Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution
Page 55
53: The Honourable Sir William Howe, 1777 (colour mezzotint), Purcell, Richard (c.1736–c.1766) (after) / Brown University Library, Providence, Rhode Island, USA / The Bridgeman Art Library.
57: Watching the Fight at Bunker Hill, illustration from ‘Colonies and Nation’ by Woodrow Wilson, pub. in Harper’s Magazine, 1901 (litho), Pyle, Howard (1853–1911) (after) / Private Collection / The Bridgeman Art Library.
61: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
63: Spencer Collection, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
64: John Quincy Adams (1767–1848) 1847 (daguerreotype), American Photographer, (19th century) / Private Collection / Peter Newark American Pictures / The Bridgeman Art Library.
Index
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Abercrombie, James, 234
Abercromby, James, 26, 351n
Acton militia, 137–40, 142, 147, 151–52, 156, 330n
Adair, Jesse, 123–24, 126
Adams, Abigail, 236, 245, 252, 279, 289–91, 294
Adams, John, 39–40, 70, 85, 112, 160, 305n, 313n, 336n
and accused British soldiers, 4, 8
on American Revolution, 302n, 345n
on army commissions, 192
on Benjamin Church, 252
and Continental Congress, 45, 56, 74, 247, 294
at council of war, 267
illness of, 32–33, 68, 307n
on patriots, 303n
and Port Act, 36
promotes Henry Knox, 270
and Suffolk Resolves, 76
and Joseph Warren, 194, 236, 307n, 337n, 345n
Adams, John Quincy, 46, 292–95, 356n
Adams, Joseph, 153, 157–58
Adams, Samuel, 28, 52, 57, 90, 95, 123, 163, 190, 247, 322–23n
on America’s future, 308–9n
and Continental Congress, 44–48, 55–56, 73–74, 113, 130, 312n
description of, 67, 130
flees to Lexington, 111–12, 116, 118–19, 122
and Josiah Quincy, 171–72
and Lexington fight, 130–31, 325n
moderates Boston town meetings, 33–34, 48, 96, 99–100, 130
opposes Government Act, 41–42
as political leader, 34, 38, 54–55, 66–67, 121
and Port Act, 36–37
and Joseph Warren, 81, 110, 180–81, 193–94, 235–36
Administration of Justice Act, 53
African Americans, 51, 65, 71, 121, 159, 324n, 331n
in army, 165, 228, 241, 262–63, 351n
casualties of, 128
exclusion of, 251, 295
See also slavery; specific names; Washington, George
Allen, Ethan, 173–74
American colonies
British limit rights of, 44, 55
desire peace, 98
founding of, 33
lack of aristocracy in, 193
in open rebellion, 112
rivalry among, 214
and “salutary neglect,” 6
and “the will of the people,” 193–94
unity of, 76, 262, 265
American navy, 245, 257–58
Ames, Dr. Nathaniel, 101–2, 112, 177, 215–16
ammunition
bar shot, 212
bullets, 66, 122, 135
cartridges, 66, 124, 138, 183, 210
from Fort Ticonderoga, 268–71
hotshot, 218
lack of, 148, 154, 226
lead balls, 88, 124
on the Nancy, 258, 268
See also gunpowder
Amory, John, 48
amphibious assaults, 170, 183, 204, 250, 276, 282–83
Andover, Mass., 147, 162
Andrews, John, 48–49
on Battle Road, 158, 330n
on Boston, 88, 111, 311n, 315n, 318n, 321n
on British army, 51–52, 62, 64, 80, 316n
on Coercive Acts, 58
on Gage, 60, 79, 87, 315n, 317n, 319n
on Government Act, 312n
on Haldimand, 317n
on Massacre Day Oration, 100–1
on patriots, 42, 53
on provincial army, 71, 77–78
on Samuel Adams, 56, 312n
wife of, 113, 169, 286
Andros, Gov. Edmund, 5
