by B D Hoyos
44. Roman and Italian slaves of Carthaginians: Zonaras 8.12 (in 256); Appian, Lib. 15.61 (in 204). Hanno the traitor and slaves: Justin 21.4. Regulus’ slave-haul: Pol. 1.29.7. Hasdrubal son of Gisco buys 5000 slaves for fleet: Appian, 9.35 (but not in Pol. or Livy). Great Libyan revolt 396 and slave recruits: Diodorus 14.77.
45. Artificial channel from lake of Tunis in 4th Century: L. Stager in Ennabli (1992), 72; Lancel, Carthage (1995), 182–9.
46. Alleged 5th-Century stagnation: Warmington (1964), 57–62; Picard (1968), 79–80, 111–15; Moscati (1968), 161–2. No stagnation: Morel in Lepelley and Lancel (1990), 78–84; Lancel in Hackens and Moucharte (1992), 269–81.
47. Megara: Appian, Lib. 117.559 (Loeb tr.), 135.639. Land surveys: Green and Kehoe (see Note 10), 111–12. Bomilcar’s failed coup: Diodorus 20.43.1–44.6 (my tr.).
48. Temples: Lancel (1995), 212–15. Possible remnants of Eshmun’s, Fantar in HaP, 226; of early 2nd-Century temple near agora (?): Rakob in Vegas (1998), 28–31. Flat-roofed temples: e.g. Lancel (1995), 313–14 (Thuburbo sculpture); Rakob (op. cit.), 30. Motya stele: Spanò Giammellaro in HaP, 186, with 195 no. 14.
49. Demeter and Kore stele: S.-M. Cecchini and M. G. Amadasi Guzzo in Lepelley and Lancel (1990), 101–11; G. Bergamini in HaP, 234 no. 10. Dougga mausoleum: G. Hiesel in HaP, 63, 66. Sabratha mausoleum: Lancel (1995), 309–11.
50. Henchir Jaouf mausoleum: Quinn (2003), 20, 23–4, 34. Mausoleum drawing, Clupea: Lancel (1995), 281. Jbel Mlezza paintings: ibid., 222–3. ‘Tower’ outside Megara in 147: Appian, Lib. 117.557.
51. Archaic Carthaginian houses: Rindelaub and Schmidt (1996); T. Schäfer in HaP, 216–20. The ‘Hannibal quarter’: Lancel and Morel in Ennabli (1992), 43–68; Lancel (1995), 152–72. Villa at Cape Gammarth: ibid., 280.
52. Agora in 308: Diodorus 20.44.3–5. In 146: Appian, Lib. 91.340 (with the senate-house), cf. Diodorus 32.6.4. Senate meetings in temple of ‘Aesculapius’: Livy 41.22.2, 42.24.3.
53. Carthage’s outer walls: Appian, Lib. 95.449–51; Lancel (1995), 415–19. The ports: Lib. 96.452–5; ‘Cothon’, 127.605–8; cf. Strabo 17.3.14–15 C832–3; Picard and Picard (1961), 28–33, and (1983), 34–7; J. Debergh in Hackens and Moucharte (1992), 283–97; L. Stager in Ennabli (1992), 73–8; H. Hurst, ibid., 79–94; Lancel (1995), 172–88. Falbe’s quadrilateral: Appian, Lib. 123.582–3 (choma); Fantar (1993), 1.126–7; Lancel (1995), 179–80.
54. Gods in Hannibal’s treaty-oath: Polybius 7.9.2–3 (my tr.); Picard (1967), 26–35; Walbank (1957 ff.), 2.46–52; Barré (1983); W. Huss in Bonnet et al. (1986), 223–38; Lancel (1995), 208–9; Barceló (2004), 145–6.
55. Tanit at Carthage: Huss (1985), 513–16; Lancel (1995), 199–204; Lipiski in DCPP 438–9. Demeter and Kore: Diodorus 14.70.4, 76.4, 77.5. Hannabaal khnt š krw’: M. Le Glay, DCPP 128. Carthaginian deities with probable or possible Greek and Roman equivalents: Huss (1985), 521–5.
56. ‘Awakener of the god’, and ‘scent of ‘štrny’ or ‘husband of ‘štrny’: Krahmalkov (2000), 309; DCPP s.v. Astronoe. Hanno sufete and awakener, and Y’zm great-grandson of Masinissa: Krahmalkov, ibid. Rooster images: Lancel (1995), 223–5; G. Maass-Lindemann in HaP, 263.
