by Walter Reid
Chapter 7
1. Lloyd George, David & Winston, p. 231.
2. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 13.
3. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 301.
4. Ben-Moshe, Churchill: Strategy and History, p. 333.
5. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, pp. 398–9.
6. Quoted G. Best, Churchill & War (London: Hambledon and London, 2005), pp. 169–70.
7. A.J.P. Taylor, ‘The Statesman’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 36.
8. Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 197.
9. See Brian Bond, ‘Alanbrooke & Britain’s Strategy’, in Lawrence Freedman, Paul Hayes and Robert O’Neill (eds), War, Strategy, & International Politics: Essays in honour of Sir Michael Howard (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992), p. 179.
10. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 223.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 229.
12. Rowan in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 250.
13. Churchill to Lord Woolton and Robert Hudson, 14 June 1941 Churchill papers, 20/36, quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 3, p. 802 – an ‘Action this Day’ memorandum.
14. Hansard, 7 May 1941.
15. Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, p. xxv.
16. Quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, p. 426.
Chapter 8
1. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 147.
2. See Antoine Capet, ‘France in Churchill’s The Second World War’ in P. Chassaigne and M. Dockrill, Anglo-French Relations 1898–1998: From Fashoda to Jospin. Studies in Military and Strategic History Series (Basing-stoke: Palgrave, 2002), p. 125–37.
3. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 45 et seq.
4. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 189.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 43.
6. See G. Corrigan, Blood, Sweat and Arrogance and the Myths of Churchill’s War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2006), p. 236.
7. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 442.
8. E. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2 (London: Heinemann, 1954), p. 76.
9. R. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy (London: Heinemann, 2006), p. 557.
10. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 210.
11. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 216.
12. See F. Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle (London: Collins, 1981). Quotation from pbk ed, p. 65 et seq.
13. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 218 et seq.
14. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 160.
15. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, p. 560.
16. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 158.
17. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 181.
18. See J. Jackson, The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Quotation from pbk edn, p. 12 et seq.
19. Jackson, The Fall of France. Quotation from pbk edn, p. 69 et seq.
20. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 40 et seq.
Chapter 9
1. Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 54.
2. Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, vol. 2, p. 139.
3. Charles de Gaulle, Mémoires de Guerre, L’Appel, vol. 1 (Paris: Plon, 1954), p. 71.
4. See Corrigan, Blood, Sweat and Arrogance, p. 275.
5. E. Spears, Two Men who saved France: Pétain and de Gaulle (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1996), p. 164.
6. De Gaulle, L’Appel, p. 275 et seq.
7. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 13 December 1940.
8. See S. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (London: Collins, 1977). Quotation from p. 157, pbk edn.
9. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 156, pbk edn.
10. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 122, pbk edn.
11. D. Wragg, Sink the French: the French Navy after the Fall of France 1940 (Barnsley: Pen and Sword Maritime, 2007), p. 142.
12. See Capet in Chassaigne and Dockrill, Anglo-French Relations 1898–1998, p. 125–37.
13. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 185
14. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 642 et seq.
15. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 830.
16. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 311.
Chapter 10
1. Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 160, pbk edn.
2. Quoted, A. Danchev, ‘ “Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word: Field-Marshal Sir John Dill and Prime Minister Winston Churchill’, in Journal of Contemporary History vol. 22, no.1 (January 1987), p. 22.
3. Quoted, Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 118, pbk edn.
4. Personal communication to Roskill, quoted Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 120, pbk edn.
5. Letter to John Colville, quoted, Colville, The Churchillians, p. 147.
6. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 183.
7. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 184.
8. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 195.
9. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 229.
10. See Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 230.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 231–3.
Chapter 11
1. James Leutze (ed.), The London Observer, The Journal of General Raymond E. Lee, 1940–41 (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 10.
2. M. Soames (ed.), Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill (London: Doubleday, 1998); 6 April 1945, quotation from pbk edn, p. 523.
