by Walter Reid
1. See Brian Holden Reid, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Alexander’ in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 114.
2. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 74.
3. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 13.
4. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 25.
5. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 30.
Chapter 38
1. Pitt, Churchill and the Generals, p. 170.
2. W.A. Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill & Stalin 1941–46 (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 216 et seq.
Chapter 39
1. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 309.
2. See Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 533.
3. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 380.
4. Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 380, 381.
Chapter 40
1. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 753.
2. Ollard, ‘Churchill and the Navy’ in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 390.
3. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 755.
4. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 378.
5. See Correlli Barnett, ‘Anglo-American Strategy in Europe’ in Lane & Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, p. 183 et seq.
6. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 382.
Chapter 41
1. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill. A Life, p. 758.
2. Quoted Adams, Harry Hopkins, p. 337.
3. See Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 793 – and earlier for background to this decision.
4. Jacob, in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 209.
5. M. Potter (ed.), Champion Redoubtable: the Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham-Carter 1914–1944 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1998), pp. 312–13.
6. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 580.
7. H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper & Bros, 1949), p. 468.
8. See Overy, Why the Allies Won, pbk edn, p. 301 et seq.
9. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, p. 102.
10. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 102.
11. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 188 et seq.
12. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 5, p. 330.
13. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 206.
14. Lady Soames in American television series, ‘The American Experience. The Presidents. F.D. Roosevelt’.
15. Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, p. 107.
16. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 252.
17. Leasor, War at the Top, p. 239.
18. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 184 et seq.
19. Quoted, Halifax, Diary, 18 December 1943.
20. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 141.
21. See K. Sainsbury, Churchill & Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1994), p. 61.
22. Elliot Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 192 et seq.
23. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 152.
Chapter 42
1. Moody, J., From Churchill’s War Rooms: Letters of a Secretary, 1943-45 (Stroud: Tempus, 2007), p. 88.
2. Nicolson (ed.), Harold Nicolson Diaries, vol. 2, p. 346.
Chapter 43
1. See Brian Holden Reid, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Alexander’ in Keegan, Churchill’s Generals, pbk edn, p. 119 et seq.
2. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 414.
3. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 50.
4. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 72.
5. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 55.
6. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History.
7. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History, p. 263 et seq.
8. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 2, p. 1212 et seq.
9. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 254.
10. See Corrigan, Blood, Toil, Tears & Sweat, p. 370 et seq.
11. See Ben-Moshe, Churchill, Strategy & History, p. 266 et seq.
Chapter 44
1. Quoted, Correlli Barnett, ‘Anglo-American Strategy in Europe’ in Lane & Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, p. 182 et seq.
2. But see Basil Liddell Hart, ‘The Military Strategist’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, p. 194.
3. See Brian Bond, ‘Alanbrooke & Britain’s Strategy’ in Freedman et al., War, Strategy, & International Politics, p. 190 et seq. and references therein to Liddell-Hart and John Ehrman.
4. See diary for 23 June 1944, Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 333.
5. Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 465.
6. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 722.
7. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 479.
8. See Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 126.
9. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, pp. 122,123.
10. Television interview with John Morgan, 1978, quoted J. Harris (ed.), Goronwy Rees: Sketches in Autobiography (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), note, p. 394.
11. Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, p. 554, 5 June 1944.
12. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 337.
13. Quoted, Addison, Churchill, The Unexpected Hero, p. 204.
14. See John Ehrman, Grand Strategy. August 1943–September, 1944 (History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series, vol. 5) (London: 1956), p. 425.
15. See Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, entry for 21 March 1944, p. 533.
Chapter 45
1. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 411 et seq.
2. Quoted Kersaudy, Churchill & de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 364.
3. Quoted, Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, p. 590.
4. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 5 July 1944.
5. See Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle, pbk edn, p. 349.
6. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 412 et seq.
7. Quoted, Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, p. 593.
8. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, p. 593.
Chapter 46
1. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 844.
