by Ami Pedahzur
CHAPTER SEVEN NEW RIVALS, OLD RESPONSES
1 Asher Arian, “Vox Populi: Public Opinion and National Security,” in Avner Yaniv, ed., National Security and Democracy in Israel (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), 143—152.
2 Ronen Bergman, “The Disappearance of the Furniture Supplier,” Haaretz, March 21, 1999; Ronen Bergman, “The Sheriff Against Mossad,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, June 23, 2000; Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Key PLO Official Accused of Spying for Israel,” New York Times, November 5, 1993; Zvi Barel, “Abu Mazen’s Talking Chair,” Haaretz, September 8, 1995; Ian Black, “Peres Blows Cover of PLO ‘Mole,’” Guardian, November 12, 1993.
3 “Mossad Blamed as Arafat Aide Gunned Down on Paris Street,” Toronto Star, June 9, 1992; Jonathan C. Randal, “Assassination of PLO Aide Raises Many Questions,” Washington Post, June 10, 1992; Aaron Klein, Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel’s Deadly Response (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2006), 11—12; “Senior PLO Official Arrested as Israeli Spy,” Mideast Mirror, November 3, 1993; Yossi Melman, “Report: Mossad Agent in PLO Released,” Haaretz, December 21, 2003; Bergman, “The Sheriff Against Mossad.”
4 Yossi Melman, “Culture of Suspenders,” Haaretz, August 9, 2002.
5 Yaacov Peri, Striking First (Tel-Aviv: Keshet, 1999), 266; Ephraim Kahana, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2006), 420; Ronen Bergman and David Ratner, “Politics of War Assessments,” Haaretz, May 11, 1997; Carmi Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms (Tel Aviv: Lemiskal, 2000), 192—193, 380; Uri Sagi, Lights in the Fog (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 1998), 169; Uzi Arad, “End of the Pluralism Era,” Haaretz, September 4, 2004.
6 Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 223; “War Against the Clock: The Story of Nachshon Wachsman,” Daat, http://daat.ac.il/daat/dapey/dapim/tfila11.doc.
7 “Special means” is a code term for putting physical pressure on an individual being interrogated. Two of the most common methods are violently shaking the person being interrogated and seating him in a painful position. These methods and their usage are defined in the Report of Special Inquiry Commission for the Investigations of Interrogation Methods of the GSS (1987).
8 Alex Fishman and Hemi Shalev, “Rabin Ordered to Act Immediately After It Was Clear That Wachsman Had Been Held in Bir-Naballah,” Maariv, October 16, 1994; Shimon Schiffer and Nahum Barnea, “Everything Went Wrong from the First Moment,” Yedioth Ahronot, October 16, 1994; Aluf Ben, “Wachsman Kidnapping: From Videotape Passing to Rescue Failure,” Haaretz, October 16, 1994; Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 217—222; interview with Peri Golan, former head of the GSS Judea district, April 7, 2007; interview with Lior Lotan, former head of the General Staff Negotiation Unit and Sayeret Matkal officer, March 22, 2007; Roni Sofer and Yossi Levy, “A Moment Before the Soldiers Broke Into the Room, the Terrorists Shot Nahshon,” Maariv, October 16, 1994; Roni Shaked, “Four Minutes of Hell,” Yedioth Ahronot, October 16, 1994; Moshe Zonder, The Elite Unit of Israel (Jerusalem: Keter, 2000), 293—304; Shalom Yerushalmi, “Voice Calling in the Desert,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (December 17, 2007).
9 Christopher Shea, “Why Do Suicide Bombers Do It?” Boston Globe, July 3, 2005; Robert A. Pape, “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review 97, no. 3 (August 2003): 35—354; Mia M. Bloom, Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 166; Simon Jeffery, “Sharon vs. Arafat,” Guardian, December 5, 2001; interview with Peri Golan, former head of the GSS Southern Command, February 15, 2007; “Suicide Terrorism in Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 2000—2005,” Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il.