57. Greeks and Romans on Carthaginian child-sacrifice: Cleitarchus, FGrH 137 F9; Diodorus 20.14.4–7 (in 310); Plutarch, de Superstitione 13; Curtius, Alexander 4.3.23; Tertullian, Apologeticus 9.2–4. Mazeus and his adult son: below, Note 65. Hamilcar’s disappearance in 480: Herodotus 7.167, claiming Carthaginian informants. Boy sacrificed in 406, Diodorus 13.86.3; prisoners sacrificed in 307, 20.65.1–2. Silius Italicus’ tale: Punica 4.763–829. Carthage’s ‘tophet’: Lancel (1995), 227–56; Aubet (2001), 245–6; S. Ribichini in HaP, 247–56. Stele of priest with baby: HaP, 257. On child sacrifice: e.g. Gras et al. (1991); L. E. Stager in Ennabli (1992), 72–5; Schwartz (1993), 28–57, with forensic evidence; Fantar (1993), 2.300–3; Docter et al. (2001/2); Azize (2007); Shaw (2007), 12–18.
58. mlk ’dm a sacrifice of ‘reddening’ or ‘rouging’: thus Azize (2007), 199–201; cf. N. Wyatt, Religious Texts from Ugarit, 2nd ed. (London and New York, Continuum: 2002), 186 and n. 44 (red ochre). Nicivibus inscription about Concessa: Azize (2007) 191, 195–6, 202. On infant mortality in Roman times (one in three or four): e.g. Hopkins (1983), 70–3, 225.
59. ‘The minor kings of Africa’: Pliny, NH 18.22–3. Hiempsal’s ‘Punic books’: Sallust, Jugurtha 17.7; Morstein-Marx (2001). St Augustine on ‘Punic wisdom’: Letters 17.2. Hidden sacred books: Plutarch, Moralia 942C. Hannibal’s inscriptional memoir: Pol. 3.33.18, 3.56.4; Livy 28.46.16. Inscription on sack of Acragas: Krahmalkov (1974), and in Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages, ed. S. L. McKenzie and J. Kaltner (Leiden, Brill: 2002), 214; Schmitz (1994). Verse inscriptions at Mactar: Krahmalkov (1975). Julius Nasif: Krahmalkov (1994).
60. Milkpilles’ biography: Krahmalkov (2000), 477 s.v. špt, 289 s.v. Mlkpls. The ‘ancient Mactarian’: ILS 7547. Silenus’ and Sosylus’ histories of Hannibal: Nepos, Hannibal 13.3; one papyrus fragment of Sosylus survives (FGrH 176 F1). Hasdrubal-Cleitomachus: Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 3.54; Geus (1994), 150–3.
61. Ivory of goat on sacred tree: HaP, 337 no. 6. ‘Fez’-capped goddess with daughter: HaP, 236 no. 17. Wide-eyed dedicator: Picard and Picard (1968), plate 29. Enthroned Melqart (?) from ‘Hannibal quarter’: HaP, 237 no. 19. Amulet-case: ibid., 240 no. 33. Etruscan bronze figurine, ibid., 78; ‘temple boy’, 234 no. 9.
62. Phalaris’ bull and other Sicilian booty: Cicero, Second Verrines 4.72–4; Diodorus 13.90.3–5. Ephebe of Motya: Lancel (1995), 323–5, denying implausibly that such art would have been favoured at Carthage. Boethus ‘the Carthaginian’: Pausanias 5.17.4; A. Rumpf, Kl P 1.916.
63. Kerkouane tambourine-player: Fantar (1995), 103. Ivory intaglios: HaP, 238 nos 24–5. Baalshillek’s ossuary: DCPP 356, fig. 264. Priest’s sarcophagus from Ste Monique: ibid., fig. 265. Isis-priestess: Lancel (1995), 326–7; M. Maass, HaP, 284–5 no. 61. Isis (?) statuette: HaP, 285 no. 63.
64. Carthaginian and associated coinage: Jenkins and Lewis (1963); DCPP s.v. Numismatique, 320–7; P. Visonà in Krings (1995), 166–81; H. R. Baldus in HaP, 294–313 (pp. 302–13 show a large selection of coins). Half-destroyed coins from 146: ibid., 313 nos 88–9, with Baldus’ notes.
