lloyd George, David, 89, 120
London: conditions in nineteenth century, 4–5, 72–3; differences in birth rates in boroughs, 90; sewage system and public hygiene, 73; suburbs develop, 45
Lönne, Friedrich, 93
Louisiana Purchase (1804), 65
Luxembourg: economy, 24, 55–6
McCain, John, 25
McCleary, G. F., 112, 117, 119, 120; Race Suicide, 119
McCoppin, Frank, 41
McCormick, Katharine Dexter, 139
MacDonald, Ramsay, 90
Macedonia: average age, 16
Malaysia: ethnic Chinese fertility rate, 217
Malthus, Thomas: on China, 212; on conditions in USA, 65–6; on indigenous people, 59; Marx on, 174; on population growth and food supply, 11, 44–5, 52–3, 112, 131–2, 198; urges restraint and late marriage, 74; An Essay on the Principle of Population, 43–4, 129
Manchukuo, 202
Mandela, Nelson, 63
Manstein, General Fritz Erich von, 128
Mao Zedong, 213–15
Maoris, 61
Margaret Rose, Princess, 12
Marx, Karl, 122, 174
Marxism, 213, 218
May, Theresa, 151
Mbeki, Thabo, 268
median age: global rise, 274–6
Meinecke, Friedrich, 69, 93
Meir, Golda, 142
Merkel, Angela, 142, 159
Mexico: demographic pattern, 260; immigrants in USA, 153–6, 260–1; migrants leave USA, 17, 260–1; standard of living improvement, 261; USA annexes north, 57, 65–6, 68
Middle East: educational backwardness, 238–9; European imperialism in, 226; fertility rates, 230, 241; instability, 224, 226, 236–7, 241–3; League of Nations mandates, 228; median age, 225; misogyny, 239; peace prospects, 254; population growth, 239; prospective rise to power, 163; transition in, 229, 231; water supply, 239
migration: effect on demography, 17, 29, 108
Miliband, Ed, 111
military power: and numerical advantage, 18–20
modernisation (economic): and fertility rates and life expectancy, 22–3
Modi, Narendra, 264
Moldova, 191, 279
Money, Sir Leo Chiozza, 120
Morocco: fertility rate, 23, 249, 254; Jewish population, 248
mortality rate see death rate
Moscow: Muslim population, 185–6
Mosley, Lady Cynthia, 75
Mubarak, Hosni, 224
Muslims: Bosnian, 189–90; fertility rates, 231, 234, 264; numbers, 245; refugees in Ottoman Empire, 226–7; in Russia, 171–2, 175, 185–6; in South Asia, 262–3; women’s status, 233, 238, 244
Mussolini, Benito, 124
Nagasaki, 211
Nagorno-Karabakh, 177
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French, 19–20, 50, 79
National Birth Rate Commission (Britain), 90
National Council for Public Morals (Britain), 90
Nazis: murders by, 122; population policy, 125
New Zealand: baby boom, 136; European population and colonisation, 13, 46–7, 58–9, 61, 63; fertility rate, 144; food production, 61; immigrants, 156; low population increase, 119; non-Europeans excluded, 117–18
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 195
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 45
Nigeria: fertility rate, 270; population trend, 14, 272; urbanisation, 172
Nixon, Richard M., 142
North Africa: European colonialism in, 227–8; famine (1866–8), 229; infant mortality falls, 230; instability, 224, 236–7, 242–3; population growth, 230; transition in, 229
Northern Ireland: Catholic minority, 27
Notestein, Frank, 132, 135
Novikov, Aleksey, 195
Obama, Barack, 25, 155
oil: in Middle East, 235
Okie
, Howard Pitcher: America and the German Peril, 92
Opium Wars (China–Britain), 210
Orthodox religion: distribution and demographic patterns, 186–7, 190
Orwell, George: on the poor, 149; Burmese Days, 126
Oryol (Imperial Russian battleship), 195
Oslo Accord (Israel–Palestinian), 252
Ottoman Empire: in Balkans, 228; demographic data, 226–7; immigration, 227; population, 227
Pakistan: birth rate, 231; Deobandi opponents of birth control, 232; fertility rate, 262–3; immigrants in UK, 157–8; life expectancy, 181, 265
Palestinians: conflict with Israel, 239, 245–7; fertility rate, 250–2, 271; increasing median age, 253; life expectancy, 250; population increase, 249–50, 253
Pasteur, Louis, 73
pensions (old age), 152, 276
Pevsner, Nikolaus, 111
Philippines: median age, 276
Phillips, John, 3
Pill, the see contraceptive pill
Pincus, Gregory, 139
plague: reduced in England, 48; see also Black Death
Plus Grande Famille, La (French society), 121
