by Dan Jurafsky
nuoc mam, 2, 53
nuts, 60, 131–32, 157
Ogilvy, David, 114–15, 114
Ogilvy and Mather, 114
Ohala, John, 164–65, 169
Ohlone, 35
Old Clam House, 35
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 47
omicron letters, 160
One Thousand and One Nights, 38, 39, 173
orange blossom ice cream, early recipes for, 145–46
oranges, in marmalade, 147
Ottomon Empire, 80–81, 148, 149, 154
ovens, China’s lack of, 180
Ovid, 87
Oxford Companion to Food (Davidson), 22
Oxford English Dictionary, 26, 195
Pacio, Debra, 103
pain perdu, payn purdyeu, recipe for, 120
Palace Hotel, 126
Panchatantra, 37, 38
Parker, Robert, 100
Passover, 130, 135, 140
pasta:
linguistic history of, 134–36, 139, 141–43
terms for, 135
pastel de nata, 89
pastries, 131–36
and pasta, 135
savory and sweet, 135–36
payndemayn, paindemain, 119–21
pecan, pronunciation of, 90, 90
pecan pie, recipe for, 89
Pennebaker, James, 99
Perry, Charles, 125, 131, 194
Persia:
culinary contributions from, 2–3, 12–13, 36–39, 48, 76, 79, 131, 142, 146, 148–49, 157, 172–74, 177, 188
in trade, 53
Persian sherbet, 156
Peru, culinary contributions from, 35–36, 43, 48, 62
pescado frito, 43
recipe for, 45
Peters, Erica J., 115
phones (language), 160, 181
phosphoric acid, 157
Phu Quoc, 53
pieces of eight, 36, 57, 62, 63
pies, 89–90
Pilgrims, and First Thanksgiving, 88, 91
pirates, 61–63
Pisco punch, 30, 36, 64, 76
pitch, 164–65, 169
Pizarro González, Francisco, 43–44
plat, 21, 34
Plato, 131, 160
Poe, Edgar Allan, 78
politicians, linguistic devices of, 114–15
Pollyanna effect, 5, 105–6
Polo, Marco, 53, 135
Pomerantz, Kenneth, 61
Pop Rocks, 156
Porter, Eleanor, 105
Portlandia, 9–10
Portugal:
in Asian trade, 62
culinary contributions from, 3, 43–46, 48, 89–90, 188
New World exploration by, 79, 83–84, 86, 189
positive bias, 104–6
positive emotional words, positive sentiment words, 94, 95, 96, 104–5
potato chips, 33, 108–16, 118, 130
potatoes, fried, 2–3, 36, 48, 49, 107
pottages, 69
Potts, Chris, 104
preservatives, preservation:
fermenting as, 50, 51, 55
hops as, 65, 69
salt as, 47, 50, 54, 55, 127–28
vinegar as, 39–40, 46–47, 128
pronunciation:
regional, 90, 90
tongue in, 161–62, 161, 165, 181
Propre Newe Booke of Cokerye, 175
pumpkin pie, recipe for, 89
punch, 2, 30, 36, 57, 155
Puritans, 66–67
Purver, Matt, 48
Quantal Theory of Speech (K. Stevens), 181
quince paste, 146–47
Qingming Festival, 130
Rabelais, François, 136
rakia, 65, 66, 76
Ramayana, 152
Rand, Sally, 28
Rashi, 135
Raspberry shrub, recipe for, 155–56
Rath, Eric C., 46
ravioli, 134, 204
recipes:
world’s oldest, 73, 76
see also specific recipes
red rice wine, 49–50, 76
chicken recipe for, 52
refined foods, 5, 117, 129
refrigeration, development of, 128, 148, 151–55, 153
regression (statistical tool), 101, 112
relevé (remove), 25–26
Republic (Plato), 130
resonance, 164–65
restaurant reviews:
author’s linguistic study of, 5, 92–106
negative, 95–100
positive, 96, 100–106
restaurants:
chain, 17
ethnic and cultural variety in, 14, 33–34, 48
linguistic clues to status and cost of, 7–20, 191
