by Janet Browne
74. Freeman 1977.
75. Times, 8 April 1871, quoted from Ellegard 1990, p. 300.
76. Edinburgh Review, July 1871, 195–235.
77. World, 19 March 1871.
78. Quotations drawn from reviews collected in DAR 129. See also Ellegard 1990, pp. 293–331.
79. DAR 140.4:19.
80. Reviews in DAR 129, pp. 75, 104.
81. Blackwood’s Magazine, April 1871.
82. F. O. Morris 1875, p. 15. Darwin’s copy is in DAR 139.12:1.
83. Marchant 1916, vol. 2, p. 32.
84. Life and Letters 3:134, 136.
85. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 127.
86. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 48.
87. Life and Letters 3:133.
88. Fraser’s Magazine n.s. 5 (1872):409–21.
89. Stephen 1924, especially pp. 88–89.
90. Life and Letters 3:139.
91. To John Murray, 3 June [1871], John Murray Archives.
92. Life and Letters 3:149. See also More Letters 1:333.
93. G. Darwin 1873. See L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, pp. 425–26. Numerous letters were exchanged through December 1874 and January 1875; see Calendar 9759 to 9823, passim. An account is given in A. Desmond 1997, pp. 71–72.
94. J. Gruber 1960, pp. 112–14.
95. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 269.
96. Emma Darwin to Fanny Allen, undated letter, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University.
97. DAR 210.2.
98. Henrietta Darwin to George Darwin, June 1871, DAR 245:298.
99. Hudson 1972, p. 298.
100. Litchfield 1910, pp. 124–25. See also Harrison 1954.
101. To W. D. Fox, 16 July 1872, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
102. DAR 245:45. See also Emma Darwin’s letter to Henrietta Litchfield, in which she said that “sickness marries one,” DAR 219.9.95.
103. Emma Darwin 2:247.
104. More Letters 2:100–1.
105. To William Ogle, 17 November [1870], Down House MS 5:4.
106. To W. E. Darwin, 11 February [1872], British Museum (Natural History). For Darwin’s work on expression see Browne 1985a, Montgomery 1985, and Paul Ekman’s edition of Expression of the Emotions, C. Darwin 1872.
107. Expression 94 and Litchfield 1910, pp. 216–17.
108. M. Vaughan-Williams to Henrietta Darwin, undated, DAR 180. See also DAR 219.9.84.
109. Life and Letters 1:114. Emma Darwin’s letter is in DAR 219.9.85.
110. British Library Add MS 58373.
111. DAR 219.9.14.
112. Expression 62.
113. Classed Account books, Down House Archives.
114. See especially Lynch 1985, Lynch and Woolgar 1988, Tagg 1988, Tucker 1997, and Armstrong 1998. More generally on questions of representation, see Edwards 1992, Gilman 1995, and Green-Lewis 1996.
115. I am grateful to Phillip Prodger for bringing these views to my attention. See also Prodger 1998.
116. I thank Edward Wakeling for confirming this attribution.
117. Discussed in Bondeson 1997.
118. Prodger 1998.
119. Browne 1985a and 1985b. See also Hartley 2001.
120. DAR 53(1):40.
121. Eckman, introduction, Expression xxi–xxxvi.
122. DAR 143. For Crichton-Browne’s system of psychiatry see Neve and Turner 1995. For photography and expressions of the insane see Gilman 1976 and Browne 1985b, and more generally on images of insanity Gilman 1995. For the continuing traditions of physiognomy see Cowling 1989, Edwards 1992, and Hartley 2001.
123. J. E. Jenkins, Ginx’s Baby: His Birth and Other Misfortunes (London 1870), running to thirty-six editions by 1876. The edition illustrated by Frederick Barnard was published in 1876.
124. E. Jones 1973. See also Prichard 1988.
125. Prodger 1998.
126. Classed Account Books, Down House Archives.
127. E. Jones 1973, p. 102. The volume also reproduces one half of the composite Ginx’s Baby, p. 107
128. DAR 53(i), ser. C:95.
129. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 272.
130. Montgomery 1985.
CHAPTER 10: DARWIN IN THE DRAWING ROOM
1. Edward Aveling, Students’ Magazine of Science and Art, 2 September 1878.
2. Wallace 1883, p. 420. On “Darwinism” as a category see Moore 1991. Several of Darwin’s closest friends went on to publish books of essays carrying in their title variants of the words “Darwinism” or “Darwinina.” See T. H. Huxley 1893, Gray 1876, Romanes 1892, and Wallace 1889.
3. Discussed, for example, in Altick 1978, Jardine, Secord, and Spary 1996, and Yanni 1999. The rise of a consumer society is examined in McKendrick, Brewer, and Plumb 1982 and T. Richards 1990. See particularly P. Anderson 1991 on the printed image and transformation of popular culture, and Ashton 1991 and 1996 on Lewes and Eliot respectively.