Poland: Germans settle in, 125–6; immigrants in France, 110; median age, 275; migrants in France, 121; transition to capitalism, 189
poor, the: conditions, 149–50
population: and ethnicity, 112–13; and historical change, 7, 9–10; and international tensions, 94; post-First World War increase, 102–3; and racial quality, 112–15; stabilisation and ‘demographic transition’, 111, 132
potato: as staple in Ireland, 52
Protestants: fertility rates, 142, 146
Puerto Rico: fertility rate, 269; median age, 275
Putin, Vladimir, 178, 183
Qaida, al-, 142
Qatar: high per capita income, 237; immigration and population growth, 235
Quebec: French in, 60; high fertility rate, 136; independence movement, 26
Quiverfull movement (USA), 143
Quran, Holy, 232
race see ethnicity
racism, 112–19, 121
Ransome, Stafford, 200
Reich, Emil: Germany’s Swelled Head, 91, 92
religion: diversity in South Asia, 360
Remennick, Larissa, 251
retirement: age and pensions, 152
Rhodes, Cecil, 68, 70, 127
Riezler, Kurt, 94
Robertson, John Mackinnon, 91
Rohrbach, Paul, 92
Roman Empire: population, 12
Romania: ethnic Hungarians in, 28; fertility rate, 187–8; population changes, 188
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 102
Roosevelt, Theodore (‘Teddy’), 111–12
Roses, Wars of the, 43
Rubio, Marco, 156
Rumbold, Joan, 3, 5, 8
rural life: historic conditions, 4
Russia (and Soviet Union): abortion legalised under Communists, 123, 168, 259; abortion rates reduced after Soviet era, 180; ageing leadership, 164–5; alcoholism, 180–1; anti-natalism, 178; childbearing age, 179; childless and single-child women, 179; deaths from diseases, 181; deaths from wars, famines and purges, 168–9; defeated by Japan (1904–5), 162, 195–6, 201; demographic transition, 167; ethnic Germans emigrate to Germany, 184; ethnic and regional differences, 170–2, 175–7, 184–5; fall in child death rates, 17, 171; female education, 167; fertility rates, 105–6, 123–4, 167, 178–80, 182–3, 207, 230–1; German fear of, 93–4, 98; industrial development, 93; influx of central Asians into towns and cities, 185; internal food supply, 96; Jewish emigrants to Israel, 170, 184, 248; life expectancy changes, 107, 169, 180–1, 207; little immigration and emigration, 170; male–female life expectancy differences, 283; median age, 166, 182, 185; migration to Siberia, 96; migration to USA, 77; Muslim population, 171–2, 175, 184–6, 227; population expansion, 69, 84–5, 93–4, 98, 104, 119, 168–9; population fall since Soviet period, 182, 207; post-war population growth rate, 169; as potential threat to Britain, 83; Putin proposes demographic changes, 184; remoteness of interior, 76; rise to power, 83–4, 127, 129, 163–5; rivalry with Anglo-Saxons, 71; Second World War with Germany, 127–8; Soviet collapse, 176–8; Soviet planned society and state control, 173–4; Soviet policy on population, 122–4; status of ethnic Russians/Slavs, 171–5, 177, 184–5; suicide rate, 181; under Bolshevik regime, 166–7; unrest in Caucasus, 177; urbanisation, 167, 170; war in Afghanistan, 165–6; wartime casualties and losses (1941–5), 204; women in workforce, 174
Russo–Japanese War (1904–5), 162, 195–6, 201
Rwanda: genocide (1994), 8; growing economy, 271
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 224
San Francisco: population growth, 41
Sanger, Margaret, 139
Saudi Arabia: family size, 230; fertility rates, 235; immigrants, 235; oil resources, 235; status of women, 239, 244
Sauvy, Alfred, 112
Scandinavia: falling fertility rate, 144; out-of-marriage births, 146; small populations, 95
Scotland: migration to England, 46; population growth, 51, 59
Second World War: and Hitler’s obsession with population, 101; and war in Russia, 127–8
secularisation, 142
Seeley, J. R.: The Expansion of England, 68, 117, 127
Serbs: anti-Muslim policy, 227; conflicts, 189–90; falling fertility rate, 189
sex: and childbearing, 256; and family size, 281–2
Sharon, Ariel, 252–3
Siberia: Russian settlement, 96
Sicilians: origins, 280
Sierra Leone: infant mortality, 270
Singapore: life expectancy table, 284–7
Six Day War (1967), 247, 250, 252
slavery and slave trade, 8, 66, 271–2
Slovak republic, 189
