Ernesto

  58 Ernest Hemingway in Mary’s journal, December 20, 1953, quoted in Reynolds, Hemingway: The Final Years, 217; cited also in Hemingway, How It Was, 370–71.

  59 Baker, Ernest Hemingway, 505.

  60 Variety, March 4, 1953, 56, quoted in Perez, Cuba in the American Imagination, 196.

  61 Foreign investors expanded operations with Cuban officials’ tacit support, such that by “the late ‘50s, U.S. financial interests included 90 percent of Cuban mines, 80 percent of its public utilities, 50 percent of its railways, 40 percent of its sugar production and 25 percent of its bank deposits—some $1 billion in total.” Quoted in Natasha Geiling, “Before the Revolution,” Smithsonian Magazine, July 31, 2007. “Daily life had developed into a relentless degradation with the complicity of political leaders and public officials who operated at the behest of American interests.” Perez, On Becoming Cuban.

  62 As “the Mob’s accountant,” Meyer Lansky, running casinos at the Hotel Nacional, Riviera, and Montmartre, deposited upward of 30 percent of the take, or millions of dollars annually, into Swiss accounts. Batista purportedly amassed a fortune upward of $20 million. Díaz-Briquets and Pérez-López, Corruption in Cuba, 77.

  63 English, Havana Nocturne, 206.

  64 The new regime extended tax incentives, government loans, and casino licenses to investors who benefited from a favorable relationship, such as the Hotel Law 2074. “Mobsters Move in on Troubled Havana and Split Rich Gambling Profits with Batista,” Life, March 10, 1958, quoted in Moruzzi, Havana Before Castro, 163. A new amusement park called “Coney Island,” owned by US businessman Howard Frederick Anderson, had recently opened in Havana, and a greyhound racetrack in Miramar had been opened by Jerry Collins, a developer from Florida. After the revolution, Anderson, having evacuated his family to the United States, came back to Cuba and was executed by a revolutionary firing squad for counter-revolutionary activity in anticipation of the Bay of Pigs invasion. His family sued Castro’s government for wrongful debt and won monies frozen by Eisenhower during the early stages of the embargo. Rachel Price, “Coney Island to La Isla del Coco,” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies (November 2, 2011): 217–31; Perez, On Becoming Cuban, 196.

  65 “Cinema: Two with Tracy,” Time, October 27, 1958.

  66 Hemingway, How It Was, 312.

  67 Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 112.

  68 Hemingway, How It Was, 312.

  69 Russo and Esperian, Offshore Vegas, 63.

  70 Hemingway, How It Was, 319–20.

  71 Hemingway, Selected Letters, 821–22.

  72 Castro and Ramonet, My Life, 106–13.

  73 De la Cova, The Moncada Attack, 70–73; Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro, 79.

  74 “Cuban Student Held as Leader of Revolt,” The New York Times, August 2, 1953, 29.

  75 “Cuba Begins Trial of 100 for Revolt,” The New York Times, September 22, 1953, 19.

  76 De la Cova, The Moncada Attack, 70–73.

  77 “Batista Says Cuba Cleaned Out Reds: On Anniversary of Coup, He Pledges Fall Election and Lists Achievements,” The New York Times, March 11, 1954, 5.

  78 Having survived the wreck, the group took shelter on a nearby ridge. A rescue plane, spotting their wreckage from the air with no people in sight, reported the accident as resulting in “no survivors.” Hemingway Personal Papers.

  79 Ernest Hemingway to A. E. Hotchner, March 14, 1954, in DeFazio, Dear Papa, Dear Hotch, 169.

  80 Pivano, Hemingway in Venice, 169.

  81 Ivancich, La torre bianca, 324.

  82 Hemingway, How It Was, 403.

  83 Hemingway, How It Was, 405.

  84 Hemingway, How It Was, 407.

  85 Hemingway, How It Was.

  86 Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 117.

