by Ian Kershaw
anti-socialism 106, 274
Antisemitenbund (Antisemitic League) 39
antisemitism: anti-Jewish legislation 288, 321, 341, 342–9, 450–52, 462
in armed forces 464, 603
Crystal Night (9–10 November 1938) 449–50, 454, 457–60, 462–7, 679
development of Nazi genocidal policy 459, 468–9, 524–7, 572–9, 594–8, 618, 668–99, 714–17, 775–7, 802–3, 969
following Anschluß 415–16, 450
in Franconia 109–10
‘ideological cement’ of National Socialist Movement 285
‘Madagascar solution’ 453, 576–7, 593, 594, 677
November pogrom (1938) 455–69
and pan-Germanism 61
reined in during 1936 Olympics 359
Schönerer movement 22
in Vienna 24, 32, 37, 42–3, 415–16
and völkisch groups 82
waves of antisemitic violence: (1933) 273, 285, 302–3;
(1935) 339–41;
(1938) 383, 415, 449–51, 455–69
well-known tracts 91, 115 see also ‘Final Solution’; Hitler, Adolf, antisemitism; Jews
Anton, Operation 733
Antonescu, Ion 584, 619, 758, 760, 867
Antwerp 866, 873, 879, 881
Apennines 773, 803, 863
‘Appeal of the Reich Government to the German People’ (1933) 264–5
appeasement 337, 407, 480, 488
Arabia 485
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Vaterländischen Kampfverbände (‘Working Community of the Patriotic Fighting Associations’) 120
Arco-Valley, Graf Anton von 67, 132
Ardennes 554, 555, 557 offensive 873, 875, 879, 880–87, 892
Argentina 965
aristocracy 847
Army Group A 554, 555, 558
Army Group A (formerly Army Group South) 721–2, 723, 724, 725, 734, 736, 797
Army Group B (formerly Army Group South) 721, 722, 723, 727, 729, 734, 919
Army Group B (later Army Group Centre) 555, 601
Army Group Centre 602, 622, 635, 636–9, 640, 641, 642, 647, 651–2, 656, 662–3, 665, 673, 723, 769, 787, 810, 811, 813, 819, 890, 927, 962
Army Group Don 734
Army Group North 637, 639, 640, 642, 651, 663, 666, 813, 814
Army Group North Ukraine 797, 813
Army Group South 591, 635, 640, 641, 651, 657, 712, 718, 772, 787
Army Group South Ukraine 797, 867
Army Group Vistula 891, 905, 913, 914, 944
Arnhem 866
Arnim, Hans-Jürgen von 757
Arrow Cross 876, 877–8
‘Aryan Paragraph’ 304
‘aryanization’ 368, 383, 450, 451, 463
aryans 148, 181, 342–3, 345, 347–8
Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 433
assassination attempts: November 1939 537, 544–7, 816
March 1943 821–2
December 1943-March 1944 827–8
July 1944 816–18, 828–53, 865, 875
Astakhov, Georgi 489
Astrakhan 722
asylums 533–5, 536, 548, 573, 688
Athens 608, 867
‘Atlantic Gap’ 761
Atlantic Ocean 645, 717, 743, 761, 861
Atlas (special train) 568
atomic bomb 874
Attolico, Bernardo 443–4, 503, 506
Auf gut Deutsch (In Plain German; antisemitic weekly) 95, 97
Aufbau-Ost (‘Build-Up in the East’) 568
Augsburg, Bavaria 101, 102, 610, 611
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp 262, 469, 687–8, 697, 715, 776, 795, 878, 965
Austria: agreement with Germany (July 1936) 369–70, 386, 402
Anschluß 385, 386, 401–16, 420, 518
Austrian NSDAP 100, 317, 401, 404, 406, 409, 413
deportation of Jews 574, 575, 595, 684
German conflict with Italy over 350
German surrender in 961
Nazi waves of terror 298, 415–16, 450, 452
pan-German movement 22, 401
pro-Slav policies 47
putsch attempt (1934) 316–17
and Stresa Front 337
treatment of Jews after Anschluß 415–16, 450
Austrian army 412
Austrian Question 385–6, 389–90, 403–6
Austrian SS 316–17
Austro-Hungarian empire 47