slums: disappear in England, 4
Smith, Adam: on population size, 20, 218
Snyder, Timothy, 59
Social Darwinism, 89, 93
Soltz, Aaron, 123
South Africa: Apartheid, 64; as British imperial territory, 62; Dutch (Afrikaners) in, 62–3; ethnic birth rate differences, 27; European Jewish immigrants, 110; fall in fertility rate, 32; infant mortality, 268; life expectancy, 268; low contraceptive use, 269; median age, 16; prevalence of HIV and Aids, 268; rise of indigenous population, 228; status, 268; white/black population ratios, 63–4
South Asia: demographic patterns, 261; life expectancy, 265; religious diversity, 262
Soviet Union see Russia
Spain: fertility rates, 137, 147; historic infant mortality, 3–4; immigrants in France, 110–11; immigrants from Latin America, 156; large family size, 86; Latin American empire, 57–8; low extra-marital births, 147; seen as backwater, 86
Spanish flu: deaths from, 102–3
Spectator (journal), 203
Spender, J. A., 89
Spengler, Oswald, 112
Sri Lanka: ethnic differences, 28; fertility rate, 262; median age, 275
Stalin, Josef, 123–4, 128, 169
Stalingrad, Battle of (August 1942–February 1943), 127–8
state, the: and economic power, 21–4
Stoddard, Lothrop: The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy, 114–15
Stopes, Marie: advocates forced sterilisation of the unfit, 113; Married Love, 107
student rebellions, 138
Sudan: median age, 225
Swaziland: fertility rate, 268
Switzerland: average age, 16
Sykes, Sir Mark, 102
Sykes–Picot agreement, 102
Syria: asylum seekers, 245; civil war and population, 243–4; median age, 18, 275
Tacitus, 20
Taiping rebellion (1850–64), 212
Taiwan: fertility rate, 217
Tajikistan: infant mortality, 171
Tartars, 184–5
Taylor, John, 88–9
tempo effect, 145, 179
Thailand: childlessness in, 223; fertility rate, 259, 278; median age, 223, 277;
women bear fewer children, 14
Thatcher, Margaret, 142
Tikhonov, Nikolai, 176
Times, The: laments development of London suburbs, 45
Timor Leste: fertility rate, 263
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 129
Tolstoy, Count Lev, 84–5
total fertility rate (TFR), 289
tribalism, 28
Trump, Donald, 25, 29, 82, 155–6, 261
Tunisia: Europeans in, 227–8; political situation, 242
Turkey: democracy in, 241; economic rise, 240; immigrants in Germany, 156, 159
Tutu, Desmond, Archbishop of Cape Town, 245
UAE (United Arab Emirates): low death rate, 35
Uganda: fertility rate, 270
Ukraine: Hitler wishes to settle, 202
Ulster: economic development, 54
UNICEF, 269–70
United Kingdom see Britain
United Nations: data, 34
United States of America: African Americans in, 65–7; ‘Anglo-Saxons’ in, 64, 70, 134, 153; annexes northern Mexico, 57, 65–6, 68; backwoods’ remoteness, 76; birth rate, 29–30; Catholic/Protestant fertility rates, 142; compared with world population, 162–3; concern for population quality and racial differences, 112–13; development of economic power, 22, 56; economic depression, 109–10; ethnic composition, 25, 279; fertility rates, 112, 134–5, 140; food production, 4; German immigrants, 65–6, 92; growing number of Mexicans leave, 156; Hispanic population, 66, 280; immigrants, 18, 41, 46–52, 66–7, 77, 86–8, 108; immigration policy and restrictions, 27, 60, 108–9, 113–14; Jewish birth rate, 251; life expectancy, 150, 206, 281; manpower in First World War, 97; median age, 150, 207; Mexican (and Latin American) immigrants, 143, 153–6, 260–1; military dominance, 162; native American numbers, 66; population increase, 83, 134–5; population in Second World War, 129; post-Second World War baby boom, 133–6; religious attitudes to sex and procreation, 143–4; rise as superpower, 127, 129–30; Scotch–Irish immigrants, 52–4; territorial expansion, 65; urbanisation, 134
urbanisation: in Britain, 50, 72; effect on fertility rates, 107, 134, 167; in Europe and North America, 67; in Germany, 81; slowness in France, 50; in USA, 134
Uruguay: ethnic Europeans in, 259
Uzbekistan: fertility rates reduced, 180; infant mortality rate, 171; population growth, 176
Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de, 20
Victoria, Queen: on childbirth, 76, 133; children, 15, 71