Merle's Door
Page 38
[>] "astute, human-reading dogs": Howard Hughes Medical Institute Bulletin (Fall 2004), http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/fall2004/dogs/dogs2.html.
[>] "wolf and human remains": Juliet Clutton-Brock, "Origins of the dog: domestication and early history," in The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People, ed. James Serpell (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 8.
45 "morphologically distinct": Carles Vilà et al., "Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog," Science 5319, vol. 276 (13 June 1997): 1687–1689.
[>] "most remarkable of these memorials": Simon J. M. Davis and François R. Valla, "Evidence for domestication of the dog 12,000 years ago in the Natufian of Israel," Nature, vol. 276 (7 December 1978): 608–610.
[>] "a newly domesticated wolf": Tamar Dayan, "Early Domesticated Dogs of the Near East," Journal of Archaeological Science 21 (1994): 633–640.
[>] "The grave wasn't unique": Eitan Tchernov and François F. Valla, "Two New Dogs, and Other Natufian Dogs, from the Southern Levant," Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (1997): 65–95.
[>] "a deliberate display of friendliness": L. David Mech, "'Standing Over' and 'Hugging' in Wild Wolves, Canis lupus," The Canadian Field Naturalist, vol. 115 (2001): 179–181.
CHAPTER 3: The Synaptic Kiss
PAGE
[>] "a 'critical period' for object play": Patricia McConnell, The Other End of the Leash (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002), 95.
[>] "that never felt a wound": William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act II, scene ii, line 1.
[>] "those protoplasmic kisses": Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Recollections of My Life, vol. 8, part 2 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1937), 373.
[>] "remarkable changes began": Edward L. Bennett et al., "Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of the Brain," Science 30, vol. 146 (October 1964): 610–619.
[>] "20 percent bigger brains": Raymond Coppinger and Richard Schneider, "Evolution of Working Dogs," in The Domestic Dog, ed. James Serpell (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 33.
[>] "more adept at moving": Ashish Ranpura, "Weightlifting for the Mind: Enriched Environments and Cortical Plasticity," http://www.brainconnection.com/topics/printindex.php3?main=fa/cortical-plasticity.
[>] "increased branching created": Fred R. Volkmar and William T. Greenough, "Rearing Complexity Affects Branching of Dendrites in the Visual Cortex of the Rat," Science 30, vol. 176 (June 1972): 1447.
[>] "escaping from pens": Steven R. Lindsay, Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume One: Adaptation and Learning (Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), 18.
[>] "learning engaging tasks": William T. Greenough, James E. Black, and Christopher S. Wallace, "Experience and Brain Development," Child Development 58 (1987): 539–559.
63 "a large, object-filled space": Edward L. Bennett et al., "Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity of the Brain," Science 30, vol. 146 (October 1964): 610–619.
[>] "rarely permitted to solve problems": Jon Katz, The New Work of Dogs (New York: Random House, 2004), 18.
CHAPTER 4: In the Genes
PAGE
[>] "killed by other wolves": Douglas W. Smith, Leader Yellowstone Wolf Project, interview with author, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 18 March 2005.
[>] "of other loud noises": David S. Tuber et al., "Treatment of Fears and Phobias in Dogs," Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 4, vol. 12 (November 1982): 607.
[>] "potentially traumatic experiences": Michael W. Fox, Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 145.
[>] "called the subethmoidal shelf": Julio E. Correo, "The Dog's Sense of Smell" (July 2005 ), Alabama Cooperative Extension System, http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/U/UNP-0066/.
[>] "vomeronasal-like organ": "The Vomeronasal Organ," Dr. Michael Meredith, Florida State University, http://www.neuro.fsu.edu/research/vomeronasal/human.htm.
[>] "Merle was a young dog": "How Well Do Dogs and Humans Hear?" http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/HearingRange.html.
[>] "sound's distance and position": Richard F. Thompson, The Brain: A Neuroscience Primer (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1993), 259–260.
[>] "elk sneaking away": Rickye S. Heffner and Henry E. Heffner, "Evolution of Sound Localization in Mammals," in The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, ed. Douglas R. Webster, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992), 691–715.
