Goldstein, Gordon M. Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt, 2008.
Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.
———. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Goodwin, Richard. Remembering America: A Voice from the Sixties. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988.
Guthman, Edwin O., and Jeffrey Shulman, eds. Robert Kennedy: In His Own Words. New York: Bantam Books, 1988.
Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993.
———. The Making of a Quagmire. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.
Harrington, Michael. The Other America: Poverty in the United States. New York: Macmillan, 1962.
Hilsman, Roger. To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. New York: Dell, 1968.
Hilty, James W. Robert Kennedy: Brother Protector. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
Humphrey, Hubert H. The Education of a Public Man. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976.
Isaacson, Walter, and Evan Thomas. The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Jay, Anthony, ed. The Oxford Dictionary of Political Quotations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Jones, Howard. The Bay of Pigs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Kaiser, David. American Tragedy: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Origins of the Vietnam War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Kaplan, Fred. The Wizards of Armageddon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
Kennedy, Jacqueline. Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. New York: Hyperion, 2011.
Kennedy, Robert F. Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York: Norton, 1968.
Kennedy, Rose Fitzgerald. Times to Remember. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.
Kern, Montague, Patricia W. Levering, and Ralph B. Levering. The Kennedy Crises: The Press, the Presidency, and Foreign Policy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983.
Kozak, Warren. The Life and Wars of Curtis LeMay. Chicago: Regnery, 2009.
Krock, Arthur. Memoirs: Fifty Years on the Firing Line. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968.
Lasky, Victor. J.F.K. New York: Macmillan, 1963.
Launius, Roger D., and Howard E. McCurdy. Spaceflight and the Myth of Presidential Leadership. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Leuchtenburg, William E. A Troubled Feast: American Society Since 1945. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.
Manchester, William. The Death of a President. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Martin, Ralph G., and Ed Plaut. Front Runner, Dark Horse. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960.
McNamara, Robert S. Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy. New York: PublicAffairs, 1999.
———. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. New York: Times Books, 1995.
Montefiore, Simon S. Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. New York: Vintage Books, 2005.
Nashel, Jonathan. Edward Lansdale’s Cold War. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.
Newman, John N. JFK and Vietnam. New York: Warner Books, 1992.
Oberdorfer, Don. Senator Mansfield: The Extraordinary Life of a Great American Statesman and Diplomat. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2003.
O’Brien, Lawrence F. No Final Victories: A Life in Politics—from John F. Kennedy to Watergate. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.
O’Donnell, Kenneth P., and David F. Powers. Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.
Olson, James S. Where the Domino Fell. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996.
Parker, Richard. John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2005.
Parmet, Herbert. Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy. New York: Dial Press, 1980.
The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. Boston: Bantam Books, 1971.
Poole, Walter S. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy, 1961–1964. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011.
Powers, Thomas. The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. New York: Knopf, 1979.
Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1961–1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962–64.
Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Ricks, Thomas E. The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today. New York: Penguin Press, 2012.
Rostow, Walt W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
Rusk, Dean. As I Saw It. New York: Norton, 1990.
Rust, William J. Kennedy in Vietnam. New York: Da Capo Press, 1985.
Salinger, Pierre. With Kennedy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966.
Schaffer, Howard B. Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Age of Roosevelt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957–60.
———. Journals, 1952–2000. New York: Penguin Press, 2007.
———. Robert Kennedy and His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.
———. A Thousand Days. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
Seaborg, Glenn T. Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Test Ban. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Shapley, Deborah. Promise and Power: The Life and Times of Robert McNamara. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993.
Sheehan, Neil. A Bright Shining Lie: America in Vietnam. New York: Random House, 1988.
Shesol, Jeff. Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade. New York: Norton, 1997.
Sorensen, Theodore C. Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
———. Kennedy. New York: Bantam Books, 1966.
Stossel, Scott. Sarge: The Life and Times of Sargent Shriver. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004.
Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: Norton, 2003.
Taylor, John M. An American Soldier: The Wars of General Maxwell Taylor. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1989.
Thomas, Evan. Robert Kennedy: His Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.
Tifft, Susan E., and Alex S. Jones. The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind the New York Times. New York: Little, Brown, 1999.
U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Arms Control and Disarmament, 1961–1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Cuba, 1961–1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, 1961–1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Soviet Union, 1961–1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Vietnam, 1961. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Vietnam, 1962. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Vietnam, August–December, 1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.
———. Foreign Relations of the United States: Vietnam, January–August 1963. Washington, DC: U
.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.
White, Theodore H. The Making of the President, 1960. New York: Atheneum, 1961.