10 Interview with Nachman Tal, former senior officer in the GSS, March 7, 2007; interview with Yisrael Hasson, former deputy head of the GSS, December 19, 2006; interview with Yigal Levinstein, former commander of the GSS, December 26, 2006; Peri, Striking First, 260; Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security: Politics, Strategy, and the Israeli Experience in Lebanon (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 104; Yezid Sayigh, “Palestinian Military Performance in the 1982 War,” Journal of Palestine Studies 12, no. 4 (Summer 1983): 17—19; Nahman Tal and Anat Kurtz, “Hamas: Radical Islam in a National Struggle,” Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Memorandum No. 48, July 1997.
11 David Eshel, “Israeli Intelligence Dilemmas in Lebanon,” Defense Update, www.defense-update.com/analysis/lebanon_war_2.htm (accessed February 15, 2008); Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 388—389; Ronen Bergman, “Moderate Legal Pressure: Interview with GSS Retiring Legal Advisor,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, April 14, 2000; “Prisoners Report,” Palestinian Center for Human Rights, www.pchrgaza.ps/files/Reports/English/pdf_spec/prisoners97.pdf (accessed February 15, 2008); “Israeli Troops Kill Hamas Activist,” UPI, June 29, 1995; Alon Pinkas, “Hamas Man Died After Interrogation,” Jerusalem Post, April 26, 1995.
12 Interview with Arie Livne, former head of the GSS Interrogations Branch, May 3, 2007; Civil Rights in Israel, 1996,” Associations for Civil Rights in Israel, www.acri.org.il/Story.aspx?id=170 (accessed February 15, 2008).
13 Livne interview; Gillon, Shin-Beth Between the Schisms, 394—395; Yoav Limor, “Head of the GSS: The Investigators Did Not Trust Judicial System Judgment,” Yedioth Ahronot, November 21, 1999; Roni Shaked, “Shabak Arrested a Gang Responsible for Bus Bombings,” Yedioth Ahronot, August 24, 1995; Eliezer Hillel, “Ticking Bomb,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (January 29, 2002); Tova Zimuki and Nehama Duek, “Are New Restrictions of Shakings Delayed Investigation?” Yedioth Ahronot, August 24, 1995; Eitan Rabin, “37 Hamas Members Arrested in Suspicion of Planning and Committing Suicide Bombings in Ramat-Gan and Jerusalem,” Haaretz, August 24, 1995.
14 Eitan Rabin, “The Assassin Waited Near the Hotel, Shot at Shikaki, Jumped on a Motorcycle, and Escaped,” Haaretz, October 29, 1995; Yossi Melman and Aluf Ben, “The PIJ Accuse Mossad in the Assassination of the Organization’s Leader,” Haaretz, October 29, 1995.
15 Eitan Rabin, “Yehiya Ayash, The Engineer, Died in an Explosion at the Gaza Strip,” Haaretz, January 7, 1996; Lisa Beyer, “Death Comes Calling,” Time, January 15, 1996; Marie W. Berry, Targeted: Engineer of Death (Wild Eyes Productions, 2004); interview with Yossi Chen, former head of the GSS Northern Department, January 14, 2007; Eitan Rabin, “Ayyash Was Responsible for Killing 67 Israelis and Wounding 390,” Haaretz, January 8, 1996; Amira Hess, “Kamal Hamad, Who Delivered the Booby-Trapped Cell Phone, Is in the United States,” Haaretz, January 8, 1996; Moshe Zonder and Nadav Zeevi, “Shabak Vengeance,” Maariv, Saturday Supplement, August 22, 1997; Alex Fischman, “The Engineer Was Killed, Now Contractor Can Go,” Yedioth Ahronot, Saturday Supplement, November 21, 1997; Amira Hess, “In Gaza, a Trial Has Opened for Hamad Family, Accused in Killing of the ‘Engineer,’” Haaretz, May 10, 1999; Samuel M. Katz, The Hunt for the Engineer: How Israeli Agents Tracked the Hamas Master Bomber (New York: Fromm International, 1999), 251—252; Yoav Limor, “You Have Used Me to Kill the Engineer, and Now You Are Dumping Me on the Streets,” Maariv, November 4, 1999; Joel Greenberg, “Slaying Blended Technology and Guile,” New York Times, January 10, 1996; Uri Nir and Eitan Rabin, “Long Hunt for a Needle in a Haystack,” Haaretz, January 7, 1996; Yossi Melman, “The Assassination at Biet La’ia Will Be Credited to K; Doubtful It Will Help Him in the Shamgar Commission,” Haaretz, January 7, 1995; Uri Nir, “Application to Ben-Yair: Investigate if K Ordered to Assassinate Ayash out of Prestige Considerations,” Haaretz, January 7, 1995.
