Ernesto

  100 Anita Logs, May 31, 1933, Hemingway Personal Papers; Ernest Hemingway to Harvey Breit, July 4 and 20, 1952, Ernest Hemingway Collection, cited in Mellow, Walker Evans, 180, 587.

  101 “Two Sons of Hemingway Safe After Auto Plunge,” The Washington Post, May 25, 1933, 1.

  102 Mellow, Hemingway, 425; McIver, Hemingway’s Key West, 131.

  103 Mellow, Hemingway, 425; McIver, Hemingway’s Key West, 131.

  104 Alane Salierno Mason, “To Love and Love Not,” Vanity Fair, July 1999.

  105 Mason, “To Love and Love Not.” Over a decade later, Hemingway would remember the accident and make use of it while writing about the imagined death of his two sons in Islands in the Stream.

  106 Anita Logs, Hemingway Personal Papers; Ernest Hemingway to Archibald MacLeish, 1933, Archibald MacLeish Personal Papers; interviews of Jack Hemingway, Patrick Hemingway, and Anton Mason; and Hemingway, Islands in the Stream, 183, cited in Meyers, Hemingway, 245.

  107 Anita Logs, Hemingway Personal Papers; Havana Post, June 4, 1933.

  108 Jane Mason to Ernest and Pauline Hemingway, September 2, 1933, and Dr. K.P.A. Taylor to Ernest Hemingway, July 19, 1933, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  109 Significant evidence exists to support the diagnoses of bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, traumatic brain injury, and probable borderline and narcissistic personality traits. “Ernest Hemingway: A Psychological Autopsy of a Suicide,” Psychiatry 69, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 351–61. See also Lawrence S. Kubie, “Principles of Psycho-Analysis as Applied to the Modern Literature of Neuroticism,” unpublished, both cited in Kert, The Hemingway Women, 270–71. Jane Mason to Lawrence Kubie, July 13, 1935. See also Susan Beegel, “Editor’s Note,” Safari Edition, Hemingway Review 21, no. 2 (Spring 2002).

  110 Interview with Michael Reynolds, in Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 126; Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s Through the Final Years, 118.

  111 J. D. Phillips, “Machado Offers Reforms for Cuba,” The New York Times, June 8, 1933, 1.

  112 J. D. Phillips, “Machado Denies He Plans to Quit,” The New York Times, June 2, 1933, 1; “Machado Will Quit; Tells Plan to Pacify Cuba,” Chicago Daily Tribune, June 8, 1933, 1.

  113 “There is an unconscionable quantity of bull—to put it as decorously as possible—poured and plastered all over what he writes about bullfights. It is of course a commonplace that anyone who too much protests his manhood lacks the serene confidence that he is made out of iron. Most of us too delicately organized babies who grow up to be artists suffer at times from that small inward doubt. But some circumstance seems to have laid upon Hemingway a continual sense of the obligation to put forth evidences of red-blooded masculinity.” Max Eastman, “Bull in the Afternoon,” The New Republic, June 1933, 94–97.

  114 “It is certainly damned fine to have friends—They hear you are out in the country and they open up. Good. Bring on some more friends. I’ll be a long way out of the country and they will all get very brave and say everything they wish were true—Then I’ll be back and we will see what will happen. You see what they can’t get over is (1) that I am a man (2) that I can beat the shit out any of them. (3) that I can write. The last hurts them the worst. But they don’t like any of it. But Papa will make them like it.” Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, June 13, 1933, in Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 190–91.

  115 Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 141.

  116 Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, August 10, 1933, in Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 196.

  117 “Machado to Invoke Rule by Military as Strikes Spread,” The New York Times, August 7, 1933, 3; Gustavo Reno, “Riots in Havana; 26 Killed: Troops Fire on Mob; Machado Refuses to Quit,” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 8, 1933, 1; Havana Post, August 13, 1933; Anthony Mason, interview by Michael Reynolds, cited in Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 142. See also “Machado’s Overthrow in Cuba Climaxes Nine Years of Political Turmoil,” Lodi-News Sentinel, August 26, 1933, 2.

  118 Gustavo Reno, “Cuba Lashed By Hurricane; 3 Looters Shot,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 1, 1933, 1.

  119 “U.S. Destroyers to Cuba. Roosevelt Acts as Mobs Renew Killing, Looting. Three Warships Are Sent to Protect Americans,” Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1933, 1.