[>] "print's olfactory strength": J. B. Steen and E. Wilsson, "How do dogs determine the direction of tracks?", Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 239, (1990): 531–534; E. Miller, R. Houghton, and W. J. Carr, "Chemosensory tracking in dogs: Enhancing the track's polarity," Chemical Senses 20 (1996): 743–744.
[>] "programmed to compute": Linda Aronson, "The Nose Knows," http://www.beaconforhealth.org/The_Nose_Knows.htm.
[>] "a memorable sillage": Chandler Burr, "The Scent of the Nile," The New Yorker, 14 March 2005, 78–87.
[>] "tints of yellow or blue": J. Neitz, T. Geist, and G. H. Jacobs, "Color vision in the dog," Visual Neuroscience 3 (1989): 119–125; G. H. Jacobs et al., "Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision," Visual Neuroscience 10 (1993): 173–180.
91 "my visual acuity": Paul E. Miller and Christopher J. Murphy, "Vision in Dogs," Journal of the Veterinary Medical Association 12, vol. 207 (15 December 1995): 1623–1634; "Ruff Work," http://www.avalanche.org/~doghouse/3%20canis%20familiaris/1%20a%20Dogs%20BRAIN.htm.
[>] "a woman Sykes named Helena": Bryan Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001).
[>] "so well-balanced a relationship": M. R. Jarman, "European Deer Economies and the Advent of the Neolithic," in Papers in Economic Prehistory, ed. E. S. Higgs (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 125–149.
CHAPTER 5: Building the Door
PAGE
[>] "quickly stopped barking": Charles Darwin, The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, paperback reprint of the original 1868 edition, 1998), 27.
[>] "wolves are practically mute": L. David Mech, The Wolf (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1970), 95–110.
[>] "less vocal than coyotes": Joel Berger, a senior scientist at the Wildlife Conservation Society who has studied large mammals in both North America and Africa, suggests that the question of whether coyotes bark more than jackals can be addressed by inference. "Coyotes," he says, "live in an environment where only two predators habitually prey upon them—wolves and mountain lions. The cost of a coyote announcing itself to another coyote by barking is thus rather low. Jackals, on the other hand, live among lions, hyenas, leopards, cheetahs, and wild dogs, all of whom would be more than happy to make a meal out of a jackal. Therefore, the cost to a jackal, for revealing its position by barking, can be quite high." (Joel Berger, telephone conversation with author, 22 July 2005.)
[>] "wild dogs are impressionable": Desmond Morris, Illustrated Dog Watching (New York: Crescent Books, 1996), 31.
[>] "great bayers": Benjamin Hart, "Analyzing breed and gender differences in behaviour," in The Domestic Dog, ed. James Serpell (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 65–77.
CHAPTER 6: Growing Into Himself
PAGE
[>] "Dogs learn by observing other dogs": J. M. Slabbert and O. Anne E. Rasa, "Observational learning of an acquired maternal behaviour pattern by working dog pups: an alternative training method?", Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53 (1997): 309–316.
114 "in nine seconds": Leonore Loeb Adler and Helmut E. Adler, "Ontogeny of observational learning in the dog (Canis familiaris)," Developmental Psychobiology 10 (1977): 267–271.
[>] "lying down at dinner": Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Social Lives of Dogs (New York: Pocket Books, 2000), 85.
[>] "an Arabian stallion": KBR Training Information Sheet, "The Story of Clever Hans," http://www.kbrhorse.net/tra/hans.html.
[>]
"a Russian trotting horse": Oskar Pfungst, Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten) (Bristol, England: Thoemmes Press, 1998), 18.
[>] "the time of Darwin": Ibid., 2–3.
[>] "serious and incisive investigation": Ibid., 253–254.
[>] "experimental animal and human psychology": Ibid., title page.
[>] "future studies of animals": Robert H. Wozniak, Classics in Psychology 1855–1914, Historical Essays, http://www.thoemmes.com/psych/pfungst.htm.
[>] "who was talking to him": Oskar Pfungst, Clever Hans, 30–33.
[>] "counting with his hoof": Ibid., 63.
[>] "revolving on a drum": Ibid., 115–117.
[>] "It was enough": Ibid., 125.
