13. See Edward Copeland’s chapter Money in Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster (Ed) The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen (Cambridge, 2006)
14. Copeland and McMaster The Cambridge Companion p.132
15. Copeland and McMaster The Cambridge Companion p.132
16. This extract from Anna Lefroy’s manuscript Notes on Family History is quoted in Deidre Le Faye’s A Family Record where there is a full account of Philadelphia’s story. See also Deidre Le Faye Jane Austen’s Outlandish Cousin:the Life and Letters of Eliza de Feuillide (London, 2002) for the equally fascinating life-story of Philadelphia’s daughter.
17. Bridget Hill, Women, Work and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth Century England (London, 1994) p. 94-95
18. Thomas De Quincey, Recollections of the Lakes and the Lake Poets (London, 1970) p. 51
19. Hill, Women, Work and Sexual Politics p. 95
20. Austen Papers p 64. The comment was made by Philadelphia’s husband Tysoe Saul Hancock when, twenty years later, he opposed the plan of his own daughter travelling to India.
21. Pride and Prejudice p. 120
22. Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (New York, 1996) p.65
Chapter Two
1. Austen Papers p.25
2. Austen Papers p.31-32
3. Austen Papers p.23
4. Austen Papers p.132
5. Austen Papers p.162
6. Austen Papers p. 65-66
7. Austen Papers p. 23
8. Fanny Caroline Lefroy Family History. Hampshire Record Office 23M93/85/2
9. Memoir p.39
10. Austen Papers p.29
11. Memoir p.39
12. Claire Tomalin Jane Austen, A Life (London, 2000) p. 6
13. Letters 95
14. Letters 93 Another revealing instance of coldness is a small mistake Jane made in a letter of October 1808 (a few years after Mr Austen’s death). Cassandra was away in Kent and Jane was at home; she described herself as ‘having got into such a way of being alone’ that she was not missing the company of their friend, Martha Lloyd. Cassandra – in a reply that has not survived – seems to have picked up the mistake, pointing out that Jane was not alone, their mother was with her. For, when she next wrote, after Martha’s return, Jane said, ‘Thank you for your letter, which found me at the Breakfast-Table with my two companions.’ (Emphasis in the original.)
15. Memoir p.39
16. Austen Papers p. 31.
17. Early Years 257
18. Grasmere Journal 14th March 1802
19. Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography, The Early Years (Oxford, 1969) Vol I p.14
20. Grasmere Journal 25th June 1802
21. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey (London, 2003) p.15
22. Northanger Abbey p.16
23. Tomalin Jane Austen, A life p.29
24. Letters 50
25. Early Years 1
26. Pride and Prejudice p. 23
27. John Worthen, William Wordsworth A Critical Biography, (London, 2014) p. 6
28. Hannah More Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (London, 1799) p. 95-96 and 99
29. Memoir p. 32-33
30. The report of this dance appeared in The Cumberland Chronicle and Whitehaven Public Advertiser on 3rd May 1777. Dorothy had had her fifth birthday in December 1776, so she was not under five. The reporter’s mistake is another indication that she was small for her age.
31. Early Years 293
32. Mansfield Park p. 217
33. Early Years 257
Chapter Three
1. Early Years 50
2. Wordsworth Trust Collection WLMS 16/118 Letter from Elizabeth Threlkeld (niece) to Samuel Ferguson. From Halifax, 14th February 1798.
3. Wordsworth Trust Collection 1993.R2507 Mrs William Rawson and her Diary John Wilson, Halifax Antiquarian Society, 4th Feb 1958.