3. See Jacob in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 198.
4. Churchill papers, 20/49, quoted, Gilbert, War Papers, vol. 3, p. 38.
5. Jacob in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 185.
6. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 191.
7. Quoted by Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshall Sir John Dill’, in J. Keegan (ed.), Churchill’s Generals (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1991), pbk edn, p. 58.
8. A. Cunningham, A Sailor’s Odyssey (London: Hutchinson, 1951), p. 231.
9. Quoted Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 55.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 309.
Chapter 12
1. See, for example, Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill, Four Faces and the Man, p. 189.
2. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn p. 169.
3. Quoted B. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), pbk edn p. 65.
4. Quoted, Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, pbk edn p. 66.
5. See R. Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong? (London: Blooms-bury, 1991), p. 88 et seq.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 83 and 85.
7. C. Barnett, The Desert Generals (London: Kimber, 1960), p 44.
8. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 233.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 85.
10. See Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals, p. 182 pbk edn.
11. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 101.
12. Quoted, Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 108–9.
13. PREM 3/288/7, Wavell to Viscount Cranborne, 31 October 1942.
14. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 171.
15. Churchill papers, 20/37, quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 2, p. 426.
16. See Keegan, ‘Churchill’s Strategy’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 335.
17. See James Leasor, War at the Top: based on the experiences of General Sir Leslie Hollis (London: Joseph, 1959), p. 148 et seq. and G. von Blumentritt et al., The Fatal Decisions (London: Joseph, 1956).
18. Leasor
, War at the Top, p. 151.
19. Quoted Michael Dewar, ‘Field-Marshall Lord Wilson’, in Keegan, ed, Churchill’s Generals, p. 173.
Chapter 13
1. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 240.
2. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 223.
3. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 106, 109.
4. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 517 et seq.
5. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 165.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 115.
7. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 146.
8. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 115.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 356.
10. Quoted Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 182.
11. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 108.
12. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 231.
13. Quoted, Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 57.
14. Quoted, Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 57.
15. Alex Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, (ed) Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 58.
16. See Danchev, ‘ “Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word’, p. 28.
17. Quoted Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 56.
18. See Lamb, Churchill as War Leader – Right or Wrong?, p. 98 et seq.
19. Hansard, 7 May 1941, quoted, Gilbert, The Churchill War Papers, vol. 3, p. 628.
20. Colville, The Fringes of Power, pp. 395, 397.
21. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 10 June 1941.
22. See J. R. M. Butler, Grand Strategy, vol. 2 (History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. 3) (London: 1964).
Chapter 14
1. Oliver Lyttelton, The Memoirs of Lord Chandos (London: Bodley Head, 1962), p. 248.
2. See Sheffield, ‘Lieutenant-General Sir Adrian Carton Wiart and Major-General Sir Louis Spears’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals.
3. Chicago Daily News, 27 August 1941.
4. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 2, p. 451.
5. FO 371/28545, Eden to W. Churchill, Note on C. de Gaulle, 1/9/41.
6. Harold Nicolson Diaries 20 January 1941.
7. Harold Nicolson Diaries 27 February 1941.
8. Quoted Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries 1938–1945, p. 302.
Chapter 15
1. See Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 106 et seq.
2. Danchev, ‘Field-Marshal Sir John Dill’, in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, p. 59.
3. See Brig. Bernard Fergusson, Introduction to Kennedy, The Business of War, p. xvi.
4. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 217.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 3, p. 354.
6. Communication from Auchinleck to Correlli Barnett, quoted, Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 73.
7. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 257.
8. For example, those of Olivia Manning. Cairo in the War by Artemis Cooper (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992), not a novel, vividly portrays the highly charged, cosmopolitan character of the capital in which so many remarkable individuals took refuge.
9. Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 111.
10. Quoted Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 99.
11. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 285.
Chapter 16
1. Quoted P. Warner, Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier, (London: Buchan & Enright, 1981), pbk edn, p. 166 et seq.
2. Quoted Warner, Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier, pbk edn, p. 172 et seq.
3. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 226.