Arlington. See Menotomy (Arlington)
Arnold, Benedict, 173–74, 245, 271, 332n
artillery, 118, 135, 248, 284
of British army, 78, 103–5, 140, 149, 210, 213, 218, 225, 273
for continental army, 268–71
lack of, 78, 234, 249–50, 267
on the Nancy, 258
officers of, 210–11
regiments of, 197, 244, 246, 270–71, 276–77, 279, 290, 353n
Attack and Defense of Fortified Places (Muller), 273, 353n
Attucks, Crispus, 128
Avery, David, 179
Back Bay, 14, 15, 63, 170, 177, 264, 266
Baldwin, Jeduthan, 271–72
Balfour, Nesbitt, 86, 166–67
Bancroft, Ebenezer, 205–6, 218, 220, 228–29, 337n, 339n
Barker, John, 102, 116, 128, 148–49, 152, 181–82, 317n, 325n
Barré, Isaac, 31–32, 94
Barrett, Amos, 141, 143–44, 327n
Barrett, James, 132–36, 138–40, 143–44, 148
Barrett, Rebeckah, 135–36
Bassett, Burwell, 278
batteries, 168, 254, 264, 276, 279, 281, 340n
battle at North Bridge. See Concord: battle at North Bridge
Battle of Bunker Hill
artillery failures at, 244, 270
bloody carnage of, 293, 342n
and breastwork, 217, 223, 225–26, 229
British army/navy and, 213, 230, 256–57, 343n
and cowardice, 222–23, 277
map of, 196
monument built for, 292–93, 295
and the rail fence, 217, 219–20, 222–27
retreat of provincial army, 222–23, 228–30
spectators of, 206–7, 210, 217, 219
as watershed event, 236–37
wounded survivors of, 253, 255
See also Breed’s Hill
Battle of Chelsea Creek, 183–87, 190, 195, 199, 207, 336n
Battle Road, 152–60, 223, 330n
bayonets
of British regulars, 124, 132, 157
of infantrymen, 127, 147, 217
of militiamen, 138–39
of provincial army, 221, 226–27, 229
surrendering of, 168
Beacon Hill, 14, 15, 22, 30, 38, 116, 199, 229, 279
Bedford, Mass., 122, 137–38, 147
Belknap, Rev. Jeremy, 262, 322n
Bernard, Gov. Francis, 68
Beverly militiamen, 157
Billerica, Mass., 99, 145, 201
Bissell, Isaac, 167, 331n
Black Horse Tavern, 118, 123, 150, 153
Blanchard, Luther, 142
Bliss, Daniel, 123
Blockade of Boston, The (Burgoyne), 266
Blood, Thaddeus, 134, 143–44
blunderbusses, 168
Bolton, Dr. Thomas, 100
Boston
1776 assault on, 278–79, 282–83, 287
accents of residents, 99
black community of, 24
burned by the British, 256, 349n
casualties arrive in, 233, 349n
<
br /> chaos reigns in, 283, 355n
description of, 177
economic misery of, 41, 48, 52
evacuation of, 283–87, 290
first settlers of, 285
and food supplies, 88, 233, 256, 318n
loyalists remain in, 284, 288–89
maps of, 12–13, 15, 254
under military occupation, 7, 38, 51, 79, 96–97, 161–62, 177
poor of, 52, 57, 70, 233, 311n
residents die in, 233–34
residents flee from, 111, 113, 161–62, 164, 168–69, 246–47, 321n, 332n
surrounded, 161, 199, 249–50, 351n
as third-largest port, 31
topography of, 14, 15, 170, 237
town gates of, 20, 71, 76–77, 82, 264
Boston Common, 60, 78–79, 152
British soldiers encamped on, 42–43, 56–57, 64, 77, 80, 177, 227
and Bunker Hill anniversary, 292
description of, 42–43
location of, 15, 19
powderhouse on, 62, 71
“Boston Declaration,” 35–36
Boston Gazette, 22, 288
Boston Harbor, 19, 26, 51, 234
blockade of, 40–41, 87
British control of, 161, 249
and British evacuation, 283–85, 290
description of, 170–71
maps of, 13, 15, 63, 184, 196, 254
military transports in, 169
and the Port Act, 31, 40–41, 43, 70
and the Powder Alarm, 64–65
