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— — — . 1985a. An/Aesthetics: The Representation of Women and Animals. Between the Species 1 (Spring):37 – 45.
— — — . 1985b. The Conference on "Animals: Their Souls and Ours" — A Mixed Blessing. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 1 (4):1, 6.
— — — . 1985c. A Feminist View of the Mobilization for Animals. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 1 (1):2.
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— — — . 1985e. Speaking the Unspeakable: Sexism in the Animal Rights Movement. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 2 (1 ):4 – 7.
— — — . 1987a. Befriending the Beast. Creation (September/October): 11 – 12.
— — — . 1987b. The Conference on Culture, Nature, and Theory: Ecofeminist Perspectives. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 3 (1 – 2): 10 – 13, 15.
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— — — . 1990b. Finding a Niche for Animals within the Greens. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 5 (1 – 2):1, 5 – 6.
— — — . 1990c. If Women and Nature Were Heard. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 5 (3 – 4):5, 7 – 8.
— — — . 1991. Of Wimps, Wars, and Biocide. Feminists for Animal Rights Newsletter 6 (l – 2):5 – 7.
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Notes on Contributors
Reginald Abbott recently received his doctorate in English from Vanderbilt University. His writing has appeared in Modern Fiction Studies, Mosaic, The Henry James Review, and The Southern Quarterly . He recently completed Purple Prejudices: The Selected Criticism of Frances Newman .
Carol J. Adams is the author of The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory, which will soon appear in German and Japanese editions, and Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals . She edited Ecofeminism and the Sacred and has written the book Woman-Battering, part of Fortress Press ’ s Creative Pastoral Care and Counseling Series. With Josephine Donovan, she coedited Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals (1996).
Diane Antonio, an animal conservationist, is an instructor at SUNY Stony Brook, where she is pursuing a doctorate in philosophy.
Lynda I. A. Birke is a biologist; she lectures in continuing education at the University of Warwick, where she also teaches Women ’ s Studies (particularly feminism and science). Her books include Feminism, Animals, and Science: The Naming of the Shrew; Women, Feminism, and Biology; and Tomorrow ’ s Child: Reproductive Technologies in the 90s, with Susan Himmelweit and Gail Vines. She coedited More Than the Parts: Biology and Politics and is currently editing a book with Ruth Hubbard, Reinventing Biology: Respect for Life and the Creation of Knowledge .
Maria Comninou is a professor of mechanical engineering and applied mechanics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Since 1986 she has been an animal rights activist, having founded a local nonprofit organization (ARARAT/WCAR) and served as an officer in various capacities for many years. Since writing this article, she has enrolled in the J.D. program at the University of Michigan Law School while holding a half-time academic appointment in engineering.
Karen Davis, Ph.D., is the founder, president, and director of United Poultry Concerns, Inc., which addresses the treatment of domestic fowl in food production, science, education, entertainment, and human companionship situations. Her articles have appeared in Between the Species: A Journal of Ethics, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Humane Innovations and Alternatives, and many other professional journals and newspapers. She is the author of Instead of Chicken, Instead of Turkey: A Poultryless “ Poultry ” Potpourri and Why Birds Don ’ t Have Feathers: A Candid Look at the Poultry and Egg Industry .
Josephine Donovan is the author of articles on the intersections between feminism and animal defense theory, as well as numerous works in feminist theory and women ’ s literature, including Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions of American Feminism (rev. ed., 1992). With Carol Adams, she coedited Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals (1996). She is Professor of English at the University of Maine.
Joan Dunayer is a freelance writer specializing in animal rights issues. Her publications include articles on such topics as stockyard cruelty to animals too disabled to walk, genetic disorders in “ purebred ” dogs, the sensitivity and human-inflicted suffering of fish, and academia ’ s censorship of faculty members who oppose vivisection. A graduate of Princeton University, where she was among the school ’ s first women undergraduates, she has master ’ s degrees in English literature, English education, and psychology. Currently she is completing a book on speciesist language.
Gary L. Francione is professor of law and Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Scholar of Law at Rutgers University Law School, where he teaches criminal law, torts, and animal rights. Professor Francione is also codirector (with Anna Charlton) of the Rutgers Animal Rights Law Center. He is the author of Animals, Property, and the Law (intro. by William Kunstler; forthcoming from Temple University Press) and Animal Rights and the Law (forthcoming from Duke University Press).