Autumn Mist, Operation 883–4
Avranches 861–2, 864
Axis: formation of 370–71
ground laid for 350
H attempts to boost morale 729
Italy as junior partner 385, 560
leaders visit Berghof (April 1943) 757–8, 759–60
in North Africa 591, 717–18, 727, 730, 761
Spain and 579, 580–83, 592
term coined 370
Axis, Operation 771, 772
Axmann, Artur 923, 939, 955
Azores 761
Baarova, Lida 463, 492
Babarin, Evgeny 489
Babi-Yar massacre 675
Bach, Isidor 87
Backe, Herbert 950
Bad Godesberg 437, 440
Bad Harzburg 223
Bad Nauheim 882
Bad Reichenhall 568
Bad Wiessee 309–11
Baden 196, 278, 578
Badoglio, Pietro 767–8, 769, 770, 773
Bagration, Operation 810–11
Bakhmut river 655
Baku 722, 723
Balkan campaign (1941) 603–5, 607–10, 648
Baltic Germans 574, 575
Bamberg 71, 169, 170, 171–2, 180, 185, 730
banks 222, 451
Barandon, Paul 896
Baranov bridgehead 888
Barbarossa, Operation 587–91, 597–603, 609–10, 615–16, 618–21, 635–9, 645–8, 669, 674–5, 749
‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 716
‘Basic Order’ (April 1945) 919
Bastogne 883–4
Bath 708
Battle of Britain 569–70
‘Battle of the Peoples’ 858
Baumann, Professor 75
Baur, Hans 375
bauxite 862
Bavaria: anti-Prussian feeling 58, 90
Austrian Nazis in 408
ban on H’s public speaking 166, 184
Catholicism in 110, 133, 161, 162, 163, 205
Communists in 67, 70, 87, 279
conventional cabinet government restored (1924) 133
and the Deutscher Kampfbund 124
government in ‘exile’ (1919) 71
and H’s citizenship 226
monarchist government 98
Nazi seizure of power 278, 279–80, 283
paramilitary politics 106, 108, 121, 133
post-First World War political climate 77–8, 106, 108
religiosity 86
Revolution of 1918 66–71
ruling triumvirate (1923) 126–7, 128–9, 130, 131, 133
separatism 75
state elections (1932) 227–8
state of emergency (1923) 119, 125–6
tension with the Reich 122–3
Völkischer Block 132–3, 141–2, 144, 164, 190
Bavarian army: H joins 52–3
post-First World War 68–9
Bavarian Peasants’ League (Bayerischer Bauernbund) 204
Bavarian People’s Party (BVP) 133, 290
Bavarian Political Police 278, 279, 290
Bavarian State Opera 709
Bayerische Reichswehr Gruppenkommando Nr.4 (‘Gruko’) 71–2
Bayerischer Bauernbund (Bavarian Peasants’ League) 204
Bayerischer Wald 924
Bayreuth 116, 166, 316, 361, 363, 365, 377, 490–91, 566–7
BBC 613, 772, 943
Bechstein, Carl 116, 187
Bechstein, Helene 116, 187
Beck, Józef 475, 481–2, 505
Beck, Ludwig: and the Anschluß 408–9
assisted suicide 839, 840, 841, 845
Chief of the General Staff 334–5
and German expansionism 388, 390–91 418
illness 825
opposition to H 418, 425, 427–9, 536, 541, 819–20
and rearmament 352, 360
resignation 418, 423, 429–30
Beelitz 57, 62
Beethoven, Ludwig van 20, 701, 710, 799
‘Behaviour of German Soldiers in the East’ (order) 672
Belgium: Allied liberation 866
Ardennes offensive 881
German occupation 557, 633, 713
neutrality 487
proposed trade 630
treaty with France (1921/35) 334
Belgrade 607, 608, 867
Bellini, Vincenzo 20
Belluno 767
Belorussia 635
Below, Nicolaus von: and Allied advances in the west 862
and the Anschluß 404
and battle for Stalingrad 737, 742
and Crystal Night 465
and death of vom Rath 456
and Dunkirk 558
in Führer Bunker 933, 939, 941, 943, 952–3
in Führer Headquarters 556, 786, 814, 880, 886–7
and Halder 726
honeymoon 374
and July 1944 assassination attempt 832–3
life at Berghof 803
military adjutant 375, 515