4. Pride and Prejudice p. 65
5. Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility (London, 2003) p. 265
6. H. McLachlan The Story of a Nonconformist Library (Manchester, 1923) p.11
7. Early Years 28
8. Memoir p. 71
9. Memoir p. 173 (Caroline’s recollections).
10. Memoir p. 141
11. Memoir Notes p.236
12. Sense and Sensibility p. 322
13. Pride and Prejudice p. 269
14. Memoir p. 170
15. Fanny Caroline Lefroy Family History. Hampshire Record Office 23M93/85/2
16. Le Faye A Family Record p. 45
Chapter Four
1. Jane Austen, Persuasion (London, 2003) p.15
2. Jane Austen, Lady Susan, The Watsons and Sanditon (London, 2003) p.110
3. Mary Wollstonecraft, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (London, 1787) p.71
4. Jane Austen, Emma (London, 2003) p.22
5. Jane must have realised her own danger quite early on. For, sadly, this episode did result in one death in the family. In response to Jane Cooper’s letter, her own mother and Mrs Austen both travelled to Southampton to remove their daughters. Mrs Cooper (Mrs Austen’s sister) caught the infection and died of it in October 1783.
6. Le Faye A Family Record p. 50
7. Memoir p. 160
8. Le Faye A Family Record p. 52
9. Reminiscences of Caroline Austen Hampshire Record Office 23M93/66/4/ (vol. 1)
10. Memoir. p. 198
11. Memoir p.174
12. Letters 50
13. Letters 98
14. Letters 4
15. Middle Years 2 359
16. Emma p. 23
17. John Wordsworth’s will nominated two guardians for his children: his own brother Richard Wordsworth and his wife’s brother Christopher Cookson.
18. Malcolm Bull, Calderdale Companion: Schools and Sunday Schools, online at http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com /~calderdale companion/s70_m.html#247. This advertisement announced that the school was expanding, moving into larger premises and becoming a boarding school – so it must have been prospering.
19. Thomas De Quincey Recollections of the Lakes and the Lake Poets (London, 1970) p. 132-133
20. Reminiscences of Caroline Austen Hampshire Record Office 23M93/66/4/ (vol. 1). Caroline was here recalling the education of her Lloyd aunts, Mary and Martha, who were Jane and Cassandra’s friends and contemporaries.
21. Pride and Prejudice p. 161
22. Laetitia Matilda Hawkins Letters on the Female Mind, Its Powers and Pursuits (Quoted in Vivien Jones (ed) Women in the Eighteenth Century, Constructions of Femininity (London, 1990) p. 118)
23. Hannah More, Strictures on the Modern System of Female Education (London, 1799) Vol 2 p. 2
24. More, Strictures Vol 2, p. 2
25. Wollstonecraft Thoughts on the Education of Daughters p. 56
26. Wollstonecraft Thoughts on the Education of Daughters p.69
27. Wollstonecraft Thoughts on the Education of Daughters p.73
28. Priscilla Wakefield Reflections on the Present Condition of the Female Sex; with Suggestions for its Improvement (London,1798) (Quoted in Vivien Jones Women in the Eighteenth Century p.123-25)
29. Malcolm Bull, Calderdale Companion: Schools and Sunday Schools, online at http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com /~calderdale companion/s70_m.html#247
30. Early Years 31
31. Early Years 36
32. Le Faye Letters 132(D)
33. Memoir p. 70-71
34. Early Years 88
35. Early Years 31
36. Early Years 280
37. Early Years 280
38. Though her niece would remark: ‘I doubt whether she cared very much for poetry in general’. (Memoir p.172.) Caroline also makes the rather surprising comment: ‘I did not often see my Aunt with a book in her hand’. Which – in
view of the evidence of extensive reading demonstrated by Jane’s novels and letters – suggests that the young niece’s knowledge of her aunt may have been restricted. It would certainly appear that Jane did not make a parade of her studying in the style of Mary Bennet.
39. Early Years 28
40. William Cowper The Task Book IV The Winter Evening
41. Memoir p. 183
42. Gillian Dow and Katie Halsey Jane Austen’s Reading: The Chawton Years Jane Austen Society of North America. Persuasions on Line. V 3 No 2. (Spring 2010)
43. Early Years 2
44. If I had to pick out the giver of this book from among Dorothy’s brothers I would choose the eldest, Richard – the lad who was to grow up to be a lawyer and who seems to have been least in sympathy with the poet, William. ‘Richard’s disposition and [William’s]’ Dorothy wrote in 1793, ‘are totally different, and though they never have any quarrels yet there is not that friendship between them which can only exist where there is some similarity of taste, or sentiment.’ Early Years 31.
