by Andrew Duff
7.
‘Ruler of Sikkim, Alone in Palace, Broods and Waits’, New York Times, 23 April 1974
8.
Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the ‘Emergency’ and Indian Democracy, p. 281
9.
For details of this session and the resolutions, see Proceedings of the Sikkim Assembly, 10 May 1974, quoted in Das, The Sikkim Saga, pp. 119–28
10.
S. Weisman (ed.) Daniel Patrick Moynihan: A Portrait in Letters of an American Visionary (Perseus Books Group, USA, 2010), p. 337
11.
Quoted in Guha, India after Gandhi, p. 480
12.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 48
13.
Das, The Sikkim Saga, pp. 50–1; Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 284–6
14.
Proceedings of the Sikkim Assembly held at 9.45 p.m. on Thursday, 20 June 1974, quoted in Das, The Sikkim Saga, pp. 129–32
15.
Khatiawara memo, ‘Sikkim’s merger – A brief resume’, quoted in Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 280
16.
‘Constitutional Problems in Sikkim’, (W. Annenberg), 25 June 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974LONDON07986_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
17.
‘Sikkim Constitutional Crisis Continues’, (D. Schneider), 24 June 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08366_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
18.
‘Sikkim’, (D. Schneider), 1 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08716_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015; Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 290–1
19.
‘Sikkim: Foreign Hands (Invisible of Course)’, (D. Schneider), 25 June 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08416_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
20.
‘Sikkim: No solace for the Chogyal’, (D. Schneider), 27 June 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08558_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
21.
Proceedings of the Sikkim Assembly held at 7 p.m. on Friday, 28 June 1974, quoted in Das, The Sikkim Saga, pp. 133–8
22.
Khatiawara memo, ‘Sikkim’s merger – A brief resume’, quoted in Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 279
23.
Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the ‘Emergency’ and Indian Democracy, p. 292
24.
‘Sikkim’, (D. Schneider), 1 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08716_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
25.
‘Sikkim’, (D. Schneider), 5 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE08934_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
26.
‘Weekly Review of the People’s Republic of China, No. 28’, (C. Cross), 10 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974HONGK07742_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015; TNA, FCO 37/532: Political Affairs, Sikkim, 13 July 1974
27.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 303
28.
‘Sikkim Developments’, (D. Schneider), 10 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE09170_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
29.
‘Sikkim Developments’, (D. Schneider), 10 July 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE09170_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
30.
TNA, FCO 37/532: Political Affairs, Sikkim, fol. 15, 5 July 1974
CHAPTER EIGHT: ‘HOW CAN WE FIGHT WITH INDIA?’
1.
Letter quoted in Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 302
2.
The Government of Sikkim Act 1974, quoted in Das, The Sikkim Saga, p. 155
3.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 309
4.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 311
5.
See unpublished note in TNA, FCO 37/1672: Political Situation in Sikkim, 17 October 1974
6.
Cartoon received courtesy of Sanjoy Narayan, editor-in-chief, HT Media
7.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 319
8.
Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the ‘Emergency’ and Indian Democracy, p. 295
9.
On India’s statute book as the Constitution (Thirty Fifth Amendment) Act, See http://indiacode.nic.in/coinweb/amend/amend35.htm
10.
Himalayan Times, quoted in New York Times editorial, 6 Sept. 1974
11.
‘Department Press Briefing’, (H. Kissinger), 11 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974STATE197329_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
12.
‘Sikkim – State Department Press Briefing’, (D. Moynihan), 11 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE12115_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
13.
Details of these discussions can be found in a series of Wikileaks cables between 26 September 1974 and 1 October 1974
14.
‘Indian press reports of US reconsideration of Pak Arms’, (D. Moynihan), 12 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE12193_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
15.
‘PRC Statement on Sikkim’, (C. Cross), 13 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974HONGK10183_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
16.
‘PRC Statement on Sikkim’, (C. Cross), 13 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974HONGK10183_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
17.
‘USUN Unclassified Summary, No. 32’, 3 Oct 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974USUNN03660_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
18.
‘Sino-Indian Relations’, (D. Schneider), 13 Sept 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE13214_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
19.