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 442
and North African campaign 757
and opening of Eastern Front 590
passes Speer’s memorandum to H (March 1945) 911
Belzec extermination camp 688, 697, 715, 775
Beneš, Eduard 432, 433, 434, 436–8, 440–41, 477
Berchtesgaden: Ciano visits (1936) 370
evacuation of H’s staff to (April 1945) 926
H holidays in 112, 123, 166, 176–7, 490, 491–2
Nazi leaders gather at (1932) 232;
(1936) 361, 363, 365
‘pilgrims’ at 907
transfer of Wehrmacht High Command to (April 1945) 930
Berdicev 623
Berger, Gottlob 715
Berghof, Obersalzberg: Anschluß negotiations at 404–5
Axis leaders’ visits (April 1943) 757–8
bombing of 907, 935
Chamberlain’s visit (1938) 434
converted from Haus Wachenfeld 177, 327
‘Eagle’s Nest’ (‘Tea House’) 494, 495
evacuation of H’s staff to (April 1945) 925–6
Göring’s house-arrest at 933
H’s last stay 814–15
H’s routine at 377, 378, 430–31, 491–2, 748, 781–2, 800, 803–4
military conference on Sudeten crisis 433
Mussolini’s visit (May 1942) 709–10
Polish crisis talks at (August 1939) 500
reinforcement of 792
Tea House xxxvii, 803
Berlin: Alexanderplatz 938, 939
Allied bombing raids 570, 789–90, 893–4, 895, 900–901, 921
Anhalter-Bahnhof 562
Bendlerstraße 834, 835, 839, 845–6
Brandenburg Gate 259, 837, 931, 947
Charlottenburg 534, 942
council elections (1929) 196–7
Dahlem 250, 296
during First World War 57–8, 61–2, 680
Friedrichstraße station 960
Gatow aerodrome 926, 931, 935
Görlitzer Bahnhof 478
Hotel Exzelsior 246
Invalidenstraße 961
Kaiserhof Hotel 208, 247, 248, 255, 261, 294
Kroll Opera House 281
Lustgarten 179, 358, 714
Nationalgalerie 58
Nauen road 934
Olympic Games (1936) 348, 351, 358–9, 617
Plötzensee Prison 848
Potsdamer Platz 939, 946
Presidential Palace 234
‘racial cleansing’ policies 452, 454, 461–2, 578
Rangsdorf aerodrome 834
rebuilding plans 378, 379, 856
Red Army advance on 892, 904, 920–21, 923–5, 926–7, 928, 931, 934–42, 946, 952, 953–4
removal of Jews 595, 679–81, 685–7, 689, 691, 714, 759
Sportpalast 202, 227, 272, 296, 440–41, 570, 592, 649, 697, 728, 745, 789–90
State Opera House 799
Stettiner Bahnhof 515
synagogues destroyed 457
Tempelhof aerodrome 834, 935
Tiergarten 391
Unter den Linden 479, 799
Wannsee 690, 829
Wilhelmplatz 940
Wilhelmstraße 942
Zeughaus 822
zoo 926
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 710, 799
Berlin Treaty (1926) 331
Bernadotte, Count Folke 943–4, 945
Bernburg 534
Bessarabia 499, 584, 595, 619
Best, S. Payne 545
Best, Werner 775
Beuthen 237
Beyschlag, Rudolf 73–4
Bialystok 626, 627, 635
Bielefeld 678–9
Birmingham 479
Bismarck (battleship) 617–18
Bismarck, Prince Otto von 47, 112, 181, 283, 292, 294, 485 Gedanken und Erinnerungen (Thoughts and Memories) 145
Black Sea 642, 722, 797, 798
black-marketeering 705, 706
Blaschke, Johann Hugo 958
Blaskowitz, Johannes 524
Bleichröder (bank) 451
Blitz 570
Bloch, Eduard 5, 14, 15, 40
Blomberg, Werner von: the Blomberg scandal (1938) 320, 391–3, 394, 396, 398–9, 404, 416, 422
and bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384
death 399
Defence Minister 263
and emergency decree 276
in exile 393
and German expansionism 390, 391
and oath of unconditional loyalty to H 317–18
and rearmament 265–6, 267, 297–8, 299, 334–5, 352, 353, 360, 384, 387
recalled to join H’s cabinet 254
and restructuring of Wehrmacht 397, 398