  120 Argote-Freyre, Fulgencio Batista, 58, 61.

  121 “Rioters in Havana Shoot Porristas,” Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1933, 1.

  122 Telegrams 191–95, the Ambassador in Cuba (Wells) to the Secretary of State, September 5, 1933, Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State; “Ships Carry 50 Men Each,” The New York Times, August 14, 1933.

  123 “The five were: Dr Ramon Grau San Martin (medical Dean and a known radical); editor, Sergio Carbó; banker, Porfirio Franca; lawyer José Maria Irissari; and a law professor, Guillermo Portela.” The Ambassador in Cuba (Wells) to the Secretary of State, telegrams 191–95, September 5, 1933, Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State; Antoni Kapcia, “The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba 1933: A Reassessment,” Journal of Latin American Studies 34, (2002): 283–309.

  124 Acronym denoting Directorio Estudiantil Universitario.

  125 Argote-Freyre, Fulgencio Batista, 58, 84.

  126 The Ambassador in Cuba (Wells) to the Secretary of State, telegrams 191–95, September 5, 1933, Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State; Benjamin, The United States and Cuba, 139.

  127 Hemingway, “Marlin off the Morro,” in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 148.

  128 Raeburn, Fame Became Him, 45–50.

  129 “Marlin off the Morro,” Hemingway, in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 148.

  130 Ernest Hemingway to Patrick Hemingway, December 2, 1933, Selected Letters, 402.

  131 “Batista was the only individual in Cuba today who represented authority…due in part to the fact that he appeared to have the loyal support of a large part of his troops.” The Ambassador in Cuba (Wells) to the Secretary of State, telegram 340, October 4, 1933, 7 pm, 837.00/4131, Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State.

  132 “Cubans Loot American Consulate: Army Officers Face Guns of Troops,” Chicago Tribune, September 9, 1933, 1; the Ambassador in Cuba (Wells) to the Secretary of State, telegrams 220–22, September 5, 1933, Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State; Kapcia, “The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba 1933.”

  133 Kapcia, “The Siege of the Hotel Nacional.”

  134 English, Havana Nocturne.

  135 Quoted in English, Havana Nocturne, 33–34.

  136 Quoted in English, Havana Nocturne, 32.

  137 “Lansky and I flew to Havana with the money in the suitcases…Lansky took Batista straight back to our hotel, opened the suitcases and pointed at the cash. Batista just stared at the money without saying a word.” Quoted in English, Havana Nocturne, 37.

  138 Caffery had gained some notoriety for his diplomacy during the United Fruit workers’ strike known as the Banana Massacre: the Army had fired into a crowd killing forty-seven fruit-pickers, women, and children. The incident was later depicted by Gabriel Garcia Marquez in One Hundred Years of Solitude.

  139 Jefferson Caffery, Diario de la Marina, December 19, 1933, 1; the Personal Representative of the President (Caffery) to the Acting Secretary of State, telegram 837:00. 4558; Foreign Relations Series V, US Department of State, 544.

  140 “Caffery belonged to the same school of suave diplomats as Sumner Welles. A political conservative of elegant manners, Caffery was once described as a ‘somewhat frostbitten diplomat of the old school, who holds to the Hamilton belief that those who have should rule.’” Spaulding, Ambassadors Ordinary and Extraordinary, 262, cited in Aguilar, From Cuba 1933.

  141 Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 36.

  142 Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 167.

  143 Fitch, Sylvia Beach and the Lost Generation, 343–44.

  144 Hemingway, “Shootism vs. Sport,” in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway.

  145 “1934 Wheeler Catalogue,” cited in Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 58–59.


  146 Ernest Hemingway to Arnold Gingrich, March 24, 1934, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  147 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 76.

  148 Pablo De la Torriente Brau, Bohemia, April 1934, 3.

  149 “While the government is taking extreme precautions against disorders, labor is preparing the greatest demonstration ever held in Havana to celebrate International Labor Day,” The New York Times, April 30, 1934; “Labor Day in Cuba to Be Legal Holiday: Workers Arranging for Greatest Demonstrating Ever Held—Authorities on Guard,” The New York Times, May 1, 1934, 2.

  150 “Labor Day in Cuba to Be Legal Holiday,” The New York Times.

  151 “Am going to Havana tomorrow to see May Day—Back in a couple days.” Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, April, 30, 1934, in Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 210.

