General Assembly, 185, 219
Kashmir and, 186, 188
secretary general, 116
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 17, 142, 149, 183, 188, 189
China and, 183, 185, 186, 190
India and, 2
Kashmir and, 14, 115–16
reform of, 17
Resolutions 38 and 39, 140
Resolutions 47, 141
United Provinces (of Agra and Oudh), 44, 293n5
United States (US), 9, 118–19, 124, 126, 137, 169, 185, 190, 218, 220–21, 226, 246, 248, 279–80. See also September 11,
2001, terrorist attacks
specific agencies and branches of government and military; 2008 presidential campaign, 219
Afghanistan and, 3, 134–35, 139, 158–59, 169–70, 195–96, 219, 224, 241, 243–44, 246
air strikes by, 246
anticommunist commitment of, 185, 188–89, 191, 227
anti-proliferation advocates in, 207–8
China and, 149, 183, 189, 197–98
civilian institutions and, 276
counterinsurgency training by, 227
disengagement from South Asia, 138
drone strikes by, 246
as duplicitous, 191–96, 198
guerrilla warfare and, 228–30
India and, 2, 16, 136, 139, 157–58, 171, 185, 187–88, 189, 224–25, 233, 242
Indo-Pakistani conflicts and, 138, 143
Iraq and, 246
Islamist guerillas and, 103
Israel and, 157–58
killing of bin Laden, 248, 262–63
killing of Hakimullah Mehsud, 245
militant groups and, 251, 300n18 (see also specific groups)
military journals of, 227–28
Mutual Defense Agreement and, 233
Pakistan and, 14–15, 63–64, 114–15, 122–23, 148–49, 165–66, 174–201, 205–7, 211–13, 216–18, 223–24, 250–51, 261–63, 281–82
partnership with India, 17
raid on bin Laden’s safe haven, 20, 262–63
Soviet Union and, 149, 194, 222, 299–300n17, 303–4n7 (see also Cold War)
terrorism and, 71, 79, 129, 135, 138–39, 219, 241–43, 245, 246, 252, 254, 260, 275, 282, 300n18 (see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks; war on terror specific groups)
war on terror, 200, 241, 242, 243, 260, 275, 282
uranium, highly enriched, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209
Urdu, 32, 80, 143, 145, 163
US Agency for International Development, 187
US Army: South Asia Foreign Area Officers, 292n19
South Asian Foreign Area Officers, 33–34
US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 148, 169–70, 176, 206, 226, 263
US Congress, 138, 207, 208, 209
US consulate, Karachi, Pakistan, attack on, 252
US Department of Defense, 149, 180, 207
US Department of State, 122–23, 149, 177, 207, 268
Usmani, Maulana Shabbir Ahmed, 69
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 16, 150
Valley of Kashmir, 48
Vietnam, 189, 233, 238
Vietnam War, 187, 189, 233
Wahhabism, 84
war. See also guerrilla warfare
Indo-Pakistani conflicts: alliances and, 188–90
motivating the army for, 95–101
preparing for, 88–95
warlords, 127, 128
war on terror, 200, 241, 242, 243, 260, 275, 282
water security, 6–7, 289n4
Wazir, Nek Mohammad, 245
West Bengal, 52, 53, 147
West Pakistan, 15, 33, 62, 63, 94, 131, 143–45, 165, 200, 297n16
1970 elections in, 204
Bengalis in, 144–45, 160–61
constitutional debates and, 144–45
Muhajirs in, 300n23
Punjabis in, 300n23
West Point, Combating Terrorism Center, 253
World War I, 61
World War II, 42, 44, 48–49, 61, 62, 230–31
China Burma India (CBI) theater, 231
al-Yazid, Abu, 248
Youm-e-Shuhada (Day of Martyrs), 79
zakat, 70
Zarb-e-Momin, 138
Zardari, Asif Ali, 132, 219, 263, 264, 305n1
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 246, 248
Zhou Enlai, 184–85, 189
Zhou Yongkang Zhou, 190
Zia ul Haq, Muhammad, 23, 29, 70, 78, 103, 121, 168, 170, 190, 192, 259, 264, 296n10, 299–300n17, 300n21
1977 coup and, 66, 81, 83
1979 constitutional amendments by, 70
Afghanistan and, 123–26
approach to managing Islam, 76–77
death of, 30
ideology and, 69, 102
Islamization and, 45, 70–71, 81–85, 102
nuclear weapons and, 206–8, 214–15, 217, 226
political inclinations of, 81
restoration of democracy after the death of, 90
strategic depth and, 103
Zinni, Anthony, 153
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