65. ‘Malchus’: Justin 18.7.1–18; Ameling (1993), 73–9; Krings (1998), 33–92. Note mzl = ‘good fortune’: Krahmalkov (2000), 273.
66. Mago and his sons: Justin 18.7.19–19.1.17 (two generations before Himera, see 19.1.1–2.1). They decided everything, 19.2.5. Tribute still paid to Libyans until after 480: 19.1.3–4, 19.2.4.
67. Hamilcar Barca’s victory parade in 237: Pol. 1.88.6; cf. Chapter X. Gisco’s return in 338: Diodorus 16.81.4; Polyaenus, Stratagems 5.11; Picard and Picard (1968), 143, 160.
68. Hannibal’s motives in 410–409: Diodorus 13.43.6. Himilco’s defeat and suicide: Justin 19.2.7–3.12; Diodorus 14.70–76; Orosius 4.6.10–15 (dating it to Darius’ reign!). Court of 104 in Justin: Note 22. Capture of Selinus, Acragas, Camarina and Gela in 410–406: Trogus, Prologue 19.
69. Revolt of Libyans and Sardinians in 370s: Diodorus 15.24.2–3, 73.1. ‘The campaigns of Hanno the Great in Africa’: Trogus, Prologue 20. Hanno and ‘Suniatus’: Justin 20.5.11–14. Tales of arrogant Hanno: Pliny, NH 8.55; Aelian, Varia Historia 14.30; Plutarch, Moralia 799E; Maximus of Tyre, Dissertation 32.3. Geus (1994), 106–8, 129, holds (unpersuasively) that three separate Hannos are involved – the ‘Great’, the traitor, and the lion-tamer. Hanno’s fall: Aristotle, Pol. 5.1307a; Justin 21.4.1–8.
70. Carthage and Alexander: Arrian, Alexander 2.24.5, 7.15.4; Curtius, Alexander 4.2.10, 4.3.20, 4.4.18. Hamilcar the spy: Justin 21.6.5.
71. Accusations against and secret trial of Hamilcar in 312: Diodorus 19.72.2; Justin 22.3.3–5, 22.7.9–10. Bomilcar’s attempted coup in 308: Diodorus 20.43.1–44.6 (his colleague Hanno a hereditary enemy, 20.10.1–2); Justin 22.7.7. Himilco, Adherbal and another Hanno appointed: Diodorus 20.60.3–4, 61.3.
72
. Royal Numidian governor in 128 bc: Huss (1985), 260 n. 65; Lipiski in DCPP, 133 s.v. Djebel Massoudj. Pagi in Roman Africa: e.g. ILS 9482 (Muxsi); Picard et al. (1963) on Thusca and Gunzuzi; ILS 9399, 9404 (Thugga); ILS 6095 (Gurzensis); ILS 6118 (Minervius).
73. Taxes on Libya: Diodorus 20.3.3; Pol. 1.72.1–5.
74. Glmt and Phls: Manfredi (2003), 438. Zilalsan: KAI no. 101; Y. Thébert, DCPP 135 s.v. Dougga; Krahmalkov (2000), 306–7 s.v. mqdš. Sufetes in North Africa after 146: Manfredi (op. cit.), 376–80 (with list). B‘lm: Manfredi (ibid.), 386–9, 404, 430, 436, 446.
75. Polybius on Carthaginian and Roman war-making: 6.52.1–6 (tr. E. S. Shuckburgh, slightly adapted); similarly Diodorus 5.38.2–3 (plainly thinking of the 3rd Century). Carthaginian warfare: e.g. Gsell, HAAN, 2.331–460; Connolly (1981), 147–52; Huss (1985), ch. 475–9; Ameling (1993), 155–235, and in HaP, 88–93; Goldsworthy (2000), 30–6; Daly (2002).
76. Marsala wrecks: Frost (1991), and at www2.rgzm.de/Navis/Ships/ Ship056/NaveMarsalaEnglish.htm (retrieved 20/02/2009); Höckmann in HaP, 96, 103–5. Dockyard fire in 368: Diodorus 15.73.3–4.