  152 Havana Post, May 2–May 5, 1934.

  153 Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, April 16, 1934, Ernest Hemingway to Lester Ziffren, May 18, 1934, and Ernest Hemingway to Arnold Gingrich, May 25 1934, in Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 260

  154 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 7–8.

  155 Hemingway, My Brother, Ernest Hemingway, 146–47.

  156 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 26.

  157 Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 84.

  158 Hemingway and Brennen, Hemingway in Cuba, 27.

  159 Pauline’s rich Uncle Gus had purchased a new home for the couple for $8,000 in Key West, just after they had returned from the African safari, which had also been financed by Uncle Gus for the sum of $25,000 during a time when most of the country was suffering the consequences of the Great Depression. Hemingway would meet his lifelong friend and editor Arnold Gingrich shortly before, and for Esquire magazine, he would write frequent articles from 1933 to 1935 under the title “Letters.” Although Hemingway often eschewed journalism as a distraction from more serious writing, Gingrich left Hemingway free to write about subjects and themes that interested him; writing for the magazine, he would thus greatly increase his fame as an editorial writer, adventurer, traveler, and sportsman. Many Americans followed the column and lived his adventures by proxy. The Pilar cost $7,455. Gingrich advanced Hemingway $3,000 against ten stories to place the order. Kert, The Hemingway Women, 232, 250.

  160 Ernest Hemingway to Arnold Gingrich, May 25, 1934, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  161 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 24.

  162 Pilar Logs, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  163 F. Scott Fitzgerald to Ernest Hemingway, May 10, 1934, in Bruccoli, ed., The Sons of Maxwell Perkins, 179.

  164 Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, April 30, 1934, Ernest Hemingway Collection.

  165 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 34.

  166 Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 273.

  167 Cited in Hemingway, My Brother, Ernest Hemingway 192.

  168 Ernest Hemingway to F. Scott Fitzgerald, May 28, 1934, Selected Letters, 407.

  169 Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, April, 30, 1934, in Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 207–210. “You’re a rummy and Zelda does not help.” Ernest Hemingway to F. Scott Fitzgerald, May 28, 1934, Selected Letters, 407–09.

  170 Hawkins, Unbelieveable Happiness and Final Sorrow, 168.

  171 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 67.

  172 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 68

  173 Samuelson, With Hemingway.

  174 Samuelson, With Hemingway.

  175 Good luck fishing.

  176 “Cojo” means lame. An affectionate nickname due to the accident that cut off all his toes.

  177 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 71.

  178 Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 178.

  179 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 74.

  180 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 71.

  181 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 59–61, 95, 176, 178.

  182 Samuelson, With Hemingway, 92.

  183 Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea, 43.

  184 “Terrorists Bomb Ex-Chicagoan’s Home in Havana,” Chicago Daily Tribune, August 6, 1934, 1.

  185 Suspecting Frederick H. Wilcox, Basil A. Needham, and Arthur W. Hoffman of smuggling arms and agitating rebels, the secretary of the interior deported the vigilantes and stepped up security searches on all vessels subsequently entering Cuban waters. Due to increasing evidence against them and rumors circulating that a large shipment of arms had arrived near Havana’s coast, the cuban secretary decided to deport them as a precaution, for Hoffman was a known rebel sympathizer who had been involved in another incident the week before. “Cuba to Deport 3 Americans,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1934, 3. See also Havana Post, August 9, 1934, 1.

  186 Havana Post, August 28, 1934, 1; “10 Planes, 7 Warships Hunt Rum Runners Near Cuba,” Chicago Daily, August 6, 1934, 14; “Cubans to Strike over Two Killings: Employees of 5 Departments, All Students and Others Prepare for Protest Today, Leftist Bury Youth, Supposed Informer Is Missing—Former Strikers Are Expected to Fight for Jobs,” The New York Times, September 3, 1934, 5.

  187 “Cuba Swept by Riots: Martial Law Declared. 19 Wounded in Havana; Cabinet Quits,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 5, 1934, 3.

  188 “Cuba Drafts a Law to Check Terrorism: Severe Measures Are Expected Soon—Fifteen Bombs Are Exploded in Havana,” The New York Times, September 6, 1934, 12.

  189 “United Cuba Faces Rioting Demonstrators,” The Christian Science Monitor, September 7, 1934, 3.

  190 “Cuban Students Fight Soldier; Rioting Spreads,” Chicago Daily Tribune, September 7, 1934, 3.