Widmer, Ted. Listening In: The Secret White House Recordings of John F. Kennedy. New York: Hyperion, 2012.
Wofford, Harris. Of Kennedys and Kings. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980.
Woods, Randall B. Fulbright: A Biography. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Zelikow, Philip, Ernest May, and Timothy Naftali, eds. The Presidential Recordings: John F. Kennedy: The Great Crises, July 30–October 28, 1962. 3 vols. New York: Norton, 2001.
Acknowledgments
Every book is the product of a collective effort: archivists, editors, and colleagues generous enough to take time from their own work to read the manuscript.
John Wright, my agent and friend for twenty years, suggested this project and offered wise counsel on the broad scope of the book as well as on its details. Tim Duggan, my editor at HarperCollins now for the third time, read three versions of the manuscript, each time pressing the case for revisions that have made a considerable difference in bringing Kennedy’s many advisers into sharper focus and enriching our understanding of Kennedy the man and policymaker.
Geri Dallek, as usual, was unrelenting in reminding me that readers want to know the people you are describing—not simply as men trying to find answers to impossible questions about war and peace, but also as flesh and blood characters struggling with their own inner demons and reach for historical influence. Like Tim Duggan, she deserves a special shout-out for offering wise counsel. None of this, however, is meant to suggest that either she or Tim should share responsibility for whatever defects remain in the organization and composition of the text.
Several others have helped bring the book to life, including Emily Cunningham, associate editor at HarperCollins, whose keen eye for the right phrase and more economical use of quotations have made this a much more readable book.
Matthew Dallek, with whom I had the pleasure of teaching some courses at the University of California in Washington, UCDC, offered compelling advice in several discussions about what I was trying to do in the book. I had the chance to try out some of my ideas in both his class and my own at Stanford University in Washington, SIW, where I have been teaching for five years under the guidance of Adrienne Jamieson, the Center’s superb director. Peter Kovler, who knows more about national politics than any of the so-called experts I have met over the years, has been another helpful sounding board on a book about presidential advisers.
I am also grateful to Tom Pitoniak for his excellent copyediting. He has saved me from numerous errors. Lydia Weaver, the production editor, applied her expertise to the publication of my third HarperCollins book. I am in her debt for making the process so relatively easy. She is a master of her craft.
Finally, I cannot resist saying thank you to President Barack Obama, who has graciously hosted four dinners for presidential historians, where I had a close-up look at what a president hoped he could learn from history. It provided a glimpse into how a president interacted with men and women trying to offer useful judgments on the not entirely different problems earlier presidents, including Kennedy, faced.
Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Abbreviations: JFK stands for John F. Kennedy; RFK stands for Robert F. Kennedy; LBJ stands for Lyndon Baines Johnson
Acheson, Dean, 20, 84, 98, 118
on Bay of Pigs, 135
Berlin crisis and, 183, 184, 203–4, 221–22, 224, 228
on Bowles, 103, 271
Cuban missile crisis and, 315, 317–18, 332
on JFK’s appointments, 63–64
on JFK’s leadership, 204, 223
JFK’s opinion of, 204–5
Joe Kennedy, Sr. and, 205
nuclear war and, 223
Adams, John, 26
Adenauer, Konrad, 181, 182, 184, 202
Age of Roosevelt, The (Schlesinger), 27
Alford, Mimi Beardsley, 31–33, 330
Alliance for Progress, 105, 128, 130–31, 133, 139, 167, 216, 253, 254, 291
Alsop, Joseph, 116, 127, 202, 221, 223, 224, 237–38
Anderson, George, 316, 322, 331, 381
arms race, 23, 105–6, 93. See also nuclear war and weapons
“missile gap” and, 20, 67