16 “Hamas Attack Victim ‘Stronger Than Ever,’” Jerusalem Post, October 5, 1997; “Report of the Commission Concerning the Events in Jordan September 1997,” Jerusalem Government Press Office, February 17, 1998; Yossi Melman, “Back to the Crime Scene,” Haaretz, September 26, 2007; Abraham Rabinovitch, “Jordan Hit Prompted Toxic Swirl of Intrigue,” Jerusalem Post, October 2, 1997; Julian Borger, “Mossad Own Goal Rebounds on PM,” Guardian, October 4, 1997; Barton Gellman, “Botched Assassina
tion by Israel Gives New Life to Hamas,” Washington Post, October 6; Alan Cowell, “The Daring Attack That Blew Up in Israel’s Face,” New York Times, October 15, 1997; Barry Came and Stephanie Nolen, “Passport to Trouble,” Maclean’s, October 13, 1997; Karl Stark, “To Those Living in Excruciating Pain, Fentanyl Offers Hope,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 27, 1997; Guy Bechor, Yareah Tal, Eitan Rabin, Akiva Eldar, Reuven Shapira and Yossi Verter, “Netanyahu Secretly Visited Jordan to Broker a Deal,” Haaretz, October 5, 1997; Julian Borger and Ian Black, “Spooking the Spooks,” Guardian, October 13, 1997; “Canadians in Street Fight with Hamas,” Record, September 26, 1997; Kahana, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence, 143; interview with M. B., former Mossad officer, November 30, 2006; Eitan Rabin, “Mossad Agents: We Thought the Operation Succeeded,” Haaretz, October 9, 1997; Efraim Halevy, Man in the Shadows: Inside the Middle East Crisis with a Man Who Led Mossad (Tel Aviv: Matar, 2006), 132—141; Zeev Schiff, “In Response to the Assassination Attempt Jordan Considered to Expel Israeli Ambassador,” Haaretz, October 5, 1997; David Makovsky, “The Antidote That Saved Relations with Jordan,” Haaretz, October 8, 1997; Yareah Tal, “Upon Hussein’s Request, Clinton Called Netanyahu to Clarify Poison Used to Attack Mashal,” Haaretz, October 5, 1997; Stephen Handelman, “Our Man in Israel Recalled Assassins’ Use of Forged Passports Angers Ottawa,” Toronto Star, October 3, 1997.
17 Ephraim Kahana, “Reorganizing Israel’s Intelligence Community,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 15, no. 3 (Fall 2002): 421—422; Kahana, Historical Dictionary of Israeli Intelligence, 173; Amir Oren, “Disagreement Between Aman-Mossad-Shabak on Division of Intelligence Community Budget,” Haaretz, August 25, 2000; Yossi Melman, “Disagreement in the Committee for the Reorganization of Intelligence,” Haaretz, June 29, 2000; interview with Dan Meridor, former chair of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Security Committee, August 21, 2007; Yossi Melman, “Committee of Directors of the Intelligence Services,” Haaretz, October 6, 1999; Israeli State Comptroller, Annual Report No. 50A ( Jerusalem: State Comptroller Office and Ombudsman Office, 1999), 280; Raviv Druker and Ofer Shelah, Boomerang (Jerusalem: Keter, 2005), 42.
CHAPTER EIGHT A WAR AGAINST AN ELUSIVE ENEMY
1 Akiva Eldar, “His Real Face,” Haaretz, June 11, 2004; Akiva Eldar, “Sharp Division in Aman,” Walla, http://news.walla.co.il (June 13, 2004).