  87 Hemingway, How It Was, 407.

  88 Finger sandwiches.

  89 Hemingway, How It Was, 407.

  90 “A life of action is much easier to me than writing. I have a greater facility for action than for writing.” Selected Letters, 417. Reading Tolstoy, he would thus retain only the “wonderful, penetrating and true descriptions of war and of people” in War and Peace, while ignoring the “ponderous and Messianic thinking,” which represented exactly what a writer should not do. He aspired to write “what gave you the emotion; what the action was that gave you the excitement;” purging himself of sentimentality and pseudo-intellectualism, he wrote instead “as truly, as straightly, as objectively and as humbly as possible.” Hemingway, By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 219; Hemingway, “Introduction to Men at War,” xvii–xviii.

  91 Ernest Hemingway, quoted in Harvey Breit, “The Sun Also Rises in Stockholm,” The New York Times, November 7, 1953, BR1.

  92 Breit, “The Sun Also Rises in Stockholm”

  93 Breit, “The Sun Also Rises in Stockholm.”

  94 My translation. From El Hemingway de Cuba (Havana: Citmatel y Cuba Literaria, 1999), CD-ROM.

  95 “Señoras y señores, Debo dar las gracias a todos ustedes que han venido… [what follows is Mary’s translation.] As you know there are many Cubas. But like Gaul it can be divided in three parts. Those who have hunger, those who endure and those who eat too much. After this suburbia [bourgeois] luncheon we are all in the third category, at least for the moment. I am a man without politics. This is a great defect but it is preferable to arteriosclerosis. With this defect of being apolitical, one can appreciate the problems of the Palmolivero [the fellow who sniffs canned heat] and the triumphs of my friend Alfonsito Gomez Mena. I was friend of Manolo Guas who was the uncle of Felo Guas and also the friend of Manolo Castro [gamblers] I like the [fighting] cocks and the Philharmonic Orchestra. I was a friend of Emilio Lorents and this has not hurt my friendship wih Mayito Menocal who with Elicio Arguelles are my best friends in this country. God grant that it is not a mortal sin to consider Antonio Maceo a better general than Bernard Law Montgomery and to hope for the death of Trujillo, that he dies in bed, naturally. [He] is the only person whom I would like to see finished before I finish. Now excuse some jokes and a legitimate admonition which follows and which one sees every morning in the mirror.” Hemingway, How It Was, 411.

  96 Publio Enruquez, a gardener, remembered that “by the time we were done drinking, I could barely find the door.” Quoted in Hemingway and Brennen, Hemingway in Cuba, 102.

  97 Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 238.

  98 Rodríguez, The Havana of Hemingway and Campoamor, 89. English citations in the text are author translation.

  99 Rodríguez, The Havana of Hemingway and Campoamor, 75.

  100 Rodríguez, The Havana of Hemingway and Campoamor.

  101 Ernest Hemingway, “Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech,” Nobel.org, December 10, 1954, nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1954/hemingway-speech.html.

  102 Charles Scribner, “Introduction,” Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea.

  103 Notes on an oral briefing, February 1955, Nixon Papers, quoted in Paterson, Contesting Castro, 26.

  104 Richard Nixon, in Diary of James C. Hagerty, March 11, 1955, box 1, James C. Hagerty Papers, quoted in Paterson, Contesting Castro, 26.

  105 In a letter after his return, Dulles wrote Batista: “May I say, Mr. President, what a great honor and pleasure it has been to meet and talk with you. I trust we will be in a position to assist you and your country in our mutual struggle against the enemies of Freedom.” After referencing the BRAC, he continued that he was “honored that your Government has agreed to permit this Agency to assist in training some of the officers in this most important organization.” Allen Dulles to Fulgencio Batista, July 15, 1956, quoted in Shoultz, That Infernal Little Cuban Republic, 72; Carrozza, William D. Pawley, 214.

