161 “We are sorry . . . let them govern”: Thompson, “National Newspaper and Legislative Reactions,” 15.
161 “no doubt exists” . . . United States Army: National Intelligencer, February 19, 1811.
13. Friends of Necessity
167 He informed them . . . to the German Coast: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 100–104.
168 “It seemed . . . conviction of others”: N. H. Claiborne, Notes on the War, 105.
168 “warmest congratulations”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 121.
169 Though he did not mention it . . . and Canada: Hatfield, William Claiborne, 323.
169 “The late daring . . . neighboring plantations”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 123.
169 “made an impression . . . be effaced”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 123.
171 “The faithful Citizens . . . well-regulated Militia”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 124.
171 “our Security . . . the Militia”: Magloire Guichard, “Answer, of the House of Representatives to Governor Claiborne’s Speech,” in W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 130.
171 “late unfortunate Insurrection . . . of the Militia”: Jean Noël Destrehan, “Answer, of the Legislative Council to Governor Claiborne’s Speech” in W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 127.
171 “awful lesson . . . lately quelled”: Junius Rodriguez, “Always ‘En Garde’: The Effects of Slave Insurrection upon the Louisiana Mentality, 1811–1815,” in Labbé, Louisiana: The Purchase and Its Aftermath, 402–3.
172 The militia . . . train and organize: Rodriguez, “Always ‘En Garde’,” in Labbé, Louisiana: The Purchase and Its Aftermath, 402.
172 “the state of the population . . . other weighty considerations”: “A Message from the Legislative Council to Pres. James Madison,” Louisiana Courier, February 8, 1811, in Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 271.
173 “Feeling that our destiny . . . Ark of safety”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 131.
173 three additional gunboats: Rodriguez, “Always ‘En Garde’,” in Labbé, Louisiana: The Purchase and Its Aftermath, 403.
174 the mayor sent a message . . . “are responsible”: Official Proceedings, New Orleans City Council, in Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 275.
174 “Act . . . Territory”: L’Ami des Lois, New Orleans, February 7, 1811.
175 “[The average resident] will not embody . . . unites society”: Louisiana Gazette (New Orleans), April 1, 1811.
175 planters filed claims for about a third of the slaves: Conrad, The German Coast, 107–10.
175 “It is a fact of notoriety . . . easily anticipated”: W. Claiborne, “Speech. Delivered by Governor Claiborne to both Houses of the Legislative Body of the Territory of Orleans,” January 29, 1811, in W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, 123.
14. Statehood and the Young American Nation
177 “Strange as it may seem . . . almost commingled”: Northup/Eakin and Logsdon, Twelve Years a Slave, 23.
177 “discouraging foreign intrigues” . . . “internal discontent”: E. S. Brown, Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase, 190.
178 “The public . . . white fellow citizens”: Thompson, “National Newspaper and Legislative Reactions,” 17.
179 The combined population . . . in the United States: Rothman, Slave Country, 221.
179 The slave population . . . American Revolution and 1820: Rothman, Slave Country, ix–x.
180 “perfidious Britons . . . in its defense”: Hatfield, William Claiborne, 290.
181 “the officer Commanding the English Fleet . . . with black troops”: W. C. C. Claiborne, Official Letter Books, volume 6, 282.
181 “a powerful savage and negro army . . . devoted country”: Rodriguez, “Always ‘En Garde’,” in Labbé, Louisiana: The Purchase and Its Aftermath, 410.
181 “like blades of grass . . . before the whirlwind”: Hatfield, William Claiborne, 297.
182 a British fort at Prospect Bluff: Owsley and Smith, Filibusters and Expansionists, 104–5.
182 300 black men, women, and children: Meltzer, Hunted Like a Wolf, 50.
182 “I have little doubt . . . on which it stands”: Giddings, The Exiles of Florida, 36–37.
183 In July of 1815 . . . “stolen negroes”: Giddings, The Exiles of Florida, 36–37, 42–43.
183 The Spanish controlled . . . invaded Pensacola: Owsley and Smith, Filibusters and Expansionists, 159–60.
183 “an imaginary line in the woods”: Israel, State of the Union Messages, I: 156–65.
185 “The invasion . . . American soil”: Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers, 6:2290–92.