2 Raviv Druker and Ofer Shelah, Boomerang (Jerusalem: Keter, 2005), 66—67, 156—157, 160—162; Diana Bahur-Nir, “Regrettably, My Estimates of Arafat Were Correct,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il ( June 10, 2004); Amos Harel and Avi Issacharoff, The Seventh War (Tel Aviv: Miskal, 2004), 84; Eldar, “His Real Face”; Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 160—162; Zeev Schiff and Ehud Yaari, Intifada (Tel Aviv: Shocken, 1990), 158; interview with Eitan Tal, former officer in the IDF Field Intelligence Corps, April 24, 2007.
3 Interview with Hagai Peleg, former head of Yamam, December 26, 2006; Amir Buhbut, “We’re Awake at Night So You Can Sleep,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (May 2, 2006); interview with Yitzhak Dar, former head of the GSS Operations Branch, August 22, 2007; Noam Ofir and Roni Winkler, “Combat Helicopters’ Window of Opportunity,” Israel Air Force Magazine, October 2001; Amos Harel, Zafrir Rinat, and Yoav Stern, “Sayeret Matkal Killed Dozens of Hezbollah People in the Lebanon Valley,” Haaretz, August 3, 2006; Amir Oren, “To Germany and Back,” Haaretz, Saturday Supplement, January 30, 2004; interview with A. A., senior officer in the Israeli Police and former Yamam officer, January 23, 2006; Harel and Issacharoff, The Seventh War, 90; Amos Harel, “Former Commander of the Yamam: There Is No Significance to Sector A Territories,” Haaretz, January 1, 2002; interview with Lior Lotan, former head of the General Staff Negotiation Unit and Sayeret Matkal officer, March 22, 2007; Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 88; Ben Caspit, “Assassinating Ourselves,” NRG, http://www.nrg.co.il (October 5, 2003).
4 Interview with Peri Golan, former head of the GSS Judea district, April 7, 2007; interview with Yigal Levinstein, former commander in the GSS, March 18, 2006; Harel and Issacharoff, The Seventh War, 246.
5 Moshe Givati, Abir 21 (Jerusalem: Reut, 2003), 84—85; Naomi Levitzky, “The Intention Was to Go and Whack Somebody: A Year and a Half Ago, Moments Before the Gaza Withdrawal, Mistaaravim Unit Killed Six Fatah Hawks,” Yedioth Ahronot, Yom Kippur Supplement, October 3, 1995; Schiff and Yaari, Intifada, 153—154.
6 Roni Shaked, “The Peace Reduced Shimshon,” Yedioth Ahronot, 24 Hours Supplement, April 28, 1996; Yoav Limor, “Cherry Blooming,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (April 13, 2001); Yossi Yehoshua and Reuven Weiss, “The Hunter,” Yedioth Ahronot, Saturday Supplement, April 8, 2005; Amir Buhbut, “Fighting in the [West] Bank, Looking Up North,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (February 11, 2005); Yifat Glik, “Thirty Seconds, Break Through!” Yedioth Ahronot, Saturday Supplement, September 29, 2006.
7 “Weapons Ship Mystery Deepens,” BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1753233.stm (January 10, 2002); Yoav Limor, “Suddenly Shayetet Soldiers Came From Darkness,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (January 6, 2002); Yoni Tamler, “IDF Naval Commandos Seize PA-bound Weapons Ship,” Israel Insider, January 6, 2002.
8 Amos Harel, “Shayetet Commander Price of Choice,” Haaretz, July 7, 2004; Shayetet 13,” Israeli Special Forces and Special Operations (Sayeret) Database, www.isayeret.com/content/units/sea/shayetet/guide.htm (accessed February 18, 2008); Amnon Lord, “Molecules Against Viruses,” Makor Rishon, November 10, 2005; Chen Kots-Bar, “The Hug of a Brigadier,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (August 19, 2005).
9 Shai Lahav, “Surgical Unit,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (May I, 2003); Amos Harel, “Soldier Killed in Parachuting Accident After Colliding in Air with Another Paratrooper,” Haaretz, November 3, 2005; Glik, “Thirty Seconds, Break Through!”
10 Christopher Kondaki, “Down to the Wire: Tactics at the Start of the Next Middle Eastern War,” Defense & Foreign Affairs: Strategic Policy (August 2001): 6; Thomas B. Hunter, “Israeli Counterterrorism and Hostage Rescue,” Journal of Counterterrorism & Security International 6, no. 4 (Summer 2000); Omri Assenheim, “Meantime in War,” Maariν, April 28, 2006.