  106 “U.S. Policy Toward Latin America,” NSC 5613/1, September 25, 1956, box 18, “Cuba—U.S. Foreign Assistance,” box 551, John Sherman Cooper Papers; “Mutual Security Program, Fiscal Year 1958 Estimates, Latin America,” box 42, Confidential File; box 3377, 737.5-MSP, D
epartment of State Records, National Archives, quoted in Paterson, Contesting Castro, 69.

  107 Castro and Ramonet, My Life, 635.

  108 Graham H. Jr. Turbiville, “Guerrilla Counterintelligence: Insurgent Approaches to Neutralizing Adversary Intelligence Operations,” JSOU Report (January 2009): 9–1.

  109 Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 142.

  110 Fidel Castro, Guerrillero del tiempo, 12–13.

  111 Meyers, Hemingway, 575.

  112 Ernest Hemingway, quoted in Alane Salierno Mason, “To Love and Love Not,” Vanity Fair, July 1999, www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/1999/07/hemingway-199907; Hemingway, My Brother, Ernest Hemingway, 119.

  113 Castro, Guerrillero del tiempo, 15–6

  CHAPTER 12

  1 Alvarez, Frank País, 160.

  2 Cannon, Revolutionary Cuba, 113.

  3 Moore, Fidel Castro, 50.

  4 Juan Manuel Márquez, in Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 124.

  5 Guevara, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutinary War, 196.

  6 Moore, Fidel Castro, 50.

  7 Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 125.

  8 Alvarez, Frank País, 135.

  9 The New York Times, December 3, 1956. See also Gadea, My Life with Che, quoted in Harris, Che Guevara, 72.

  10 Moore, Fidel Castro, 49. See also Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom, and Matthews, Revolution in Cuba. The number of Granma survivors—somewhere between 12 and 20—is controversial. See Bonachea and Martin, Cuban Insurrection, 366; Szulc, Fidel, 381.

  11 “President Batista of Cuba announced on Tuesday that the suspension of constitutional guarantees would continue for another forty-five days. This is the seventh such renewal since last Dec. 2, the day on which the young rebel, Fidel Castro, landed on the coast of Oriente Province.” “Cuba’s Iron Curtain,” The New York Times, October 31, 1957, 30.

  12 Kirkpatrick, The Real CIA, ch. 7. On “erasing the red scourage” of Communism, see Tomlin, Murrow’s Cold War; Benson, Writing JFK, 32.

  13 Alvarez, Frank País, 167–69.

  14 Hart, Aldabonazo, 365.

  15 Alvarez, Frank País, 168.

  16 Desroches, Allow the Water, 149.

  17 Klouzal, Women and Rebel Communities in the Cuban Insurgent Movement, 87–88.

  18 Foran, Taking Power, 63.

  19 Foran, Taking Power, 442.

  20 Meyers, Hemingway, 533. See also A. E. Hotchner, “Don’t Touch A Moveable Feast,” The New York Times, July 19, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/opinion/20hotchner.html.

  21 Afterwards, “for hours on end he sat on the floor beside the trunks reading” them. Hemingway, How It Was, 440; Hotchner, “Don’t Touch A Moveable Feast.”

  22 Hemingway, How It Was, 441–42.

  23 Hemingway, How It Was.

  24 Meyers, Hemingway, 575.

  25 JFK Library, “Dr. Andrew Farah, Chief of Psychiatry, High Point Division, University of North Carolina Healthcare System, discusses his new book, Hemingway’s Brain with Dr. Linda Miller,” YouTube video, 1:18:15, from a livestream April 20, 2017, by the John F. Kennedy Library, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5L48qUSr7w.