See also Boston Tea Party; British supply ships; warships
Boston lighthouse, 13, 257
Boston Massacre, 61, 80, 128, 163
aftermath of, 4, 8, 129
anniversary of, 96, 277
events leading to, 7–8, 11, 24, 37
loyalist account of, 171
site of, 19, 39
and trial for, 4, 8, 32
See also Massacre Day Oration
Boston merchants, 11, 41–42, 44, 48–49, 52, 183, 276, 285, 304n, 312n. See also specific names
Boston Neck, 12, 15, 20, 63, 71, 76–77, 93, 102, 111, 118, 164, 170, 191, 254, 264
Boston selectmen, 52, 55, 79–80, 87, 96, 175, 283, 287
Boston Tea Party, 4, 9–11, 16, 22, 28, 30–31, 36, 41, 48, 55, 68, 137, 289, 304–5n
Boylston, Mary. See Hallowell, Mary Boylston
Braddock campaign, 28–29, 56, 238
Braddock, Edward, 26
Braintree, Mass., 12, 33, 183, 274, 279, 292
Brattle, William, 62, 64–65, 69, 313n
Brattle Street Meeting, 15, 46, 111, 310n
Breed’s Hill, 69, 294
army assembles on, 209, 223
bloody carnage on, 201, 230, 234
breastwork on, 196, 201–2, 205, 210, 213–14
cannons on, 205–6, 210
fighting on, 236, 249
fortifications on, 198–206, 218, 224, 226, 337n
location of, 196, 200
rail fences on, 211, 213–14
redoubt on, 196, 199, 201–6, 210–11, 337n
Warren buried on, 287–88
See also Battle of Bunker Hill
Brewer, Jonathan, 180, 245
Brighton, 162, 215
Britannia, 184, 186
British dragoons, 256, 285
British goods, boycotting of, 7, 37, 41–42, 44, 47–48, 58, 75, 82–83, 85, 255
British grenadiers, 115–16, 122, 128–29, 144, 146–47, 221–23, 226, 228
British light infantry, 115
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 196, 223–25
at battle of North Bridge, 135, 143, 145–48
at Concord/Lexington, 116, 122–24, 126–29
established by Gage, 26
as flank guards, 145–48
important role of, 216–17
at Lexington fight, 325n
See also Welch Fusiliers
British marines, 87, 123, 185–86, 317n
British ministry, 7, 29, 34, 44, 80, 94, 113, 237, 262, 345n
and account of Concord/Lexington, 188–89
arrest patriots, 111–12, 115
calls colonials’ bluff, 321n
colonies’ opposition to, 6, 59, 190
and Government Act, 41–42, 52–53
military preparations of, 255–56
repeals acts, 49, 112, 321n
British navy, 31, 43, 61, 78–79, 89, 158, 256–58, 283–84. See also warships
British officers, 87, 89, 93, 96, 99–100, 117, 128–29, 143, 208, 282–83. See also casualties; commissions; specific names
British regular army
abandons Boston, 237
arrival of, 7, 42–43, 49, 51
and Boston Massacre, 7–8, 11
bravery of, 225
defeats of, 186, 190
difficulties faced by, 219, 221–23, 227
encamped in Boston, 57, 86, 161–62, 169, 177, 183, 189, 249, 255, 257, 332n
evacuation of, 283–87, 290
fires first shots, 141–43, 168
graveyard for, 80, 126
growing unrest of, 89
quarters for, 79–80, 87
steals valuables, 145, 147, 158, 284
supplies for, 87, 249, 257–58, 283, 317n
and tensions with Bostonians, 86, 126
during winter of 1775–76, 255–56, 258–59
British supply ships, 87, 245, 249, 258, 268, 290
broadsides, 22, 25, 50, 248, 264–65
Brookline, Mass., 63, 158, 254
Brooks, Joshua, 142
Brooks, John, 202, 204, 338n
Brown, Abijah, 180
Brown, David, 142
Brown, John, 140
Brown, Jonas, 142
Brown, Peter, 200, 202, 210, 224
Buckman’s Tavern, 119, 121–22, 125, 127–29
Bunker Hill, 69, 260
battle named after, 199
and British army, 182, 215, 234, 249, 265