  191 Pilar Logs, October 7 and 11, 1934, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  192 Pilar Logs, Hemingway Personal Papers.

  193 Loló de la Torriente, “La prosa de Enrique Serpa,” Bohemia, May 28, 1971, 6–7.

  194 Author translation. Loló de la Torriente, “Reedition of Contraband,” Instituto del Libro Cubano, cited in Catony, Cubaliteraria.

  195 “40 Grau Adherents Arrested in Cuba,” The New York Times, September 26, 1934, 1.

  196 “Grau Leaves Cuba to Escape Injury: Former President Flees with Family to Miami,” The New York Times, September 28, 1934, 3.

  197 The New York Times, October 14, 1934, 3.

  198 The New York Times, October 14, 1934.

  199 The New York Times, October 14, 1934.

  200 “The American Government has treated Cuba with every consideration and has done everything in its power to aid us, as is witnessed by the abrogation of the Platt Amendment, by the sugar quota and by the new reciprocity treaty. Many times during the past two years the United States has had the right to intervene but has refrained from doing so, and I think it is up to the Cubans to work out their own problems.” The New York Times, October 14, 1934.

  201 Cuban gentleman.

  202 Rodríguez, The Havana of Hemingway and Campoamor, 14.

  203 Miller, Trading with the Enemy, 166–67.

  204 Ernest Hemingway to Max Perkins, November 20, 1934, in Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 215–16.

  205 Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 115; Frederic I Carpenter, “Hemingway Achieves the Fifth Dimension,” PMLA 69, no. 4 (September 1954): 711–718.

  206 New Republic, cited in Mellow, Hemingway, 441.

  207 “Precisely because of what it left out, Hemingway seems to have considered that literary revolution to have been incomplete and unresolved. In Green Hills of Africa, Hemingway put in what Joyce left out—the presence of physical danger and the sense of memory arising in real time. The stream of consciousness that Hemingway aspired to capture in writing was the one in which he was living in the present tense, which is why the higher dimensions of prose that he envisioned were built from nonfiction—from the existential reclamation of his own thoughts and actions at a given moment. Unlike Joyce’s innovations, Hemingway’s experimental fusion of fiction and nonfiction remained largely at the level of theory—but it has proven to be even more enduringly influential. Hemingway’s stream has become hard to recognize and to distinguish, because it has become the mainstream.” Richard Brody, “Hemingway as the Godfather
of the Long-Form,” The New Yorker, July 29, 1935, https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/hemingway-as-the-godfather-of-long-form.

  208 Meyers, Ernest Hemingway, 163, cited in Milton Cohen, “Beleaguered Modernists,” in Curnutt and Sinclair, Key West Hemingway, 78.

  209 Meyers, Ernest Hemingway, 163.

  210 “Of course the boys are all wishing you luck and that helps a lot. (Watch how they wish you luck after the first one.)…They are all really very newly converted and very frightened, really, and when Moscow tells them what I am telling you, then they will believe it. Books should be about the people you know, that you love and hate, not about the people you study about. If you write them truly they will have all the economic implications a book can hold.” Hemingway, “Old Newsman Writes: A Letter from Cuba,” in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 183–84, 188.

  211 Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 67.

  212 Ernest Hemingway to Ivan Kashkin, August 19, 1935, in Selected Letters, 419.

  213 “My father was a coward. He shot himself without necessity. At least I thought so. I had gone through it myself until I figured it in my head. I knew what it was to be a coward and what it was to cease being a coward. Now, truly, in actual danger I felt a clean feeling as in a shower. Of course, it was easy now. That was because I no longer cared what happened. I knew it was better to live it so that if you died you had done everything that you could do about your work and your enjoyment of life up to that minute, reconciling the two, which is very difficult.” Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 609.

  214 Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa, 275.

  215 Lynn, Hemingway, 415; Mellow, Hemingway, 372.

  216 He had long been working on a book about revolutionaries before he wrote A Farewell to Arms. In early 1936, he wrote leftist critic John Weaver that he wanted to write a book studying “the mechanics of revolution” just a week before he declared to Maxwell Perkins in a letter that he would never again “notice [the New York bunch], mention them, pay attention to them, nor read them. Nor will I kiss their asses…make friends with them, nor truckle to them.” Reynolds, Hemingway: The 1930s, 225; Bruccoli, The Only Thing That Counts, 243.