  26 Hemingway, How It Was, 444.

  27 Bulit, interview with the author, June 9, 2009.

  28 Bulit, SEMlac Parts I–IV.

  29 Fuentes, Hemingway in Cuba, 237.

  30 Bulit, “Hemingway, Leopoldina, María Ignacia, y Yo,” SEMlac Cuba, part V, October 12, 2009.

  31 Guevara, Che Guevara Reader, 26.

  32 Batista’s forces of 21,000 in 1953 are estimated to have grown to around 30,000 in 1958, and 40,000–50,000 in 1959. Compare that to 12 survivors from the original 82 boarding the Granma in Mexico in November 1956, which never rose to higher than 180 men until the summer of 1958 with perhaps as many as 1,000 additional in all other insurgent groups not under Fidel’s command, such as José Antonio Echeverría’s DRE or “13 de Marzo,” Blas Roca’s Partido Socialista Popular, student groups like Rafael Barcena’s Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), Segundo Frente Nacional del Escambray, Sociedad de los Amigos de la República, Conspiración de los Puros, and militants from the Authentic, Orthodox, and Workers Parties. When Castro’s success was assured after December 31, 1958, it is estimated that as many as 40,000 citizens joined in. However, Castro’s army consisted of 803 men and approximately 1,000–1,500 militants from other groups at the height of its fighting strength on victory day. Brennan, Huberman, Sweezy, Draper, Thomas, Sartre, and Goldenberg. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force, 22–33.

  33 Dosal, Comandante Che, 79–80.

  34 Ernesto Guevara to Hilda Gadea, January 28, 1957, in Dosal, Comandante Che, 81.

  35 Matthews, Fidel Castro, quoted in Major Monte H. Callen (USAF), “Analysis of the Military Strategies and Warfare Principles of Che Guevara and Fidel Castro During the Cuban Revolution,” Report# 85-0360, Maxwell, AFB: Air Command and Staff College, July 8, 1985, 3.

  36 Matthews, Fidel Castro, 3.

  37 Che Guevara, in Dosal, Comandante Che, 85.

  38 Ruby Hart Phillips blurted out: “You have contact with Fidel Castro! I cannot believe it!” Felipe Pazos to Herbert L. Matthews, June 10, 1960, box 1, Matthews Papers, quoted in Paterson, Contesting Castro, 84.

  39 Matthews, The Cuban Story, 18–19.

  40 Matthews, The Cuban Story, 18–19.

  41 Raúl Chibás, “La entrevista de Herbert Matthews con Fidel Castro: Memorias de la revolutión cubana,” Raúl Chibás Collection; Franqui, Twelve, 94–95, 102.

  42 Herbert Matthews, “Cuban Rebel Is Visited in His Hideout,” The New York Times, February 24. 1957, 1.

  43 Matthews, “Cuban Rebel Is Visited in His Hideout.”

  44 Matthews, “Cuban Rebel Is Visited in His Hideout.”

  45 Jonathan Alter, “Taking Sides: Review of The Man Who Invented Fidel by Anthony DePalma,” New York Times Book Review, April 23, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/books/review/taking-sides.html?mcubz=1.

  46 Herbert L. Matthews, “Cuban Rebel Only 30; His Men Younger: Stronger than Ever, He Boasts in Interview. Cubans Stirred,” The New York Times, March 1, 1957, A3; Ruby Hart Phillps, “Cubans Debating Rebel Interview,” The New York Times, March 1, 1957, 8.

  47 Matthews, “Cuban Rebel Only 30; His Men Younger”; Ruby Hart Phillps, “Cubans Debating Rebel Interview.”

  48 Arthur Gardner, “Joint Weekly,” Havana Embassy and Department of State, in Paterson, Contesting Castro, 26.

  49 “Cuba Suppresses Youths’ Uprising; Forty Are Killed,” The New York Times, March 14, 1957, 1.

  50 Jules Dubois, “Revolt in Havana; 50 Slain. Batista Forces Crush Attack on his Palace. President Blames Assalt on ‘Pro-Reds,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, March 14, 1957, 1.