4. See Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 242–4.
5. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4 (London: Cassell, 1951), p. 306.
6. H. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay (London: Heinemann, 1960), p. 162.
7. James, Chips, p. 334.
8. C. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965 (London: Constable, 1966), p. 42.
9. See Colville in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 60.
10. Personal communication to Correlli Barnett, quoted, Barnett, The Desert Generals, p. 215.
11. See A.J.P. Taylor, ‘The Statesman’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 42.
Chapter 17
1. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 257.
2. Kennedy, The Business of War, pp. 162, 179.
3. James Leasor, War at the Top, p. 149.
4. See Danchev, ‘ “Dilly-Dally”, or Having the Last Word’, pp. 21–44.
5. Marshall to Churchill, 7 November 1944, Marshall Papers, 64/43, Marshall Research Foundation, Lexington, Virginia.
6. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 284.
7. Quoted, Fraser, Alanbrooke (London: Collins, 1982), p. 202.
8. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 406.
9. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 553.
10. A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), p. 249.
11. See, e.g. A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds), War Diaries, 1939–1945: the War Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2001), 13 March, 21 April and 27 October 1941.
12. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 226.
13. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 243.
14. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 168 et seq.
15. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke.
16. Dan chev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. xxxiii.
17. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 204.
18. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 175.
19. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 566.
20. Fraser, Alanbrooke, p. 211.
21. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 544.
22. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 713.
23. Danchev and Todman, War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alan-brooke, p. 712 et seq.
24. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 159.
25. Quoted Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 241.
26. Gilbert, Churchill vol. 6 (London: Heinemann, 1988), p. 1232.
27. Quoted, Dilkes (ed.), Cadogan Diaries 1938–1945, p. 301.
Chapter 18
1. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 294, referring to Mira Wilkins, The Maturing of Multi-national Enterprise: American Business Abroad from 1914–1970, pp. 29–30.
2. R.R. James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, His Complete Speeches, vol. 4 (New York and London: Chelsea House Publishers in association with R.R. Bowkes, 1974).
3. Cabinet Memorandum 29 June 1927, quoted, Phillips O’Brien, ‘Winston Churchill and the US Navy’, in R.A.C. Parker (ed.), Winston Churchill: Studies in Statesmanship (London: Brassey, 1998), p. 34.
4. Gilbert, Churchill, Companion vol. 5, part 1, p. 1033.
5. Gilbert, Churchill, Companion vol. 5, part 1, pp. 342, 348.
6. See John Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 157.
7. John Gooch, ‘Hidden in the Rock’, in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 172 – and see generally.
8. R. Ingersoll, Top Secret (S.I: Partridge, 1946), p. 60.
9. Woodrow Wilson to Colonel House, 21 July 1917, quoted Arthur S. Link (ed.), The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 43 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966–94), p. 238.
Chapter 19
1. Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 31.
2. Quoted, Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 29.
3. Quoted B. McKercher, Transition of Power: Britain’s lo
ss of Global Pre-Eminence to the United States, 1930–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 269.
4. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 310.
5. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 170.
6. Quoted McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 294.
7. H. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, vol. 3 (New York: De Capo, 1974), p. 511.
8. J. Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, vol. 1 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956), pbk edn, p. 458 et seq.
9. See McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 264.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 5 March 1941.
11. Quoted McKercher, Transition of Power, p. 302.
12. F. Kimball, (ed.), Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), C-22X.
13. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 113.
Chapter 20
1. Kimball, ‘Churchill and Roosevelt’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 297.
2. See D. Bercuson and H. Herwig, One Christmas in Washington: The Secret Meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill that Changed the World (Toronto, ON: McArthur, 2005), p. 49.
3. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–9X.
4. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan, Diaries, p. 284.
5. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, R–4x.
6. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 200.
7. Churchill to Ismay, quoted in Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 95.
8. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, C–20x.
9. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 6, p. 974.
10. See D. Reynolds, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937–41: A Study in Competitive Cooperation (London: Europa, 1981), p. 126.