nuclear test ban treaty, 209–13, 255–57, 356–60, 379–83
Soviet Union’s inferiority, 211, 225, 298
U.S. advantage in, 295, 298
Arnett, Peter, 338
As I Saw It (Rusk), 430
Attwood, William, 384–85, 387–88, 389
Auden, W. H., 422
Baker, Bobby, 57
Ball, George, 103–4, 155
Cuban missile crisis and, 297, 309–10, 314, 328
“green light” cable for Diem coup, 414–15
Vietnam and, 232, 240–41, 269, 277, 341, 391, 394, 396, 400–401, 413
Barnett, Ross, 282–83
Barrington, James, 280
Bartlett, Charlie, 127
Batista, Fulgencio, 387
Bay of Pigs, 133–56
advisers’ misjudgments and, 133–38, 140–41, 145–47
analysis of, 144–46
Bissell’s input, 134–35
Bowles memo against, 139
CIA and, 134, 134–36
critics of, 139–41
as Eisenhower’s plan, 138
failure of, 143–44, 146, 149
JFK accepts responsibility for, 148, 153, 188
JFK goes with plan, 135, 137, 143, 146
JFK’s determination not to use U.S. forces, 138–39, 144–45
JFK’s doubts about, 133, 143
JFK’s guilt about captives, 364
JFK’s hope for secrecy, 134, 136, 138, 143
JFK’s last-minute use of Navy pilots, 144
JFK’s motives, 137–38, 145–46, 147, 150
JFK’s payback for being misled, 152–54
JFK’s reliance on advisers as an error, 144, 149, 188
JFK’s use of moon shot to distract from failure of, 177–80
Khrushchev on JFK and, 190
military planners and, 137
Rusk and, 133, 139–40
Beardsley, Mimi. See Alford, Mimi Beardsley
Bell, David, 119
Berlin, 93, 103, 180–81, 225
Acheson on, 203–4
de Gaulle’s advice, 187
JFK’s address (1963), 391
JFK’s addresses on crisis (1961), 201, 222–25
JFK meets with Brandt, 182–83
JFK’s seeking counsel on, 201–5
Macmillan and, 200
Soviet threat, 147, 180–86, 199–201, 221–29, 224
Wall built, 225–26, 235
Berlin, Isaiah, 187–88, 307
Bigart, Homer, 276–77
Billings, Lem, 13, 30
Bissell, Richard, 134–35, 149–50
Bohlen, Charles, 183, 187, 191, 194, 307, 311–12
Bolshakov, Georgi, 254, 306
Boston
“cut glass set” or FIF’s of, 4
Democratic Party in, 4
Irish as political force in, 5
JFK elected to Congress, 37–38, 40
Joe Kennedy-Curley deal for congressional seat, 37
Kennedy family and politics, 4–6
Lodge family in, 5
Boston Post, 40, 42
Bowles, Chester, 101–3
Acheson’s view of, 103
demotion of, 155, 271
JFK’s response to, 103
leaking of dissent about Bay of Pigs, 149, 150–51, 153–55
memo against Bay of Pigs, 139
memos on Vietnam, 271, 272–73
positions of, 102
RFK and, 369
Rusk and, 273
Bradlee, Ben, 64
, 331
Brandt, Willy, 182–83, 226, 227
Briand, Aristide, 256
Browne, Malcolm, 338
Bruce, David, 183
Bryan, William Jennings, 93–94
Buckley, William F., Jr., 146
Bundy, McGeorge, 74, 89, 118, 281–82, 292–93, 408, 428
appointed national security adviser, 74, 89–92, 126, 149
Bay of Pigs and, 138, 146, 147, 149
Berlin crisis and, 226, 228
character of, 89–90, 91
on conflict among advisers, 369
Cuba, Castro, and, 215, 216, 254, 287, 365, 374, 384, 386, 388–89
Cuba hosting Soviet missiles disputed by, 290, 293
Cuban missile crisis and, 293–94, 297, 302, 304–5, 315, 317, 318, 328, 332
Harvard and, 89, 90–91, 93
JFK’s input on Berlin and, 201–2
JFK’s Khrushchev message and, 323
JFK’s lack of confidence in, 279
JFK’s speech to Cuban exiles and, 364
as JFK’s voice on Diem coup, 416–17
in LBJ’s administration, 427–28
nuclear test ban treaty and, 257
opinion of Lodge, 405
“peace speech” and, 360
recruitment of academics by, 93
Rostow and, 92–93
on Rusk, 100
Soviet nuclear testing and, 212, 213
as university professor, 428
Vietnam and, 232, 242–45, 277, 408, 409, 412, 414, 415, 428–29
Vietnam mistakes acknowledged, 404–5
Bundy, William, 236
Burdick, Eugene, 218
Bureau of the Budget, 118
Burke, Arleigh, 71–72, 75, 138, 213, 257
Cambodia, 159
Carter, Jimmy, ix, x
Carter, Marshall, 289, 297, 302
Castro, Fidel. See also Cuba
ABC reporter Howard’s interviews, 377
Attwood and overtures to the U.S., 384–85, 387
CIA and, 134, 135, 216–20, 253–54, 287–88, 365
Cuban missile crisis and, 303, 304
Daniel interview, 387, 390
Eisenhower and, 130, 131–32
on JFK, 390
JFK and rapprochement with, 374, 377, 383, 385–90
JFK’s policy on ousting, 138, 159, 213–21, 331, 383
Khrushchev and, 254
Camelot's Court: Inside the Kennedy White House Page 51