77. Quadrireme: Pliny, NH 7.207 (citing Aristotle); Diodorus 2.5.6; 14.41.3, 42.2, 44.7 (Dionysius I). Quinquereme: Diodorus 2.5.6; 14.41.3, 42.2–5 (but triremes still used in 307: 20.61.7). On all these warships see Steinby (2007), 23–7; on quinquereme battle-tactics, Murray (1999).
78. Carthaginians’ armbands: Aristotle, Pol. 7.1324b. Citizen troops: e.g. Diodorus 13.44.5–6 (410–409); 13.80.3, 88.3, 110.6 (406); 15.15.2 (383); 16.80.4–5 and Plutarch, Timoleon 27.4–5, 28.10 (at Crimisus); Diodorus 20.10.5 (309); Pol. 1.75.2 (240).
79. Claimed army strengths: e.g. in 480, Herodotus 7.165, Diodorus 11.20.2; in 409, Diodorus 13.54.1, 54.5–6, Greek allied troops, 58.1. In 396 plague kills 150,000: 14.76.2; troops at the Crimisus, 16.77.4; Plutarch, Timoleon 25.1; in 262, Diodorus 23.8.1; at Cannae, Daly (2002), 29–32; at Ilipa, Pol. 11.20.2; Livy 28.12.13; Appian, Iberica 25.100. Mercenaries: e.g. Ameling (1993), 183–225; Daly (2002) ch. IV.
80. Gelon’s complaint in 480: Herodotus 7.158; Krings (1998), 312–13. Carthaginians’ ‘constant wrongdoings’: Justin 19.1.9.
81. Fall of Motya: Diodorus 14.51.5–52.4 (Loeb tr.). Carthage’s dealings with Greek Sicily: e.g. Gsell, HAAN, 3, ch. I; Warmington (1964), chs. II–V; Meister (1984); Asheri, (1988); Franke (1989); Lewis (1994); Picard (1994); L.-M. Günther in HaP, 81–7; cf. Zambon (2008). Dionysius I: Caven (1990). Timoleon: Talbert (1974). Agathocles: Consolo Langher (2000).
82. Pact with Rome in 279: Polybius 3.25.1–5; Walbank Commentary on Polybius, 1.349–51; Huss (1985), 210–12; Scullard (1989), 532, 535–7; Scardigli (1991), 163–203; Hoyos (1998), 11–14.
83. Second treaty with Rome, 348: Polybius 3.24.1–16; Walbank, Commentary 1.345–9; Scullard, 526–30; Scardigli (1991), 89–127; Hoyos (1998), 7–9.
84. Treaties ‘to prevent unjust acts by anyone’ etc.: Aristotle, Pol. 3.1280a–b. Philinus’ claimed treaty: Pol. 3.26.3–5; Huss (1985), 204–6; Scardigli (1991), 123–62; Lancel (1995), 380–3; Hoyos (1998), 9–11; Serrati (2006); Steinby (2007), 78-84.
85. The Punic Wars: e.g. Gsell, HAAN, 3, chs. 2–8; de Sanctis (1968), vols 3.1 and 3.2; Lazenby (1978, 1996); Caven (1980); Harris (1989), 142–63 on the Third Punic War; Lancel (1995), 361–427; Goldsworthy (2000); Le Bohec, Guerres puniques (2001); K. Zimmermann, Rom und Karthago (Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft: 2005; 2nd edn., 2009).
86. Hannibal and the Barcids: Picard (1967); Seibert (1993); Lancel, Hannibal; Hoyos (2003); Barceló (2004); Hoyos (2008).
87. Hannibal to Roman prisoners after Cannae: Livy 22.58.2–4. Text of treaty with Philip V: Pol. 7.9; Livy (23.33.10–12) and later writers give a distorted Roman version. See Walbank, Commentary), 2.42–56; Seibert (1993), 240–6.
88. ‘Order of judges’, and Hannibal’s sufeteship and exile: Livy 33.45.6–49.8.
89. Factions in the 150s: Appian, Lib. 68.304–5.
90. Scipio’s tears at Carthage: Pol. 38.21–22; partly in Appian, Lib. 132.628–30.
91. Plutarch on the Carthaginians: Moralia 779D. Cato’s admiration for Hamilcar Barca: Plutarch, Cato Major 8. Essay claiming to be a letter from Plato: [Plato], Letters 8.353e.
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