4. Several versions are in existence, some bronze. One is illustrated on the cover of Kew Books Newsletter 6, 1976. A more convenient illustration is in Service 2000. A “monkey with Darwin’s head” was listed in the Darwin Centenary Exhibition, Cambridge 1909; see Freeman 1978, p. 98.
5. Howard 1977. For monstrosities as part of biological thought see E. Richards 1994.
6. The Wedgwood ware, “The Darwinian Theory,” is illustrated in Reilly 1989, vol. 2, p. 130, and was produced by Émile Lessore in 1862. I doubt whether it was ever available in mass-produced form. I am grateful to the Royal Photographic Society and Ms. Debbie Ireland for helping me with questions about Cameron’s copyright photographs. R. D. Wood kindly provided access to his list of Mrs. Cameron’s Copyright Registrations, from which this information is taken.
7. I thank Teresa Termet Huget for this information.
8. Bingham 1994. I am extremely grateful to A. Walker Bingham for providing me with information about this firm and its advertisements. See also Holcombe 1979, 367–77.
9. Cantor 1996 examines public images of a scientific hero. See also Fara 1997 and 2000. In general, see Tagg 1988, Edwards 1992, Green-Lewis 1996, Armstrong 1998, and Jordanova 2000. Useful case studies are in Friedman and Dorley 1985 and Rose 1999.
10. Ryan 1996 discusses some of these metaphors of cartography and exploration.
11. Autobiography, p. 78.
12. The history of caricature is discussed in George 1959, Weschler 1982, Townsend 1992, and Hallett 1999. For caricature and satire in science see Rudwick 1975 and 1976, Browne 1992, and Paradis 1997.
13. From a large literature on medical caricature see Haslam 1996 and R. Porter 2001.
14. Weschler 1982 for Paris, Townsend 1992 for Berlin.
15. Grove Dictionary of Art, vol. 5, pp. 755–61. See also J. R. Harvey 1970.
16. “A logical refutation of Mr. Darwin’s theory,” Punch, 1 April 1871, p. 130.
17. A rough estimate is that there was one picture on every page of Punch. An annual volume ran to some 270 pages. See Huggett 1978.
18. From D. Thomas [1871?], DAR 178.
19. Harper’s Weekly, 23 December 1871, p. 1209.
20. “Man is but a worm,” Punch’s Almanack, 6 December 1881.
21. Hague 1884, p. 760.
22. Harper’s Weekly, 4 January 1879.
23. Unattributed, Harper’s Weekly, 22 February 1873, p. 160.
24. W. Smith 1967.
25. M. Conway 1904, vol. 2, p. 357, discusses the prints, although it confuses one with the other. The attribution to Holyoake is made in W. Smith 1967, pp. xiii–xvi, which reprints the second version as endpapers. I am grateful to Jim Moore for his help on this issue.
26. Darwin’s copies are in DAR 141:10 and 11.
27. The first version certainly ran to three impressions, but each batch was probably rather few in number. Since one copy hung in the City Temple, the pivotal institution for revivalist preaching run by Joseph Parker, it would be fair to say that the intended audience was probably highly nonconformist. A copy marked “Third Impre
ssion” was offered for sale at Sotheby’s, 11 December 1992. See W. Smith for the Temple copy.
28. Globe, 7 November 1872.
29. Allingham 1907, p. 185.
30. Groeben 1982, pp. 93–94n33.
31. Groeben 1982.
32. Maitland 1906, p. 301. For Romanes see Schwartz 1995.
33. Family enterprises are examined in Davidoff and Hall 1987 and M. J. Peterson 1989. The relationship between spectacle and family intimacy is examined in Chase and Levenson 2000.
34. Emma Darwin 2:278.
35. Illustrated in Desmond and Moore 1990.
36. Allingham 1907, p. 239.
37. M. Conway 1904, vol. 1, pp. 358–59. See also Wilson and MacArthur 1934, vol. 6, p. 328.
38. Leeds University, Samuel Smiles Correspondence, SS/A/1,72. I am grateful to Anne Secord for this quotation.
39. Emma Darwin 2:260.
40. Emma Darwin 2:278–79.
41. Emma Darwin to Fanny Allen, undated letter, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University.
42. Emma Darwin 2:264.
43. Stecher 1961, p. 247.
44. Dictionary of National Biography, 22 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1882–1912), supplement 1901–1911, ed. S. Lee, vol. 1, entry on Leslie Stephen.