2. N. Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General 1887–1942, vol. 2 (London: Hamilton, 1981), p. 592.
3. See Gilbert, Winston Churchill’s War Leadership, p. 88.
4. Macmillan, The Blast of War 1939–1945, p. 503.
5. See Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, p. 780 et seq.
6. Ambrose, ‘Eisenhower and the Second World War’, in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 402.
7. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 507.
8. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 451.
9. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 24 November 1943.
Chapter 47
1. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, p. 787.
2. See Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 453, 454.
3. Quoted, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 357.
4. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 457.
5. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 952.
6. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 178.
Chapter 48
1. Kennedy, The Business of War, p. 350 et seq.
2. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 446.
3. Hamilton, Monty, vol. 2, p. 799.
4. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 215.
5. Ingersoll, Top Secret, p. 216.
6. Ronald Lewin, Montgomery as Military Commander: the making of a General 1887–1942 (London: Batsford 1971), p. 308.
7. See Danchev and Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, pp. 628, 653.
Chapter 49
1. 10 June 1944. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. R–557.
2. 11 June 1944. Kimball, Churchill and Ro
osevelt. The Complete Correspondence. C–700.
3. 12 June 1944. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. R–560.
4. Quoted G. Ross (ed.), The Foreign Office & the Kremlin: British documents on Anglo-Soviet relations 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 177.
5. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, for the Polish thesis.
6. See C. Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (London: Eyre Methuen, 1972), pp. 588, 592; Charmley, Churchill: The End of Glory, pp. 559–61; Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 100 et seq.
Chapter 50
1. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2, p. 833.
2. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. C–849/1.
3. Colville, Fringes of Power, 19 December 1944.
4. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. C–850/1.
5. Nicholas, ed, Washington Dispatches 1941–45.
6. Elliot Roosevelt, The Way He Saw It, p. 222.
7. Hart-Davis, ed, King’s Counsellor, p. 279.
8. Soames, Clementine Churchill, pbk edn, p 518.
9. Rowan in Wheeler-Bennett, Action this Day, p. 258.
10. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 463.
11. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 282.
12. Quoted Gardner, Churchill in his Time, p. 266.
13. Dennis Healey was born on 30 August 1917, when Churchill was Minister of Munitions.
14. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pbk edn, p. 359.
15. See Carlton, Churchill and the Soviet Union, p. 123 et seq.
Chapter 51
1. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 179.
2. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 514.
3. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 226.
4. Eden, diary 2 February 1945, in Eden, The Reckoning, p. 512.
5. Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival 1940–1965, p. 224.
6. Quoted Norman A. Graebner, ‘Yalta, Potsdam and Beyond’, in Lane & Temperley, The Rise & Fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45, p. 228 et seq.
7. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 465.
8. See Reynolds, Summits, p. 115.
9. E. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War (London: HMSO, 1962), vol. 3, p. 86.
10. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 507.
11. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 417.
12. Memorandum of Conversations with the President, 21 October–19 November 1944, Averell Harriman Papers, Library of Congress.
13. See White House website, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050507-8html
14. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 1215.
15. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 1223.
16. Channon, Diary, 28 February 1945.
17. Harold Nicolson, Diaries, 27 February 1945.
18. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 469.
19. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 19 February 1945.
20. Dilks (ed.), Cadogan Diaries, p. 719.
21. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 146 et seq.
22. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 469.
23. Quoted Gilbert, Churchill: A Life, p. 826.
24. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. C–910.
25. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence. R–736.
26. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 155.
27. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt. The Complete Correspondence, pbk edn, vol. 3, p. 617.
28. Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 473.
29. See Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 474
30. Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, vol. 2 p. 829.
Chapter 52
1. Quoted Reynolds, From World War to Cold War, p. 128.
2. Ambrose, ‘Eisenhower in the Second World War’ in Blake and Louis, Churchill, p. 404.
3. Colville, The Churchillians, p. 150.
4. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 1320.
5. See Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 162.
6. McClain, ‘The Role of Admiral W.D. Leahy in United States Foreign Policy’, PhD thesis, quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 143.
7. There must be doubt about the accuracy of the precise words, quoted by Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 166.
8. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 7, p. 1351.
9. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 4 May 1945.
10. An ever-green formula: see Walter Reid, Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig.
11. Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay, p. 394.
12. J. Astley, The Inner Circle: A View of War at the Top (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 206.
13. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, p. 4.
Chapter 53
1. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, p. 8.
2. Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, p. 8.
3. Quoted Charmley, Churchill’s Grand Alliance: The Anglo-American Special Relationship 1940–57, p. 175.
4. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 11 June 1945.
5. R. James (ed.), Winston Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, vol. 8 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers 1974), pp. 8604–5.
6. Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 24th May 1945.
7. Quoted Reynolds, In Command of History, pp. 477, 478.
8. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 410.
9. Quoted, Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8. p. 67.
10. Colville, The Fringes of Power, p. 658.
Epilogue
1. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 276.
2. Hart-Davis, King’s Counsellor, p. 343.
3. Colville Papers, quoted Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 8, p. 1124.
4. Quoted, Soames, Clementine Churchill, pbk edn, p. 733.
5. Eden to Eisenhower 5/11/56 National Archives PREM 11/1177.
6. A. Campbell, The Blair Years (London: Arrow Books, 2007).
Index
Acheson, Dean Ref1, Ref2
Action This Day: Working with Churchill (Wheeler-Bennett, J.) Ref1
El Agheila Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4
air force leadership Ref1, Ref2
see also Dowding; Harris; Portal; Tedder
Alam Halfa Ridge Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5
El Alamein, battles of Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6
Alexander, A.V. (First Sea Lord) Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6
Alexander, Sir Harold R.L.G. (Earl Alexander of Tunis) Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6, Ref7, Ref8, Ref9
El Alamein, reporting on success at Ref1
allied armies, failure to bind together Ref1
Brooke’s attitude towards Ref1
deputy commander on Torch Ref1
doubts about Overlord Ref1
helping Overlord Ref1
Italian opportunities, availability of Ref1
Middle East changes Ref1, Ref2
Quebec conference (August 1943) Ref1
Quebec conference (September 1944) Ref1, Ref2
sensitivity to political issues Ref1
sizing up commanders Ref1
Washington conference (May 1943) Ref1
Allahabad Pioneer Ref1
allied discussions, lack of consensus in
April 1942 Ref1
Amery, Julian Ref1
Amery, Leo Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6, Ref7
Anderson, Sir John Ref1
Anderson, Squadron Leader Tore Ref1
Anglo-American strategy, British strategy as Ref1
anti-appeasers, support for Churchill from Ref1
Anvil (invasion of South of France, 1944) Ref1, Ref2
, Ref3, Ref4
Arcadia Conference, Washington (December 1941/January 1942) Ref1, Ref2, Ref3
Ardennes, battle of the Ref1, Ref2, Ref3
army leadership Ref1, Ref2
see also Alexander; Auchinleck; Gort; Ismay; Montgomery; Wavell
Arnold, General Henry H. (‘Hap’) Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6
head of US Army Air Corps Ref1
As He Saw It (Roosevelt, E.) Ref1
Atholl, Katherine M.M., Duchess of Ref1
Atlantic, battle of the Ref1, Ref2, Ref3
Atlantic Charter Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5
Atlantic conference, Placentia Bay (August 1941) Ref1
Atlantic convoys, toll of Ref1
Atlas mountains Ref1, Ref2
Attlee, Clement Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6, Ref7, Ref8, Ref9
Potsdam conference Ref1
Auchinleck, Field Marshall Sir Claude A.E. (‘Auk’) Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5, Ref6, Ref7, Ref8, Ref9, Ref10
appointment as replacement for Wavell Ref1
disputes with Churchill and resignation Ref1
informational demands, use of quotation from Wellington against Ref1
Austrian démarche, protest on Ref1
Badoglio, Pietro Ref1, Ref2, Ref3
Baldwin, Stanley Ref1, Ref2, Ref3, Ref4, Ref5
Balfour, Arthur Ref1, Ref2
Balfour Note (1922) Ref1
Balkan interests, ‘Naughty Document’ on Ref1