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INDEX
Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures, maps, or tables.
Abbas, Athar, 169–70
Abbottabad, Pakistan, 32, 263
Abdullah, Sheikh, 140
Afghan Army, 117, 159
Afghan Civil War, 299n13
Afghan communists, 120
Afghanistan: Anglo-Afghan War (first) (1839–1842), 106, 298n8
Anglo-Afghan War (second) (1878–1880), 107–8, 109, 295n19
Anglo-Afghan War (third) (May–August 1919), 110
anti-Soviet jihad in, 208
border with, 2, 27
British India and, 105–6, 110, 112–13
as client state, 3
domestic politics in, 120–21
Durand Line and, 298n7
foreign forces in, 248
future of, 133–35
Great Britain and, 1–2, 105–12, 298–99n9, 298n8, 299n13
India and, 2, 112–13, 117–18, 133–35, 158–59, 171, 279
internal affairs in, 104
intervention in, 133
Islamist groups in, 66, 120, 122, 259
Islamist insurrections in, 122
through the lens of strategic depth, 279
maps of, 283, 284, 286, 287
Marxism in, 120
Pakistan and, 10–11, 101, 104–5, 113–16, 124, 128–35, 158–59, 194, 278, 281
Pakistan Army and, 114, 117–18
Partition and, 112
proxy fighters in, 226
resistance groups in, 125
Russia and, 105–6, 107–9, 111
Soviet Union and, 64, 101, 114–17, 122–27, 133, 137, 169, 192–94, 206–9, 223, 226, 234, 299–300n17, 303–4n7
strategic depth in, 103
suicide bombings in, 246
Taliban in, 245, 248, 259
threat from, 10–11, 119–27
United States and, 134–35, 139, 158–59, 169–70, 195–96, 219, 224, 241, 243–44, 246
US coalition forces in, 43
US forces in, 246
US-led war in, 3
US withdrawal from, 103
Afghan National Front (Jubha-i-Melli-i-Najat Afghanistan), 125–26
Afghan nationalism, 127
Afghan Taliban, 13, 79, 296n3
Pakistan’s control over, 251
Afghan war, 103, 194, 219, 241
Ahl-e-Hadith, 71, 101, 254, 258, 304n10
Ahl-e-Hadith interpretive tradition, 249
Ahl-e-Hadith organizations, 243
Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam, 296n6
Ahmediyas, 69, 101, 245, 254–55, 278, 296n6
Al-Badr, 244
Ali, Chaudhury Rahmat, 292n4
alliances, 2, 174–201. See also specific allies
military discourses on, 174–75
strategic culture and, 174–75
war and, 188–90
All India Muslim League, 42
al-Qaeda, 79, 129, 170, 194, 198, 241, 246, 248, 249–50, 296n3
Amin, Hafizullah, 120, 124–25
Anglo-Afghan War (first) (1839–1842), 106, 298n8
Anglo-Afghan War (second) (1878–1880), 107–8, 109, 295n19
Anglo-Afghan War (third) (May–August 1919), 110
anti–Soviet War, 200
Anwar, Khurshid, 50, 186
Arif, Khalid Mahmud, 121, 125, 173, 192
Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee, 55
Arms Export Control Act, 290n5
askari tanzeems (militant groups), 243–44
Atomic Energy Commission of India, 229
Atoms for Peace Initiative, 203
Attlee, Clement, 46
Auchinleck, Claude John Eyre, 49, 50, 54, 55
Aurora, Jagjit Singh, 149
Awami League, 23, 144, 145, 146, 147–48
Awami National Party, 265
Azad Kashmir, 93, 153, 159, 163
Azhar, Masood, 252
Aziz, Muhammed, 151
Aziz, Shaukat, 29
Azzam, Abdullah, 126
Babar, Naseerullah Khan, 121–22, 128
Badaber, Pakistan, 181, 187
Badr, Battle of, 97–100, 297n19
Baghdad Pact, 64, 179–80
Bahadur, Hafiz Gul, 245, 246, 252
Bajaur, Pakistan, 131, 244, 246, 248
Baloch, 11, 31, 63, 130, 168, 269, 279
2009 survey of, 274, 275
Baloch insurgents, 116, 134
Baloch nationalists, 123, 136
Balochistan, Pakistan, 2, 12, 31, 33, 59, 62, 77, 104–5, 107, 109, 112, 116, 118–20, 131, 158, 165, 168, 170–71, 258, 271, 274, 295n19, 298–99n9
army recruitment in, 269
British, 46
ethno-nationalist insurgencies in, 63
Sandeman system and, 108
security in, 117–18
Bangladesh, 1, 122, 157, 166, 189, 252
creation of, 205
emergence from East Pakistan, 143–50
India and, 149–50, 157
loss of in 1971 war, 63, 69
secession of, 116
Baradar, Mullah, 251
Barelvis, 71, 254–55, 278
Beg, Mirza Aslam, 104, 211. 215
Bengal, 41, 45, 53, 61, 295n19. See also East Bengal
British Indian Army recruits from, 62
Hindu political influence in, 95
Partition of, 51, 292n1
Bengal Army, 295n15
Bengali language, 143–44, 163
Bengalis, 15, 60, 145–47, 150