[>] "truly microscopic movements.": Ibid., 108.
[>] "experimenter's own expectations": Robert H. Wozniak, Classics in Psychology 1855–1914, Historical Essays, http://www.thoemmes.com/psych/pfungst.htm.
[>] "and targeted zebra": Hans Kruuk, The Spotted Hyena (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), 146–275.
[>] "spoken to the horse": Oskar Pfungst, Clever Hans, 91.
[>] "falls into their bowls": "Circadian Rhythm," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm.
[>] "a twenty-eight-day period": Sabah Quraishi, "Circadian Rhythms and Sleep," http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web1/Quirashi.html.
[>] "listen to a dog": The Monks of New Skete, How to Be Your Dog's Best Friend (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978), 17.
[>] "eat as much as": L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani, Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), xv.
[>] "meet those needs": Oskar Pfungst, Clever Hans, 242.
[>] "a pleasurable taste": James C. Boudreau, "Neurophysiology and Stimulus Chemistry of Mammalian Taste Systems," in Flavor Chemistry: Trends and Developments, ed. Roy Teranishi, Ron G. Buttery, and Fereidoon Shahidi (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989): 122–137.
139 "The wolf's general alertness": Michael W. Fox, The Soul of the Wolf (New York: Lyons and Burford, 1992), 32, 81.
[>] "greater complexity than any wolf": Raymond and Lorna Coppinger, Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior, and Evolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 23–25.
[>] "hope over experience": James Boswell, The Life of Johnson (Ham-mondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1979 reprint of the 1791 edition), entry for 1770, 153.
[>] "letting them run free": Patricia McConnell, The Other End of the Leash (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002), 165.
[>] "never forgotten the trauma": Steven R. Lindsay, Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume One, Adaptation and Learning (Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), 62.
CHAPTER 7: Top Dog
PAGE
[>] "heavy loads of intestinal parasites": Bruce Fogle, The Dog's Mind (New York: Howell Book House, 1990), 144.
[>] "hopes of reducing fleas": "Respiratory toxicity of cedar and pine wood: A review of the biomedical literature from 1986 through 1995," http://www.trifl.org/cedar.shtml.
[>] "groomed each other": Michael W. Fox, Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 100–101.
[>] "leads to acrimony,": Douglas W. Smith, Leader Yellowstone Wolf Project, interview with author, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 18 March 2005.
[>] "three to five weeks old": Clarence J. Pfaffenberger, The New Knowledge of Dog Behavior (New York: Howell Book House, 1963), 124.
[>] "retaliate by attacking them": Steven R. Lindsay, Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume Three, Procedures and Protocols (Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 522.
[>] "a serotonin reuptake inhibitor": Ilana R. Reisner, "Assessment, Management, and Prognosis of Canine Dominance-related Aggression," Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 3, vol. 27 (May 1997).
[>] "dogs express dominance": Stanley Coren, How To Speak Dog (New York: Free Press, 2000), 144–145.
[>] "his study is out of doors": Henry David Thoreau, "Walking," in Walden and Other Writings of Henry David Thoreau (New York: Modern Library, 1950), 599, 601.
[>] "blow of the shoulder": Rudolf Schenkel, "Submission: Its Features and Function in the Wolf and Dog," American Zoologist 7 (1967): 321, 322; Fred H. Harrington and Sheryl S. Asa, "Wolf Communication," in Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 95.
CHAPTER 8: The Gray Cat
PAGE
[>] "humans persuade cats": Juliet Clutton-Brock, A Natural History of Domesticated Animals (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 133.
CHAPTER 9: Estrogen Clouds
PAGE
[>] "secret, and self-contained": Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol (London: Chapman & Hall, 1843), 3.
[>] "thoroughly enjoying herself": Bruce Fogle, The Dog's Mind (New York: Howell Book House, 1990), 53.
[>] "two to four million dogs are euthanized": American Humane Society, "Animal Shelter Euthanasia," http://www.americanhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nr_fact_sheets_animal_euthanasia; Stephanie Shain, Humane Society of the United States, e-mail communication with author, 30 January 2006.
[>] "a laparoscopic vasectomy": L. D. M. Silva et al., "Laparoscopic vasectomy in the male dog," Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement, vol. 47 (1993): 399–401.