15. The Slaves Win their Freedom
188 By February . . . steam gunboats: Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, 85.
188 Two well-armed . . . Louisiana vessels: Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, 89.
189 But Farragut . . . in the night: Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, 85–86.
189 On April 18 . . . Fort Jackson’s guns: Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, 88.
190 “People were amazed . . . speechless astonishment”: Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, 96.
190 “To the negroes . . . hour of triumph”: Roland, Louisiana Sugar Plantations During the Civil War, 48–49.
190 “like thrusting a walking stick into an ant-hill”: Roland, Louisiana Sugar Plantations During the Civil War, 92–93.
191 “Revolt & Insurrection . . . Lincoln and Freedom”: Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields, 36.
191 A planter just outside . . . the plantation economy: Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana, 17.
191 In August of 1862 . . . were captured: Roland, Louisiana Sugar Plantations During the Civil War, 97.
191 “I shall treat . . . I fancy”: Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana, 33.
192 “Any attempt . . . in the end”: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 17–18.
193 “in time of actual armed rebellion . . .City of New Orleans”: Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers, 5:3359.
193 At Mooreland plantation . . . “Glory to Abe Lincoln”: Roland, Louisiana Sugar Plantations During the Civil War, 98–100.
193 “the slave population . . . of our families”: Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana, 97.
194 “If we hadn’t . . . naturally manhood”: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 213.
194 “One morning the bell . . . away to the woods”: Berlin et al., Free at Last, 51–52.
195 the first black regiments . . . by Union troops: Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men, 3–5.
195 Initially . . . cowardice: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 163–64.
195 “There is not one man . . . field of battle”: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 163.
195 Over the next two years . . . major battles: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 237.
196 “We can not spare . . . Union goes with it”: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 235.
196 “We are now making up . . . root neor branch”: Berlin et al., Free at Last, 482.
197 “visited plantations” . . . “called their wives”: Berlin et al., Free at Last, 112.
197 “the Federal Government . . . the existing states”: McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War, 3–4.
198 “were so far inferior . . . reduced to slavery”: Stauffer, Giants, 157.
16. The Cover-Up
200 “It has been documented . . . provided for”: Brochure on Destrehan Plantation Web site.
201 “Hidden History Tours . . . But not anymore!”: Leon Waters, “Tours.”
202 By 1996 . . . revolutionary struggle: Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 48.
203 “overthrow their oppressors . . . ‘white’ rulers”: Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 48.
203 “On to New Orleans!” . . . “Freedom or death!”: Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 51.
/> 203 “patently in contradiction with the truth”: Thrasher, On to New Orleans, 65.
203 “This revolt stimulated . . . never abate”: Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 66.
203 “sham . . . capitalist moneybags”: Thrasher, On to New Orleans!, 1.
205 “This incident . . . subjugated”: Gayarré, History of Louisiana, 4:267.
206 “high circular gallery . . . kept them at bay”: Gayarré, History of Louisiana, 4:267–68.
206 In 1918 . . . to the uprising: U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery, 474.
206 “were largely deprived . . . so strongly gives”: U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery, 454.
207 “It is a land . . . a white man’s country”: U. B. Phillips, “The Central Theme of Southern History.”
207 “growling” . . . “They must know who were their masters”: Kendall, “Shadow over the City,” 144–47.
207 through the work of Communist activists: Gilmore, Defying Dixie, 6.
208 “saw [Communism] . . . race relations”: New York Times, March 20, 2003.
208 With Hitler gaining power . . . dangerous ideologies: Gilmore, Defying Dixie, 197–99.
209 “Ulrich B. Phillips . . .‘by racial quality submissive’ ”: Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 13.
209 Aptheker devoted a short paragraph to the 1811 uprising: Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 98.
Epilogue
211 “You really think. . . half-naked?”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 84.
212 “a nigger . . . a funeral”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 86.
212 “We got our own M-1’s . . . we had everything”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 88.
213 “When we started firing . . . come back”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 88–89.
214 “We get no justice . . .resort to that method”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 149.
215 “No sincere leader . . . by example”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 246.
216 “Now that the United States . . . for this undertaking”: Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, 241.
216 white Southerners lynched close to 4,000 African Americans: University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law faculty project Web site.
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Accilien, Cécile, Jessica Adams, and Elmide Méléance, eds. Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti. Coconut Creek, Fla.: Caribbean Studies Press, 2006.
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