Bengali insurgents, 96, 160
in East Pakistan, 130, 143, 160, 166, 297n16, 300n23
exclusion of, 63
Hindu, 143–44, 160
Muslim, 144, 237
nationalism of, 144
&nb
sp; as nonmartial, 95
in Pakistan Army, 62–63
supposed Hindu characteristics of, 94–95
in West Pakistan, 144–45, 160–61
Bharatiya Janata Dal/Party (BJP), 150, 164, 217
Bhutto, Benazir, 29, 30–31, 104, 128, 211, 248, 259
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 30, 69–70, 76, 82, 94, 116, 120–24, 128, 142, 146, 149, 164–65, 182, 188, 194, 200, 202, 204–6, 215, 217, 225, 236, 254, 259
1973 visit to Washington, 122
If I Am Assassinated, 206
nuclear deterrence doctrine and, 215
nuclear program and, 302n1
ouster of, 70
bin Laden, Osama, 126, 248, 262–63
discovery of, 32
fatwa issued by, 249–50
US raid on safe haven, 20
Bogra, Muhammad Ali, 179, 184–85
Brasstacks Crisis of 1986–1987, 137–138, 221
British Army, 10, 55–56, 67, 72, 133
British India, 105, 111, 293n6, 295n19. See also the Raj
Afghanistan and, 110, 112–13
British management of the frontier, 298n7
citizenship of, 111–12
South Asian policies of, 105–6
Treaty of Peshawar and, 107
British Indian Army, 59–62, 112
Burns, Robert, 189
Byroad, Henry, 179
Carter Administration, 206–7, 290n5, 299–300n17, 300n21, 303–4n7
Cavagnari, Louis, 108
Cease Fire Line 1948, 150
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO previously called Baghdad Pact), 64, 114, 123, 179–81, 183–84, 192–93, 233
China, 123, 168, 207, 227, 228–30. See also Sino-Indian War
Sino-Pakistani relations
1964 Lop Nor nuclear test by, 204, 229
civil aviation accord with Pakistan, 186–87
distorted narratives of, 280
excuses made for, 196–98
Great Leap Forward, 185
India and, 188, 242 (see also Sino-Indian War)
Islamist groups in, 198
Kargil War and, 189
media in, 184
military exercises with India, 17
nuclear program and, 190
Pakistan Army and, 190–98, 197–201
partnership with, 26
Soviet Union and, 184–85
UNSC and, 183, 185, 186, 190
US and, 149, 183, 189
Chinese People’s Liberation Army, 233
Chingai village, Bajaur, Pakistan, 246
citizen’s army, 232–37
civilians, 23
civil–military affairs, 35–36, 38
guerrilla warfare and, 227–28
recruitment and, 88
civil society, 262, 265–67
civil war of 1971, 96
Clinton, Bill, 153, 219
close-border policy, 106, 114, 133–35, 279
“Cold Start Strategy,” 217
Cold War, 114–15, 122, 200, 222, 299–300n17
Command and Staff College, 34
communal violence, 41, 65, 68
communism, 120, 180, 196, 227, 228–30
Compound Crisis of 1990, 137, 138
Congress Party, 42, 65, 113
Constituent Assembly, 68–69
Constitution of 1956, 144
Constitution of 1973, 262
18th Amendment, 263–64
19th Amendment, 264
20th Amendment, 264
Article 58-2(b), 263–64
Article 246, 131
Correlates of War (COW) Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) data, 221–23
Council of Islamic Ideology, 70
counterinsurgency, 227, 248–49
counterterrorism, 169, 248–49
coup d’états, 27–29, 291n13
1977 coup, 81, 83
by M.A. Khan, 89
by Musharraf, 87, 89
by Zia ul Haq, 66, 83
courts: Islamic, 247 (see also sharia)
mainstream, 247
Cranston, Alan, 207
Curzon, George, 109
Daoud, Sardar Mohammad, 116, 120–24, 299n16
Daura-e-Aam, Daura-e-Khas, 253
Davis, Raymond, 263
decision-making, strategic culture and, 278–79
decolonization, 40–41
defense literatures, 5–6, 35–39, 50–51, 85–86, 88, 94, 100, 155, 158–59, 166–68, 202–3, 222–23. battles in, 38–39
China in, 280
citations of Iqbal’s poetry, 43
citizen’s army and, 232–37
deterrence and, 238–43
future conflict environment and, 242–43
guerrilla warfare and, 235–36, 238, 243
ideology and, 278–79
India in, 11, 136–37, 280
infiltration and, 231–32, 236, 243
jihad in, 91–92
low-intensity conflict (LIC), 238–43
memoir-like accounts in, 38–39
misinformation provided by, 36
nuclear weapons and, 227–38
people’s war and, 232–33, 236
religion in, 39
religious themes and, 39
Defense of Pakistan Day, 142–43
democracy, 20, 29, 90
attempts at democratization, 27–28
breaks with, 89
in Pakistan, 65, 262–65
patina of, 28–30
weak, 22