fortifications on, 197–98, 205, 213–14, 234, 286
and gunpowder supplies, 174, 332n
location of, 196–97
and Percy’s brigade, 159, 197
and provincial army, 208, 210, 212–13, 215, 218–19, 222–23, 225, 230
See also Battle of Bunker Hill
Burbeck, William, 172–73
Burdoo, Eli and Silas, 324n
Burgoyne, John, 189–91, 203, 206–7, 217, 219–20, 234, 266, 340n
Burke, Edmund, 255–56
Buttrick, John, 136, 140–44, 342n, 343n
Byles, Rev. Mather, 288
Cambridge, Mass., 14, 67, 116–18, 122, 183
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 202, 204, 208, 214–15
and Battle Road, 158
boatbuilding in, 170, 276, 332n
bridge leading to, 102–3, 150, 243, 330n
British plan to attack, 191, 197, 208
council of war meets in, 164, 272
description of, 179
headquarters in, 161–65, 168, 172, 175, 186, 191, 208, 250, 287
maps of, 12, 63, 114, 254, 269
militiamen in, 168–69, 173, 175–76, 178–79, 181–82, 236, 246
and taking of Dorchester, 276–77
Tory Row in, 63, 65, 72, 240–41, 252
See also Powder Alarm
Cambridge Common, 63, 65, 69–70, 195, 197, 215, 254
Canada, 5–6, 26–27, 53, 201, 229, 249, 284, 289. See also Quebec, Canada
cannons, 93, 99
of British army, 76, 78–79, 154, 168, 191, 198, 200–3, 205–6, 212, 218–21, 225–26,
249, 339n
and British marines, 186
embrasures for, 205–6
firing of, 209–10, 218, 223, 270, 278
at Fort Ticonderoga, 173
and fortifications, 205–6, 275
and grapeshot, 219, 225, 280
and hotshot, 218
lack of, 78, 172–73, 195
for new Continental army, 268–72, 276–77, 352n
of provincial army, 115–17, 135, 139, 205–6, 209–10, 213, 223, 290
and siege warfare, 248
and “spiking the guns,” 284
stolen by patriots, 78–79, 84, 115, 315n
and taking of Dorchester, 276–79
Captain, 39–40
Carlisle militiamen, 138
Carpenter, Richard, 246
Castle, 10, 12, 22, 30–31, 37, 62–63, 65, 68, 234, 254, 279–81, 283, 285–87
Castle William. See Castle
casualties
of African Americans, 128
of British officers, 226–27
of British soldiers, 148, 157, 189, 221–25, 227–30, 233–35, 279, 316n, 342n
of Continental army, 283
of militiamen, 128–29, 140, 142, 148, 156–58, 168, 189
of provincial army, 157, 223, 229–30
Catholic Church, 11, 53, 121, 289
Cerberus, 184, 189
Charles II, King, 5
Charles River, 12, 14, 15, 63–65, 69–70, 103, 116, 118, 122, 150, 165, 209, 243, 266, 282
Charlestown, 23–24, 52, 64, 67, 116, 118, 150, 153
and Battle of Bunker Hill, 195, 197–200, 205, 208–9, 214–15, 217, 292
and Battle Road, 158–60
during British evacuation, 285–86
British march on, 182–83, 198
British plan to attack, 191, 197–98, 206, 208
burned by the British, 218–20, 224, 227, 255, 286, 340n
commons of, 69, 197
description of, 198, 200, 211
location of, 14, 15, 63, 184
raided by Continental army, 266
rail fence built in, 211, 213–14
Charlestown Neck, 196–97, 203, 205, 212–13, 216, 235, 249
Chatham, 258
Chatham, Lord, 94
Cheever, David, 204
Chelmsford militiamen, 138
Chelsea, Mass., 12, 63, 183–85, 191, 218, 254, 312n
Chester, John, 208–9, 222–23
Christ Church, 15, 116, 322n, 349n
Church, Benjamin, 91–92
Church, Dr. Benjamin, 90, 96, 100, 166, 171, 173, 176, 182, 192
court-martial of, 251–53
personality of, 82, 91
and Provincial Congress, 318n, 321n
punishment of, 288
as spy, 91–92, 101, 105, 113, 115, 318n, 321n, 322n