Susanne Kappeler is a feminist activist and theorist who has taught feminist studies in universities and in other contexts. Based at the University of East Anglia ’ s Centre for Creative and Performing Arts, she works as a freelance teacher and writer in England and Germany. She is the author of The Pornography of Representation .
Marti Kheel is a writer and activist in the areas of ecofeminism and animal liberation. Her articles have appeared in numerous journals and anthologies, including Environmental Ethics, Between the Species, Woman of Power, Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism, Reweaving the World: The Challenge of Ecofeminism, Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, and Nature, and Animal Rights and Human Obligations . She is cofounder of Feminists for Animal Rights (FAR) and creator of the FAR slide show, “ Women, Animals, and Nature Through an Ecofeminist Lens. ”
Brian Luke grew up in Wisconsin and now lives in Dayton, Ohio, where he teaches philosophy at the University of Dayton and is coparenting two sons. He is very active in grassroots animal liberationist activism.
Marian Scholtmeijer is a freelance academic teaching English when employment is available and working independently on cultural representations of nonhuman animals. She has taught at several Canadian universities. Her book Animal Victims in Modern Fiction: From Sanctity to Sacrifice (University of Toronto Press, 1993) analyzes the intensive thought that fiction-writers have given to animal suffering since evolutionary theory demonstrated human connectedness to other animals.
Linda Vance is a professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco, where her focus is studies in self, society, and ecology. She has published and lectured widely on ecofeminism. In the summers, she works as a wilderness ranger for the San Juan/Rio Grande National Forest in Durango, Colorado. She maintains a small private practice as an attorney representing environmental, women ’ s, and peace organizations.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Animals and women: feminist theoretical explorations / edited by Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-8223-1655-2 (cl: alk. paper). —
ISBN 0-8223-1667-6 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Animal welfare. 2. Animal rights. 3. Feminist theory.
I. Adams, Carol J. II. Donovan, Josephine, 1941 – HV4711.A59 1995
179 ’ .3 ’ 082 — dc20 95-17002 CIP
Method of Coercion Examples
Isolation
– Deprives victim of all social sup- Killing a pet animal reinforces iso-
port for the ability to resist. lation, often depriving the woman
– Develops an intense concern with of her last significant relationship,
self. increasing her dependence on her
– Makes victim dependent upon batterer.
interrogator.
Monopolization of Perception
– Fixes attention upon immediate
predicament; fosters introspection.
– Eliminates stimuli competing Eliminates any competition from
with those controlled
by captor. animals for attention by killing
them; also eliminates the support
a pet offers the victim.
– Frustrates all actions not consis-
tent with compliance.
Induced Debility and Exhaustion
– Weakens mental and physical Death or harm to animal induces
ability to resist. physical reactions to grief (e. g.,
sleeplessness, headaches).
Threats
– Cause her to live in terror. Threatens to kill the pet; or kills
the pet and says she is next.
Occasional Indulgences
– Insure compliance. Gives her an animal.
[Indulgences may be accompanied [He gives her an animal not be-
by a lessening or cessation of vio- cause he has really changed, but to
lent acts, but a context of terror maintain control over her.]
remains. Because of underlying
threats, the occasional indul-
gences provide a false sense of
safety: she is never safe.]
Demonstrating “ Omnipotence ”
– Suggests futility of resistance. Killing an animal in the presence
of her and the children.
[Separation assault: attacking her
animal when she leaves him.]
Degradation
– Makes cost of resistance appear Raping her with an animal, sex-
more damaging to self-esteem ually exploiting the animal as
than capitulation. well.
– Reduces prisoner to “ animal Making her eat or drink from the
level ” concerns. animal ’ s dishes.
Enforcing Trivial Demands
– Develops a forced habit of com- Refusing to allow her to feed an
pliance in the prisoner. animal or let the animal in or out
at a certain time.
Sources : Ann Jones, Next Time She ’ ll Be Dead (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), pp. 90 – 91, and Amnesty International, Report on Torture (1973), as adapted by the women ’ s shelter of Northampton, Massachusetts. All examples and bracketed additions are by the author.