and the SA 304–5, 308, 309, 313, 314
and Spanish Civil War 362–3
technical adviser at Geneva Disarmament Conference 254
Blondi (dog) 747, 781, 902, 903, 952
‘Blood Flag’ 173
‘Blood Law’ (1935) 344–6
Blücher (cruiser) 553
Blue, Operation 711, 717, 718, 719–21
Blum, Léon 364
Blumentritt, Guenther 667
Blüml, Johann 71
Bobruisk 810, 811
Bochum 762
Bock, Fedor von: and the Anschluß 411
and ‘Commissar Order’ 602, 819
dismissal 720, 721
and drive for Moscow 642, 648, 651
invasion of Soviet Union 622–3, 636
and opening of Eastern Front 586, 590
and opening of Western Front 542
and opposition to H 542, 544, 642
spring/summer offensive (1942) 712, 718, 719–20, 721
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 653, 661, 662–3
Bodenschatz, Karl Heinrich 625
Boer War 7
Bohemia 387, 474, 475, 479
Boldt, Gerhard 952
Bolivia 162
Bolshevism: fear of 258, 275, 332, 336
H’s crusade against 353, 361–4, 365–7, 381, 566, 571, 587, 593, 598–9, 620–21, 644
and H’s ‘world view’ 64, 148, 150–53, 155, 178
and Jews 66, 91, 146, 148, 150–52, 155, 363, 381, 593, 597–8, 672–3, 899, 907
‘national Bolshevism’ 168
planned liquidation of ‘Bolshevik intelligentsia’ 598–9
radical anti-capitalism 200 see also anti-Bolshevism
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 825
Bonn 892, 965
Bonnet, Georges 496
book-bu
rning 292
Bor-Komorowski, Tadeusz 868
Border Police School, Pretzsch 618
Börgermoor internment camp 395
Boris III, King of Bulgaria 607, 758
Bormann, Albert 375
Bormann, Gerda 916
Bormann, Martin: and badges for Jews 679
in ‘Committee of Three’ 750, 752
and conscription 854
and crushing of SA leadership 306
and development of genocidal programme 676
and disposal of H’s body 956–7
and euthanasia programmes 532
and ‘Final Solution’ 716
in Führer Bunker 902, 906, 923, 925, 926, 932, 940, 941, 942–3, 946, 950, 954–5
and German surrender 958, 959
headquarters damaged 901
and Heß affair (1941) 612, 614, 616
and ‘Jewish Question’ 340, 461, 593
and July 1944 assassination attempt 845–6
loyalty to H 900
and occupation of Poland 522
and plans for ‘New Order’ 633
and Polish crisis (1939) 511
preparation for peacetime Germany 916, 917–18
and radicalization of home front 705, 706, 749
relationship with H 375, 516–17
road construction 494
Secretary of the Führer 752
strips Göring of rights of succession 933
suicide 961
and Total War Effort 856, 857, 859
witness at H’s wedding 948
in Wolf’s Lair 625, 786
Borneo 580
Borsig, Ernst von 117–18
Bose, Herbert von 312
Botrop 893
Bouhler, Philipp 167, 187, 528, 531–2, 533–4
Brabant 713
Brack, Viktor 532, 533, 534
Brahms, Johannes 20, 710
Brandenburg 534
Brandmayer, Balthasar 55–6, 57, 70
Brandt, Heinz 821
Brandt, Karl (H’s doctor): and death of vom Rath 456
dismissal 870
and euthanasia programmes 528, 530, 532, 534
in wartime Führer Headquarters 515, 556
Bratislava 476–7, 918
Brauchitsch, Walther von: and the Anschluß 41, 408, 410
at Wolf’s Lair 624, 650, 655
and deportation of Jews 597, 599
dismissal (December 1941) 663–5
and drive for Moscow 639, 640, 641, 642, 646, 647
H’s contempt for 646, 647
and invasion of Czechoslovakia 428–9
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 523, 524
and occupation of France 561
and opening of Eastern Front 586–7, 589–90, 591
and opening of Western Front 243, 539, 540–41, 542–4, 554–5, 558
and Operation Barbarossa 619, 635