45. Maitland 1906, p. 300. See also Annan 1984, pp. 97–98.
46. Sotheby catalogue, 11 December 1992, item 143.
47. M. Conway 1904, vol. 2, p. 173.
48. M. Conway 1904, vol. 2, pp. 324–26.
49. Haight 1954–78, vol. 9, pp. 87–88.
50. From Adolph Reuter, 11 January 1870, DAR 176.
51. Moore 1985b.
52. DAR 140(3):30.
53. Classed Account Books, Down House Archives. Darwin entered the charges for parcels separately.
54. Life and Letters 1:112–3,121.
55. To R. L. Tait, 13 January 1880, Shrewsbury School. See also Shepherd 1982.
56. More Letters 2:443.
57. DAR 140 (3):31.
58. From Thomas Burgess, 26 March 1875, DAR 116/7(ser. 4):15–16.
59. From F. E. Abbot, 18 July 1872, DAR 159.
60. F. Abbot, “Darwin’s Theory of Conscience and Its Relation to Scientific Ethics,” Index, 12 March 1874. Letter to Abbot, 30 March 1874, Harvard University Archives, quoted from Calendar 9377.
61. Life and Letters 3:18n but no attribution except 1871. The actual citation is letter to J. D. Hooker, 1 February [1871], DAR 94:188–89.
62. Groeben 1982, p. 29.
63. O’Brien 1970, Farley 1977, and especially Strick 1999. Nineteenth-century microscopical and cellular investigations are discussed in Churchill 1979.
64. Huxley to Spencer, see Marchant 1916, vol. 2, p. 239.
65. Life and Letters 3:168, 169.
66. Hudson 1972, p. 315.
67. L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, pp. 366–67.
68. Colp 1985, p. 385ns6. Galton’s correspondence with Candolle on the issue is in Pearson 1913–40, vol. 2, pp. 134–49. For contemporary views on character see Galton 1865, Candolle 1873, and Smiles 1859, 1871, and 1887. More generally on character and biography see the essays in Shortland and Yeo 1996, especially Cantor 1996 and Söderqvist 1996.
69. To Hyacinth Hooker, 31 January 1877, Case Western Reserve University.
70. Published in Das Ausland, 2 April 1870. See also Preyer 1891.
71. To William Preyer, 15 May 1870, DAR 147.
72. Newpaper clipping in DAR 226.2:5.
73. Life and Letters 3:229.
74. Life and Letters 3:179. Galton’s aims are discussed in Pearson 1913–40, vol. 2, pp. 178–79.
75. Life and Letters 3:177–79.
76. Life and Letters 1:149. I am grateful to Ann Dally for the citation from Trollope. The words are spoken by old Giles Hoggett, who exhorts Mr. Crawley as to the best course in life, and turns the tide of the plot. See also Colp 1998, p. 223n50.
77. Emma Darwin 2:259.
78. DAR 140(3).
79. Emma Darwin 2:355, 376 See Bermingham 1986 for landscape and the English rustic tradition, and Paradis 1985, Krasner 1992, and Worster 1985 for Darwin’s ecological vision.
80. Healey 1986. See also Keynes 2001.
81. See letter to John Lubbock, 23 February 1874, DAR 97(ser. C):44–45.
82. DAR 210.15.
83. To J. J. Weir, 18 September [1872], Countway Library, Harvard University.
84. From J. S. Craig, 4 November 1872, DAR 96:112.
85. Another count makes the total eighty-four. Most of the certificates, formal invitations, and scrolls are in DAR 229 and 230.
86. Feuer 1975, Colp 1982, and H. Gruber 1961. The volume is at Down House.
87. Pancaldi 1994, p. 265.
88. DAR 219.1.92. On spiritualism see Oppenheim 1985.
89. Imperial College Archives, Huxley Papers 28:221–23 and supporting correspondence dated 1874.
90. Haight 1968, p. 469; Lewes’s diary quoted from Baker 1995, vol. 1, p. 223.
91. Life and Letters 3:187.
92. See L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, pp. 421–22, for Huxley’s description. Accounts of the séance are in DAR 154:124–28 and DAR 119.1:116.
93. To G. H. Darwin, 2 [April 1875], DAR 210.1.2.
94. Oppenheim 1985. Milner 1996 discusses the Slade case.
CHAPTER 11: ENGLAND’S GREEN AND PLEASANT LAND
1. Freeman 1977, p. 87.
2. Life and Letters 3:195.
3. L. Huxley 1918, vol. 2, pp. 151–53. For Darwin’s experimental botany see Allan 1977 and F. Darwin 1899 and 1909. Sachs 1890 and A. G. Morton 1981 provide a survey account of later-nineteenth-century developments. Much of Darwin’s work involved investigations based on Gärtner 1849 and Kölreuter 1761–66.