11 Amos Harel, Yonatan Liss, and Roni Zinger, “Gurel Release: ‘Suddenly I Heard Voices—I Realized That They Were Going to Release Me,’” Haaretz, July 17, 2003; Amos Harel, “Who’s Open at Betunia? Dilemmas of a ‘White Taxi,’” Haaretz, July 17, 2003; Baruch Kra and Amos Harel, “Commander of the General Staff Negotiation Team Had Important Part in the Nachshon Wachsman Failed Rescue Operation,” Haaretz, July 17, 2003; Amos Harel, “Kidnapped Taxi Driver Released Safely in a Night Operation Near Ramallah,” Haaretz, July 16, 2003.
12 Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 152—53, 158—159; Harel and Issacharoff, The Seventh War, 194—195, 198—200; “‘Liquidation Sale’—Israeli Media Coverage of Events in Which Palestinians Were Killed by Israeli Security Forces,” Keshev, March 2006; Zeev Schiff, “Thwarting: From Ticking Bomb to Ticking Infrastructure,” Haaretz, September 10, 2003.
13 Harel and Issacharoff, The Seventh War, 181, 184—186; Felix Frisch and Ali Waked, “Palestinians: IDF Assassinated Raed Karmi, a Senior Official in the Tanzim,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il ( January 14, 2002); Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 151—152; Amir Rappaport, “Continue as Usual,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (June 13, 2003).
14 Omri Assenhaim and Chen Kots-Bar, “Blood Revenge,” NRG, www.nrg.co.il (June 3, 2005).
15 Ibid.; Conal Urquhart, “Israeli Soldiers Tell About Revenge Attacks,” Guardian, June 3, 2005); Ephrat Weiss, “Perpetrator of Terrorist Attack in Ein Ariq in Which 6 Soldiers Killed, Arrested,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (September 7, 2005); Felix Frisch and Ephrat Weiss, “Inquiry: Terrorists Worked Alone and Surprised Soldiers,” Ynet, www.ynet.co.il (February 20, 2002).
16 “Operation Defensive Shield: Special Update, March 29, 2002—April 21, 2002,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il (accessed February 18, 2008); Clive Jones, “‘One Size Fits All’: Israel, Intelligence, and the al-Aqsa Intifada,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 26, no. 4 (J
uly—August 2003): 276; Harel and Isscharoff, The Seventh War, 266—267, 274; Sara Bedein, “The UNRWA Refugee Camp in Jenin: A Main Hub of Terrorist Activity” Jewish Agency for Israel, www.jafi.org.il; Matt Rees, “The Battle of Jenin,” Time, May 13, 2002.
17 “The Israel Security Agency’s 2006 Report Asserts That Hamas Has Taken Over the Gaza Strip with the Support of Hezbollah and Iran,” International Institute for Counterterrorism, http://www.ict.org.il/var/119/31122-Shabakreport_2006.pdf (accessed February 18, 2008); Druker and Shelah, Boomerang, 257, 260—263; Harel and Isscharoff, The Seventh War, 275—279; Mohammed M. Hafez and Joseph M. Hatfield, “Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israel’s Controversial Tactic During the Al-Aqsa Uprising,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 29, no. 4 (June 2006):359—382; Yossi Melman, “Once the Assassinations Were the Last Resort; Today They Are Popular,” Haaretz, March 24, 2004
18 “Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable the Expansion of Israeli Settlements in the West Bank,” “Not All It Seems: Preventing Palestinians Access to Their Lands West of the Separation Barrier in the Tulkarm-Qalqiliya Area,” Btselem, www.btselem.org; Matthew Taylor, “International Court Rules Against Israel’s Wall,” Guardian, July 9, 2004.
19 Oreg Myre, “The Mideast Turmoil: Tel Aviv Bombing; Body from Sea Is Identified as Figure in Attack at Club,” New York Times, May 20, 2003; NSSC Database on Palestinian Terrorism, http://nssc.haifa.ac.il; “Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism Since September 2000,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il.