[>] "incidence of testicular cancer": Race Foster and Marty Smith, "Neutering—Why It's a Good Idea," PetEducation.com, Drs. Foster and Smith's source for expert pet information, http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1625&articleid=911.
[>] "loss of her reproductive organs": Race Foster and Marty Smith, "Spaying—Why It's a Good Idea," PetEducation.com, Drs. Foster and Smith's source for expert pet information, http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1625&articleid=926; "Feedback on Pet Overpopulation," http://www.pelagus.net/animal/v03.html.
[>] "castrating dogs predisposes": "Prostate Problems," Vizsla V-Source, Vizsla Health Topics, http://users.lavalink.com.au/theos/Prostate%20problems.htm; Mary C. Wakeman, "Issues Regarding Castration in Dogs," http://www.showdogsupersite.com/kenlclub/breedvet/castrationindogs.html; E. Teske et al., Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 197 (1–2) (2002): 251–255; Sorenmo K. U. et al., "Immunohistochemical characterization of canine prostatic carcinoma and correlation with castration status and castration time," Veterinary and Comparative Oncology 1 (1) (2003): 48–56.
[>] "desire to fight other males": Benjamin Hart, D.V.M., Ph.D., Center for Companion Animal Health, University of California Davis, Fall 2003, "Understanding the Effects of Neutering on Problem Behaviors in Male Dogs," http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/CCAH/Update08-2/upd8-2_behav-neutering.html.
186 "in fact what they do": Karen Pryor, Lads Before the Wind (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), 171.
[>] 'faithfulness is the norm": L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani, "Wolf Social Ecology," in Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 3.
CHAPTER 10: At Home in the Arms of the Country
PAGE
[>] "spoke the same language": Marion Schwartz, A History of Dogs in the Early Americas (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), vi.
[>] "labile study in conversation": R. Schenkel, "Expression Studies of Wolves," Behavior, vol. 1 (1947): 96.
[>] "They love being dogs": Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, Dogs Never Lie About Love (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 36–37.
[>] "many a lightfoot lad": A. E. Housman, A Shropshire Lad (New York: Buccaneer Books, 1983), 99.
CHAPTER 11: The Problem of Me
PAGE
[>] "there was no difference": Marion Schwartz, A History of Dogs in the Early Americas (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997), vi.
[>] "humans had souls": Bernard Singer, "History of the Study of Animal Behaviour," in The Oxford Companion to Animal Beha
viour, ed. David McFarland (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1981), 262.
[>] "[I]n animals, there is neither intelligence": Nicolas de Malebranche, The Search After Truth, trans. Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1980) (first edition, De la Recherche de la Verité, Paris: 1674–75), 494–495.
[>] "destructive and murderous idea": Henry More, "Epistola Prima H. Mori ad Renatum Cartesium," in Collection of Several Philosophical Works (London: William Morden, 1662), 64.
[>] "beasts are endow'd with thought": David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969) (first published 1739), 226.
[>] "the lives of 'dumb animals,'": Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), 126–127.
[>] "Morgan called 'sense-experience'": C. Lloyd Morgan, An Introduction to Comparative Psychology (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902), 301–302.
[>] "lower in the psychological scale": Ibid., 53.
218 "'cognitive map'": Edward Chace Tolman, Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967), 48–50; Edward C. Tolman, "Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men," http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps10.html.
[>] "window into its subjective experience": Robert Boakes, From Darwin to Behaviourism (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 153.
[>] "which are much like ours": Robert M. Yerkes, Introduction to Psychology (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911), 239.
[>] "Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov": Mark Ridley, "Pavlov," in The Oxford Companion to Animal Behaviour, ed. David McFarland (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1981), 447–449.
[>] "Give me a dozen healthy infants": John B. Watson, Behaviorism (New York: Norton, 1924), 104.
[>] "reinforcement will follow": B. F. Skinner, "How to Teach Animals," Scientific American 185 (1951): 26–29.
[>] "'purely mechanical' fashion": B. F. Skinner, The Behavior of Organisms (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938), 55.
[>] "The world of introspection": B. F. Skinner, About Behaviorism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), xii.