4. Bynum 1994.
5. F. Darwin 1909, p. 390.
6. Hooker 1874. On the fly-trap see Nelson 1990.
7. Allan 1977, p. 243, and Life and Letters 3:324.
8. Life and Letters 3:327–28.
9. DAR 219.1.89.
10. Life and Letters 3:289.
11. Life and Letters 3:276n.
12. More Letters 2:419.
13. Life and Letters 3:2910.
14. Life and Letters 1:147.
15. DAR 219.11:30.
16. Emma Darwin 2:265.
17. Life and Letters 3:279.
18. DAR 251.
19. DAR 112:105; also partly in Life and Letters 1:117.
20. Life and Letters 3:197.
21. DAR 93:413. The proposals are in DAR 93:414.
22. Thoroughly documented in French 1975 and Rupke 1987. See also Cobbe 1904 and Hutton 1989. The rise of physiology as a research discipline is discussed particularly in Geison 1978 and Bynum 1994. See also Butler 1988.
23. British Medical Journal 2 (1874): 741–54, 828, where Magnan is wrongly identified as Eugene Magnan.
24. Life and Letters 3:199–201.
25. Descent 1:40.
26. Bromley Record, 1 September 1863, p. 168; also in Barrett 1977, vol. 2, pp. 83–84. See Emma Darwin 2:200–1 for the text of Emma’s second letter.
27. Life and Letters 3:202–3. Virchow is discussed in Ackerknecht 1953.
28. Emma Darwin 2:274.
29. DAR 219.8.29.
30. Life and Letters 1:125.
31. DAR 112 (ser. B):3d.
32. Emma Darwin 2:273. No portrait or sketch of Emma Darwin by Ouless has been located.
33. DAR 219.1:95, 96.
34. To Hooker, 30 March 1875, DAR 93:382.
35. DAR 219.1.103.
36. DAR 219.1.91.
37. From Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, 20 September 1875, DAR 166.
38. De Beer 1983, p. 110.
39. DAR 245:55.
40. Autobiography, p. 21. A perceptive account of Darwin’s autobiography is given in Colp 1985. See also Rosenberg 1989 and the introduction to Neve 2002.
41. DAR 112:117. See Graber and Miles 1988.
42. Broughton 1999.
43. To
J. V. Carus, 17 July 1879, Deutsche Staatsbibliotek, Berlin.
44. Useful analyses of the autobiographical genre are in Cockshut 1984, L. Peterson 1986, Henderson 1989, Machann 1994, and J. Conway 1998.
45. Autobiography, p. 97.
46. Machann 1994.
47. Autobiography, p. 138.
48. Emma Darwin, 2nd ed., 1915, vol. 2, p. 170.
49. Fleming 1960. Something of the same wish continues among historians; see for example Kohn 1966.
50. Autobiography, pp. 22, 45.
51. Colp 1985, L. Peterson 1986, and Rosenberg 1989 for comments on the organising devices that can be found in Darwin’s Autobiography. From a large literature on self-fashioning, see Gagnier 1991, Shortland 1996, and the essays in Lawrence and Shapin 1998.
52. Poovey 1989, Nye 1997, and Broughton 1999 deal with some of these issues. For masculinity in Victorian life, see Mangen and Walvin 1987 and Tosh 1999.
53. See especially Colp 1985 on these omissions.
54. Autobiography, p. 120.
55. J. Conway 1998.
56. L. Huxley 1900, vol. 2, p. 39. See also p. 113.
57. Autobiography, p. 125.
58. Autobiography, p. 87.
59. Deconversion and epiphany are discussed in Barbour 1994 and Barros 1998. See also Henderson 1989.
60. Emma Darwin to N. A. von Mengden, 8 April 1879, quoted from Junker and Richmond 1996, p. 154.
61. DAR 139.12:17
62. Emma Darwin 2:190.
63. Autobiography, pp. 93–94n. Emma Darwin’s letters to William Darwin, the eldest son, on this question are in DAR 219.1. See also Colp 1985 and Moore 1994.
64. Life and Letters 1:26–107. The religious section as printed in Life and Letters ought to have begun on p. 69. Some of these letters are in DAR 112(A):19–27 and 210.8:43. See Barlow 1959.
65. Autobiography, p. 94.
66. Emma Darwin 2:278.
67. Cattermole 1987.
68. DAR 219.1.93.
69. F. Darwin 1877. See Darwin to F. J. Cohn, 8 August 1877, DAR 143.
70. G. Darwin 1875, p. 41.
71. DAR 210.6.
72. Jalland 1996, pp. 343–50.
73. Life and Letters 1:135.
74. To J.P.M. Weald, 30 July 1870, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
75. Ackernecht 1953, p. 200.
76. Prospekt, Kosmos 1 (1877):1–3. More generally see Gasman 1971, Kelly 1981, and Weingart 1995.
77. From John Brigg, 6 July 1877, DAR 160.