linguistics in evaluation of, 92–106
see also specific establishments
Rhubarb syrup, recipe for, 148
rice, fermented red, 55–56
Richard II, King of England, 70
roast course, 25–26, 31
Robert, Master, 43
Roden, Claudia, 148
Roger I, King of Sicily, 132
Roger II, King of Sicily, 132, 132, 134–35
Rome, ancient, 53, 72, 123, 148
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 159
Routledge, Bryan, 10, 93
Rozin, Elizabeth, 182
rum, 56, 57, 59, 155
Sahagún, Bernardino de, 80
sailors, culinary contribution of, 40, 46–47, 54, 56, 57, 62, 188
Saison, 7, 11
saison, 129
salad, 5, 30, 183
first recipe for, 123
as term, 123–24
salad course, 179, 184
salsa, 5, 123, 124
salsa en polvo, 64
salsa verde, recipe for, 125
salt, 5, 181, 182
and flour, 117–18
in freezing, 146, 154–55, 157
linguistic history of, 123–29
as preservative, 47, 50, 54, 55, 127–28
sour, 182
-sugar balance, 108
salt cod, 128
salting, salted, 47, 50, 54, 55, 127–28
as term, 95, 123
saltpeter (potassium nitrate), 151, 153–54, 157–58
Salt Sugar Fat (Moss), 107
sandwich cookies, 141
San Francisco, 62, 78
celebrations and festivals in, 107, 116, 130, 144, 188
Chinese in, 49, 65, 107, 116, 130, 188
culinary culture of, 7, 21, 23–24, 28–30, 33, 35–36, 48, 64–65, 66, 77, 82, 92, 93, 117, 126, 128, 171, 181–82, 208
San Francisco earthquake (1906), 28, 30, 126
San Sebastian, Spain, 187–88
Sassanid empire, 36–38, 131, 142
sauce, 5, 124–27
linguistic roots of term, 55, 123, 124
sauerkraut, 124, 127
sausage, 127
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 161
Scheel, Mrs., 132–33
Scotland, 56, 147
Scott, Edmund, 56–57, 62, 196
seafood, 35–36, 44, 188
see also fish
seasonings, 129
secondi, 34
semantic bleaching, 55, 94–95
semolina, 122
September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, 99
sex, as metaphor for foods, 5, 94, 100–104
“Shahnameh, The,” 38
Shakespeare, William, 67, 86, 121, 159, 175
Shakur, Tupac, 77
Shannon, Claude, 13
sharbat, 155, 158, 185, 189
recipe for, 148–49
sheker, 73–75
sherbet, 143, 148–52, 154, 159, 185, 188
powders and tablets, 149–50, 156–57
roots of term, 148, 155, 156
Shesgreen, Sean, 100
shikaru, 73, 76
shikker, 65, 66, 75–76
Shilling Cookery for the People (Soyer), 47–48
shrub (drink), 155–56
Sibawayhi, 1
2–13
Sicily, culinary contributions from, 130–31, 134–36, 142, 152, 174, 188
sikbj:
culinary history of, 2–3, 35–48, 41, 122, 130, 131, 143, 172, 185, 189
recipes for, 39, 40–42
silver, 62
silver reals, 36, 57, 62, 63
Simmel, Georg, 143
Simmons, Amelia, 89, 147
simnel cake, 122
siqqu, 53
slave trade, 91, 128, 157
slivovitz, 65
Slobin, Dan, 168
smell perception:
synesthesia in, 168
vocabulary for, 96–98
smiles, origin of, 144, 169–70, 189
Smith, Eliza, 26, 27
Smith, Noah, 10, 93
Smitten, 144
Snickers bars, 131
snow, in cooling, 141, 148, 154, 157
“social stage model of coping,” 99
sociedad gastronómica, 187
Socrates, 160
sodas, 144, 157
soft drinks, 3
sole meunière, 123
Sophocles, 78, 87
sops, 69–70, 120
sorbets, as term, 146, 155, 156, 157, 206
sound symbolism, 161–67
visual experiment in, 166