45. Memoir p.34-35
46. Letters 145
47. Pride and Prejudice p.64
48. Early Years 2
Chapter Five
1. Early Years 1
2. Early Years 3
3. Early Years 2
4. Early Years 1
5. Early Years 1
6. Early Years 2
7. Early Years 4
8. Wordsworth Trust MSS 1992.66.46
9. Early Years 4
10. Wordsworth Trust MSS 1992 .66.21
11. Austen Papers p.118
12. Austen Papers p.126.
13. And, since Philly was not present at Steventon and probably relied on the exuberant accounts of Eliza, she might not have been reporting the exact truth.
14. Sometime between 1800 and 1805 Jane Austen did herself write a short play for a family performance; but this was for representation by children, not adults.
15. Mansfield Park p. 125
16. Mansfield Park p. 152-153
17. Mansfield Park p. 115
18. It is possible to speculate further about the feelings of jealousy and self-interest which were exposed by the Steventon theatricals. At this time Cousin Eliza was a pretty, flirtatious young wife; her husband was French and the couple were separated by the troubles in that country. It seems probable that both James and Henry Austen, though considerably younger than their cousin, were attracted to her.
19. Helen Lefroy and Gavin Turner (ed), The Letters of Mrs Lefroy, (Winchester, 2007) p. 11
20. Mansfield Park p. 131
21. Lefroy and Turner The Letters of Mrs Lefroy p.63 and 101
22. Lefroy and Turner The Letters of Mrs Lefroy p.107
23. Austen Papers p. 181
Chapter Six
1. Early Years 6
2. Early Years 14
3. Early Years 6
4. Wordsworth Trust MSS 1992.66.17
5. Early Years 7
6. Early Years 31
7. Early Years 83
8. Early Years 7
9. Early Years 8
10. Emma p. 427
11. Lefroy and Turner The Letters of Mrs Lefroy, p. 60
12. Early Years 8
13. Austen Papers p.144
14. Austen Papers p.142
15. The only evidence of Jane taking any part, or showing any interest, in her friend’s educational projects is in a letter of Anne Lefroy’s written in October 1803 when the Austens (now resident in Bath) were paying a visit to their connections in Hampshire. Mrs Lefroy wrote: ‘Miss Austens have been with me these two or three days . . . I am now writing surrounded by my School & with the three Ladies in the room . . . ’ The Letters of Mrs Lefroy p. 139-140.
16. Jenny Uglow, In These Times: Living in Britain through Napoleon’s Wars, 1793-1815 (London, 2014) p. 426-27
17. This dedication and other quotations from The Three Sisters are taken from Jane Austen Minor Works p. 57-71
18. Le Faye A Family Record p.70
19. Letters 17
20. Letters 20
21. Letters 22
22. Early Years 6
23. Early Years 8
24. Early Years 22
25. Robert Isaac and Samuel Wilberforce Life of William Wilberforce (1833) Vol IV p. 167
26. John Witherspoon A Practical Treatise on Regeneration (London, 1764) p. 7
27. Evangelicalism was not a fashionable doctrine at the time, but it would gain ground, as part of what was seen as a widespread reformation of manners and morals. Jane Austen would never be entirely comfortable with the doctrine. ‘I do not like the Evangelicals,’ she wrote in 1809 (Letters 66). In 1814, when her niece, Fanny, was half in love with an evangelical young man, she was guarded and diplomatic: ‘I am by no means convinced that we ought not all to be Evangelicals,’ she wrote to her, ‘& am at least persuaded that they who are so from Reason and Feeling, must be happiest & safest.’ (Letters 109) But in 1816, just months before her death, she wrote (probably more honestly) to Cassandra, ‘We do not much like’ the published sermons of cousin, Edward Cooper, ‘they are fuller of Regeneration and Conversion than ever.’ (Letters 145).