democratic parties, military and, 29–30
Deobandi movement, 71, 101, 128, 243–44, 248–50, 252, 254–60, 257–58
Deobandi interpretive tradition, 249
Deobandi LeJ, 248
Deobandi militants, 244–45
Deobandi ulema political party, 244
deterrence, 221, 223, 242, 243, 260
defense literatures and, 238–43
existential, 221, 290n6
guerrilla warfare and, 238
nonweaponized, 221
recessed, 221
US–Soviet, 222
drone strikes, 181–82, 246
Dulles, Allan, 177–80
Durand, Mortimer, 109
Durand Line, 2, 109, 112–13, 123, 130, 241, 298n7
Durrani, Asad, 167, 171–72, 213
Durrani, Shuja Shah, 106. See also Shuja-ul-Mulk (Shuja Shah Durrani)
East Bengal, 46, 165
East India Company, 60
East Pakistan, 1, 15–16, 23, 30, 51, 56, 62, 123, 142, 160–61, 173, 180, 188, 202
Bengalis in, 130, 143, 166, 226, 297n16, 300n23
constitutional debates and, 144–45
emergence of Bangladesh from, 143–50
ethnic and political cohesion of, 94–95
ethnic groups in, 94–95, 143
Hindus in, 143, 165
India and, 148–49
insurgency in, 226, 238
leadership of, 231
loss of, 87, 103, 182, 204, 231
Muslim Bengalis in, 237
East Pakistanis, 62, 63. See also Bengalis
education, 75–76, 87, 266
ideology and, 95–98
Islamization and, 82
military, 81
religion and, 98
educational curricula, 70, 75–76, 198
Arabic in public schools, 69
instrumentalization of, 70
jihad and, 91–92
of Pakistan Army, 30, 95–98
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 179, 180, 203
Eisenhower Administration, 178–79
elites, 24, 175
civilian bureaucratic elites, 268
ideology of, 22 (see also strategic culture)
military, 102, 112, 175
Muhajir, 143
political, 247, 268
Punjabi, 143, 144
secular, 69
West Pakistani, 143–45
Enlightened Moderation, 78
epistemic communities, 35–36, 38
>
ethnic groups, 26–27, 31, 68, 102, 143, 269.
See also specific groups; ethnic separatist
movements, 148–49
ethnicity, 2, 9, 86–88, 101, 122, 171. See also specific groups; class and, 59
diversity of, 86–88
ideology and, 271–74, 272, 273–74
in Iraq, 171
in Pakistan Army, 59–63, 274, 276
Pakistan Army and, 59
public opinion and, 271–74, 272, 273–274, 275
existential deterrence, 221, 290n6
Faculty of Research and Doctrinal Studies (FORAD), 100, 162
Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation, 254
Fazlullah, Mullah, 245, 246
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan, 104, 112, 118–19, 121, 128–29, 131–35, 158, 171, 194, 244, 246–247, 255
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, 290n5
forward policy, 114, 133, 279, 298–99n9, 298n7
Friendship Treaty, 123
frontier, 133–35
British management of the, 105–12, 129, 279, 298n7
future of the, 133–35
management of the, 105–19
Pakistan Army’s management of the, 112–19, 279
security in the, 117–18
threat on the, 129–33
Frontier Constabulary of the Northern Areas (FCNA), 151
Frontier Corps, 121, 122, 125, 300n18
Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), 109–10, 112, 130, 131–32, 135
game rationality, 18, 290n7
Gandhi, Indira, 148, 149, 157, 172
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 293n6
Gano Bahini, 147
Gates, Bob, 138
Gaylani, Pir Sayed Ahmad, 126
Gemayel, Bashir, 20
Geneva Accords, 23, 30, 126, 208
Giap, Vo Nguyen, 233
Gillani, Yousaf Raza, 79, 84, 264
Glenn, John, 208
Government of India Act, 295n19
Gracey, Douglas, 50, 72
Great Britain, 9, 10, 17, 45, 68, 108, 175–76, 181
Afghanistan and, 105–12, 298–99n9, 298n8, 299n13
Anglo-Afghan War (first) (1839–1842), 106, 298n8
Anglo-Afghan War (second) (1878–1880), 107–8, 109, 295n19
Anglo-Afghan War (third) (May–August 1919), 110
appropriation of Indian social categories, 59
assistance to Pakistan Army, 63–64
Baghdad Pact and, 179–80
CENTO and, 180
Chamber of Princes, 294n10
closed-border policy of, 106
decolonization and, 40–41, 46
division of armed forces and, 54–55
frontier management and, 298n7
geostrategic recruitment by, 60–61
Government of India Act, 293n6, 295n19
India independence movement and, 293n6
Indian Mutiny of 1857 and, 60
institutionalization of religion by, 67
Fighting to the End Page 54