  51 Faria, Cuba in Revolution, 416.

  52 Ruby Hart Phillips, “Cuba Recovering from Brief Rising,” The New York Times, March 15, 1957.

  53 Ernest Hemingway to A. E. Hotchner, May 28, 1957, in DeFazio, Dear Papa, Dear Hotch, 216–17.

  54 Dearborn, Ernest Hemingway, 584.

  55 Villarreal and Villarreal, Hemingway’s Cuban Son, 147.

  56 Hemingway, How It Was, 445.

  57 Márquez-Sterling, Cuba 1952–1959, 107.

  58 Smith, The Fourth Floor, 94.

  59 García-Pérez, Insurrection & Revolution, 89.

  60 R. Hart Phillips, “Rebel Battles Reported in Cuba; Dynamiters Cut Havana Utilities,” The New York Times, May 29, 1957, 1, 3.

  61 Anderson, Che Guevara, 247.

  62 Ernesto Guevara, in Harris, Che Guevara, 75.

  63 Hemingway, A Moveable Feast, 40; Hemingway, “The Great Blue River,” in By-Line: Ernest Hemingway, 338.

  64 When writing about a “wild, cold blowing day” in “Up in Michgan,” “I had already seen the end of the fall come through boyhood, youth and young manhood, and in one place you could write about it better than another. That was called transplanting yourself, I thought, and it could
be as necessary with people as with other sorts of growing things.” Hemingway, A Moveable Feast, 40.

  65 “Christ I wish I could paint,” he had written to his most sympathetic critic, Bernard Berenson, four summers ago. Ernest Hemingway to Bernard Berenson, August 11, 1953, Selected Letters, 823.

  66 For always / Forever. Che’s famous saying was “Hasta la victoria siempre / Until victory, always.”

  67 Art Buchwald, “The Great Feud of Mr. Hemingway and Mr. Zanuck,” Los Angeles Times, November 29, 1957, B5.

  68 Buchwald, “The Great Feud of Mr. Hemingway and Mr. Zanuck.”

  69 Those bastards.

  70 Ernest Hemingway to Gregory Hemingway, August 20, 1957, in Hendrickson, Hemingway’s Boat, 478.

  71 Ernesto “Che” Guevara, quoted in “Articles by Che Guevara from the Sierra Maestra,” The Militant 10, no. 3 (January 22, 1996).

  72 Hemingway, How It Was, 453.

  73 Hemingway, How It Was, 448.

  74 Hemingway, How It Was, 447.

  75 Moruzzi, Havana Before Castro, 165.

  76 Sayles, Los Gusanos, quoted in Perez, On Becoming Cuban, 194–95.

  77 Ernest Hemingway to Gianfranco Ivancich, January 31, 1958, in Hemingway, Selected Letters, 882.

  78 Ernest Hemingway to Gianfranco Ivancich, January 31, 1958, Selected Letters, 882.

  79 Hemingway, Selected Letters.

  80 Hemingway, The Garden of Eden, 4–5.

  81 “Cuban Army Uses Tanks in a Clash: 400 Rebels Reported Routed Near HideOut of Castro—Election Delay Urged,” The New York Times, February 18, 1958, 22.

  82 “Cuban Rebel Attack Frees Jailed Youths,” The New York Times, January 27, 1958.

  83 “ST. GEORGE: You say you will burn Cuba’s entire sugar crop. The island’s economic life depends on it. What can you gain by this? CASTRO: Our intent is to burn the harvest to the last stalk, including my own family’s large sugar-cane farm here in Oriente Province. It is a hard step. But it is a legitimate act of war. From sugar taxes, Batista buys bombs and arms, pays his newly doubled army. Only their bayonets now keep him in power. Once before, Cubans burned their cane, razed their very towns, to wrest freedom from Spain. During your revolution, didn’t the American colonists throw tea into Boston Harbor as a legitimate defense measure?” Fidel Castro and Andrew St. George, “Cuban Rebels,” Look, February 4, 1958, 30; Zanetti and Garcia, Sugar and Railroads, 177.