‘Indo-Soviet Relations: Assessment on the eve of the Secretary’s visit’, (D. Moynihan), 11 Oct 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974NEWDE13674_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
20.
Foreign relations of the United States, 1969–Vol XVIII, China 1973–6, pp. 616–17 (minutes of meeting in Beijing, 27 Nov. 1974)
21.
‘Deterioration in Indian-Nepal Relations’, (W. Cargo), 9 Oct 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974KATHMA04166_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
22.
‘Deterioration in Indian-Nepal Relations’, (W. Cargo), 9 Oct 1974, Wikileaks cable: 1974KATHMA04166_b, retrieved 26 Jan. 2015
23.
‘The Pulse of India’s Intentions’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 11 Oct. 1974, p. 34
24.
See unpublished note in TNA, FCO 37/1672: Political Situation in Sikkim, 17 October 1974
CHAPTER NINE: ‘THEY’VE A’ GANE CLEAN GYTE’
1.
TNA, FCO 37/532: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 30, dated 13 Sept 1974
2.
‘Freedom House Report on Political and Civil Liberty’, (R. Ingersoll), 2 Jan. 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975STATE000703_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
3.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 343
4.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 344
5.
Interview with Sonam Yongda, January 2012
6.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 345
7.
One member of the Indian parliament would later also allege that ‘a member of the Chogyal’s entourage’ had caused the injury.
8.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 348
9.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 366–7
10.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 368–9
11.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 369
12.
W. Saxbe, I’ve Seen the Elephant (Kent State University Press, USA, 2000), p. 214
13.
‘PRC Media Condemns India on Kashmir Issue’, (C. Cross), 12 Mar 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975HONGK02564_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
14.
‘Prime Minister’s Interview with UPI March 11’, (W. Saxbe), 13 March 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE03523_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
15.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 374
16.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 374–5
17.
Private email conversation with John Train
18.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 354 ff.
19.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Gra
b, p. 355
20.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 10 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04815_b, retrieved, 27 Jan. 2015
21.
The account of the events in the bedroom of the Chogyal is from a private interview with Sonam Yongda
22.
Tarachand Hariomal’s private note to Morarji Desai (15 April 1977, unpublished), as quoted in Datta-Ray Smash and Grab, pp. 356–7
23.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 390–1
24.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p 103
25.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 10 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04815_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
26.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 10 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04815_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
27.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 11
28.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 13
29.
Details of the events of 9 April are taken from Datta Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 10–20
30.
Private interview with Horst Geerken, and see H. Geerken, A Gecko for Luck (Bukitcinta, Germany, 2010), pp. 288–90
31.
See http://hamgallery.com/qsl/deleted/Sikkim/ac3pt5.htm for full story, retrieved 24 Feb. 2015
32.
‘Reported coup in Sikkim’, (R. Helms), 10 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975TEHRAN03252_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
33.
From Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, pp. 382–3, quoting Khatiawara’s later account of the 10 April Assembly session: ‘On April 9, 1975, the Indian army deployed to annex Sikkim. All the Assembly members were once again rounded up and under threat were escorted to the assembly on April 10 and made to sign on the dotted line.’
34.
‘American Friends of Sikkim’, (W. Schaufele), 12 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975USUNN01181_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
35.
‘Sikkim Press Guidance’, (H. Kissinger), 11 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975STATE083142_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
36.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 11 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04921_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
37.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 389
38.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 388
39.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 14 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04994_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
40.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 14 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04994_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015; and TNA, FCO 37/1672: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 26, 17 April 1975
41.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 16 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05120_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
42.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 16 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05120_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
43.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 16 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05120_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
44.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 15 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05050_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
45.
Notes of ‘The Secretary’s, Principals’ and Regionals’ Staff Meeting, Wednesday, 16 April 1975, 8.00 a.m.’, Department of State, US Government (retrieved from the Briish Library online archive)
46.
‘Imperial India’, The Observer, 20 April 1975
47.
The Economist, 19 April 1975
CHAPTER TEN: DEATH MUST FOLLOW BIRTH
1.
‘A Merger is Arranged’, Hindustan Times, 15 April 1975, quoted in Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. 393
2.