28. Early Years 9
29. Early Years 19
30. Early Years 205
31. Sarah Trimmer The Oeconomy of Charity (London, 1787) vol. 2 p. 20
32. Early Years 9
33. Sense and Sensibility p.259
34. Early Years 19
35. Early Years 22
Chapter Seven
1. Early Years 14
2. Mansfield Park p. 61
3. Fanny Caroline Lefroy Family History Hampshire Records Office 23M93/85/2
4. Le Faye A Family Record p. 30
5. Austen Papers p. 76
6. Austen Papers p.73
7. Austen Papers p. 77
8. Austen Papers p.75
9. Austen Papers p. 79
10. Austen Papers p.76
11. Le Faye A Family Record p. 38
12. Mansfield Park p. 44
13. Austen Papers p. 100
14. Mansfield Park p. 335
15. Lady Susan, The Watsons and Sanditon p. 50
Chapter Eight
1. Austen Papers p. 148
2. Memoir p.139
3. Emma p. 156-157
4. Memoir p. 158
5. Laura Boyle Mary Russell Mitford: Author of Our Village Published 16th July 2011 on JaneAusten.co.uk
6. Letters 2
7. Letters 1
8. Austen Papers p.150
9. Early Years 9
10. Northanger Abbey p. 29. Here Jane Austen is referring to a comment made in Rambler vol. ii no. 97.
11. Early Years 11
12. Early Years 12
13. Earl Leslie Griggs (ed) Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (6 vols) (Oxford, 1956) vol 1 p. 195
14. Emma p. 251
15. Mansfield Park p. 334
16. Letters 7
17. Letters 92
18. Pride and Prejudice p.258
19. Austen Papers p. 181
20. Early Years 12
21. An Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Magdalen Hospital, for the reception of Penitent Prostitutes. Together with Dr. Dodd’s sermons. Published 1770. From The Third Sermon preached at the anniversary meeting of the Governors, 18 March 1762.
Chapter Nine
1. Letters 1
2. Pride and Prejudice p. 36
3. Emma p. 275-276
4. Thomas Lefroy, Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy (Dublin 1871) p.6 and 13
5. Lefroy, Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy p. 8 and 14
6. Lefroy, Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy p. 13-14
7. Letters 2
8.
Lefroy, Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy p. 9
9. Letters 1
10. William Roberts, Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs Hannah More, (London 1835) Vol 1 p.169.
11. Emma p. 8
12. Early Years 30
13. Robert Gittings and Jo Manton Dorothy Wordsworth (Oxford 1988) p. 105
14. Early Years 10
15. Early Years 14
16. Early Years 29
17. Early Years 28
18. John Worthen, William Wordsworth: A Critical Biography (London, 2014) p. 61
19. Early Years Appendix I
Chapter Ten
1. Persuasion p. 218
2. Letters 2
3. Le Faye A Family Record p. 93
4. Le Faye A Family Record p. 94
5. Memoir p. 186
6. Who was the real Thomas Lefroy? Online at: www.irishidentity.com/extras/gaels/stories/lefroy.htm
7. Lefroy, Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy p. 14-15
8. Persuasion p.227
9. Jane Austen Letters 11.
10. Who was the real Thomas Lefroy? Online at: www.irishidentity.com/extras/gaels/stories/lefroy.htm
11. Lefroy and Turner, The Letters of Mrs Lefroy p. 148
12. Lefroy and Turner, The Letters of Mrs Lefroy p. 170
13. Though a certain solid eloquence can be traced in his writings on legal matters.
14. Lefroy Memoir of the Chief Justice Lefroy p. 42
15. Le Faye Family Record p.189
16. Gill, William Wordsworth: A Life p. 54-55
17. Early Years 17
18. Francois de Salignac de la Mothe-Fenelon, trans. Rev T. F. Dibdin, Treatise on the Education of Daughters, 1687 (Quoted in Vivien Jones, Women in the Eighteenth Century, p. 102)
Jane and Dorothy Page 37