soup course, 25, 28, 30
sourdough, 117, 129, 208
sourness, 156–57, 181
cultural variations in, 182
Southern Barbarian Cookbook, 45–46, 194
soy, 53, 55, 59
sauce, 51
Soyer, Alexis, 47
Spain:
culinary contributions from, 3, 42–43, 49, 53, 123, 131, 132, 146, 152, 187–88
New World conquest by, 43–44, 63, 80–84, 91
Spence, Charles, 166–67
spice trade, 83–84
spirits, distilled, 56–57
status, markers of, 5, 7–20, 29, 33, 110–16, 118–19, 134, 142, 143, 150, 159
“status anxiety,” 18
Stevens, Ken, 181
Stevens, Wallace, 170
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 63
stills, 56, 75, 75
stories, negative emotions expressed through, 98–99
Strabo, 127
Strauss, Susan, 103
Streit’s, 140
strident sounds, 167
sugar, 2, 73, 77, 128, 134, 139, 155, 174–76, 181–82
craving for, 102
palm, 181–82
-salt balance, 108
Sumatra, 56–57
supper, linguistic roots of, 70, 189
sushi, 47, 51, 63
sexual association of, 102
Sutro, Adolph, 30
Sutro baths, 30
sweet:
in Chinese cooking, 180
cultural variations in, 181–82
and savory, 174–75, 177, 182, 185
and sour, 38, 61, 182, 185
sweets, 131–34, 173–75, 181
see also dessert
synesthesia, synesthesic hypothesis, 168–70
syrups, 3, 147–49, 155, 157, 181, 188
Tadich Grill, 35
tafaya, 173–74
Tai-Kadai, 50–51
Tajín, 64
tamales, 80, 82, 92, 116
Tang dynasty, 151
tapas, 188
taquerias, 92
Taqueria Vallarta, 92
tartaric acid, 157
Taste of Country Cooking, The (Lewis), 91
taste perception:
cultural variation in, 181–82
synesthesia in, 168
vocabulary for, 96
tempura, 36, 46, 48, 49
Texas Pecan Pie, 89
texture perception, vocabulary of, 103
Tezcatlipoca (trickster god), 79
Thailand, 50, 51, 53, 182
Thanksgiving, 28, 35, 78, 88–91, 177
“Things That Can Never Come Back, Are Several, The” (Dickinson), 139
Times of London, 47
toast (bread), 66, 69–70
toasting, 3, 6, 64–77, 189
to “health” and “life,” 65–67, 70–71, 72, 74, 77
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 92
toi toi toi, 74
Tolstoy, Leo, 96
tomata catsup, recipe for, 60
tomatoes, in ketchup, 2, 55, 60, 185
chemical compounds in, 182
tones, language, 97
tongue, in pronunciation, 161–62, 161, 165, 181
torrone, 131
totolmole, 80
trading, international, 2, 38, 40, 53, 54, 56–58, 61–63, 83–84, 86
traditional authenticity, 114–15
tragemata, 172
Transamerica Pyramid, 30
trans fats, 110
trauma, linguistic symptoms of, 99, 106
Treasure Island (Stevenson), 63
Trick Dog, 77
Trillin, Calvin, 7, 20, 33
Turkey, 72, 78, 85, 148, 149–50, 157
turkey cock, 85–86
turkeys, 3, 6, 87, 130, 188, 189, 198
linguistic history of, 78–91
in mole, 80–83
Turkish Delight, 131
turtle soup, 19–20
txakolin, 188
txoko, 187
umami, 181, 182
United States:
culinary contributions of, 28, 30, 32, 60–61, 70, 88–91, 120, 131, 141, 142, 155–56, 176, 177, 181–82
order of courses in Europe vs., 178–79
public opinion in, 92–93
unmarked words, 105–6
urbanization, 98
usquebagh, 56
van Oosten Batavia arrack, 56
Vaughan, William, 176
Vaux, Bert, 90
Veblen, Thorsten, 143
Vega, Juan José, 44
Venice, 80–81
Verral, William, 26
Viandier, Le, 125
Vietnam, 50, 51, 57