Indian Express, quoted in ‘Some in India Deplore Action on Sikkim’, New York Times, 18 April 1975
3.
TNA, FCO 37/1672: Political Situation in Sikkim, 15 April 1975
4.
TNA, FCO 37/1673: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 37, 24 April 1975
5.
TNA, FCO 37/1673: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 49, 23 April 1975
6.
‘Imperial India’, New York Times, 21 April 1975
7.
Saxbe, I’ve Seen the Elephant, p. 216
8.
Frank, Indira, p. 382
9.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 14 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE04994_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
10.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 21 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05359_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
11.
TNA, FCO 37/1673: Political Situation in Sikkim, fol. 52, 29 April 1975
12.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 16 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05120_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
13.
For the letters, see The Times: 25, 28, 29 April; 1, 3, 12, 15, 29 May; and 7 June (all 1975)
14.
Quoted in Saxbe, W. ‘Indo-US relations’, 29 April 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE05701_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
15.
Frank, Indira, p. 373
16.
Frank, Indira, p. 375
17.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 132–3
18.
Quotations are from M. K. Dhar, Open Secrets (Manas Publications, New Delhi, 2010), p. 189–213
19.
M. K. Dhar, Open Secrets, p. 196
20.
‘The Prime Minister: she loves us; she loves us not?’, (W. Saxbe), 30 August 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE11791_b, retrieved 27 Jan 2015
21.
‘Teng Hsiao-Ping’s [Deng Xiaoping] Remarks to Codel [Congress Delegate] Percy’, (G. Bush), 12 August 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975PEKING01503_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
22.
‘Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 21 October 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE14022_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
23.
TNA, FCO 37/1674: Political Situation in Sikkim, 26 August 1975
24.
TNA, FCO 37/1674: Political Situation in Sikkim, 26 August 1975
25.
TNA, FCO 37/1674: Political Situation in Sikkim, 9 November 1975
26.
‘Chogyal of Sikkim; Sino-Indian Border Clash’, (W. Saxbe), 7 November 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE14806_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
27.
Datta-Ray: Smash and Grab, p. xlvii
28.
‘Chogyal of Sikkim’, (W. Saxbe), 17 December 1975, Wikileaks cable: 1975NEWDE16795_b, retrieved 27 Jan. 2015
29.
‘Sikkim’s Ex-King Virtual Prisoner’, New York Times, 14 December 1975
30.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 272
31.
‘To be a Princess’, McCall’s, September 1963, p. 88
32.
‘Hope Cooke: From Queen of Sikkim to “Regular” New Yorker’, New York Times, 18 June 1975
33.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 113
34.
M. K. Dhar, Open Secrets, p. 215
35.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 118–19
36.
Frank, Indira, p. 421
37.
Frank, Indira, p. 423–6
38.
‘Desai Defends Criticism of Sikkim’s Annexation’, New York Times, 10 March 1978
39.
Datta-Ray, article in The Statesman, 1978, quoted in Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 123
40.
Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 128–9
41.
Economic and Political Weekly, 10 March 1979
42.
Quote from one of Indira Gandhi’s closest friends and a seasoned commentator on Indian politics; cited by Katherine Frank in Outlook India magazine, 23 August 2004.
43.
Frank, Indira, p. 453
44.
Datta Ray, Smash and Grab, p. xlvii
45.
Cooke, Time Change, p. 140
46.
Datta-Ray, Smash and Grab, p. xlvi
EPILOGUE
1.
Indian Express, 14 February 1982, quoted in Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy
2.
‘Sikkim Defies Gandhi’, The Observer, 28 February 1982
3.
Letter from Hope Cooke to Rustomji, quoted in Rustomji, A Himalayan Tragedy, p. 97
4.
‘Chogyal Unlikely to Return Home’, Himalayan Guardian, 9 April 2013, see http://jigmenkazisikkim.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/himalayan-guardian-wednesdayapril-3-9_12.html, retrieved 25 Feb. 2015
5.
See http://www.darjeeling-unlimited.com/doc/Khangsarpa_Legacy.pdf, retrieved 25 Feb. 2015