Merle's Door

by Ted Kerasote

  [>] "Let [the child] believe": Quoted in B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 40.

  [>] "absolutely no unsupervised freedom": Kevin Behan, Natural Dog Training (Xlibris Corporation, 2001), 93–94.

  [>] "control of your dog's access to everything": Jean Donaldson, The Culture Clash (Berkeley, Calif.: James & Kenneth Publishers, 1996), 132–133, 111.

  [>] "the thinker should have": Marian Stamp Dawkins, Through Our Eyes Only? (Oxford, England: W. H. Freeman, 1993), 105.

  [>] "would likely select the career": Steven R. Lindsay, Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume Three, Procedures and Protocols (Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2005), 710.

  [>] "What they needed was less control": E. G. Sarris, "Individual Differences in Dogs," American Kennel Gazette, four-part series: 1 November 1938; 1 December 1938; 1 January 1939; 1 February 1939.

  [>] "seeing the world in vivid detail": Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson, Animals in Translation (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005), 51–57.

  [>] "Dogs and people coevolved": Ibid., 306.

  [>] "our brains are the same": Paul D. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution (New York: Plenum Press, 1990), 3–18.

  [>] "Machiavellian intelligence": Richard W. Byrne and Andrew Whitten, Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press), 1989.

  227 "what to do in constantly changing social situations": Marian Stamp Dawkins, Through Our Eyes Only? (Oxford, England: W. H. Freeman, 1993), 173.

  [>] "dog pretending to be sad": Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, Dogs Never Lie About Love (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 31.

  [>] "basic similarity between": Nicholas Dodman, If Only They Could Speak (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002), 9–10.

  [>] "Experiments with chimpanzees and dolphins": Susan D. Suarez and Gordon C. Gallup, Jr., "Social Responding to Mirrors in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta): Effects of Changing Mirror Location," American Journal of Primatology 11 (1986): 239–244; Irene M. Pepperberg et al., "Mirror Use by African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus)," Journal of Comparative Psychology 2, vol. 109 (1995), 182–195; Gordon G. Gallup, Jr., "Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition," Science, vol. 2 (January 1970), 86–87; Diana Reissue and Lori Marino, "Mirror Self-recognition in the Bottlenose Dolphin: A Case of Cognitive Convergence," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 10, vol. 98 (8 May 2001), 5937–5942.

  [>] "Yep, that's me.": For two different views on what "Yep, that's me" might mean see: Gordon Gallup, Jr., "Can Animals Empathize?: Yes.," Scientific American 9 (1998), 66–71; Daniel J. Povinelli, "Can Animals Empathize?: Maybe Not.," Scientific American 9 (1998), 67–75.

  CHAPTER 12: The Mayor of Kelly

  PAGE

  [>] "The fundamental mistake": B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 99.

  [>] "punishment to be effective": N. H. Azrin and W. C. Holz, "Punishment," in Operant Behavior, ed. Werner K. Honig (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1966), 410.

  [>] "pain that is inflicted beneficially": Steven R. Lindsay, Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Volume One, Adaptation and Learning (Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), 303. See also some of the original work done on the effects of punishment from which Lindsay developed his ideas: Richard L. Solomon, "Punishment," American Psychologist 19 (April 1964): 239–253.

  [>] "[A] puppy does not automatically love you": John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller, Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 177.

  [>] "the two porpoises had learned": Karen Pryor, Lads Before the Wind (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), 251–253.

  246 "the 'structure of a situation'": Wolfgang Köhler, The Mentality of Apes (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1925), 190.

  [>] "nervous animals investigate their environments": Temple Grandin, Animals in Translation (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005), 222.

  CHAPTER 13: The Alpha Pair

  PAGE

  [>] "alpha wolf as a 'top dog'": L. David Mech, "Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of Labor in Wolf Packs," Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (1999): 1197.

  [>] "wolves sharing leadership": Rolf O. Peterson et al., "Leadership Behavior in Relation to Dominance and Reproductive Status in Gray Wolves, Canis Lupus," Canadian Journal of Zoology 80 (2002), 1405–1412.

  [>] "These older, non-alpha wolves": Douglas W. Smith, interview with author, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 18 March 2005.

  [>] "but also has free will": Douglas W. Smith, e-mail communication with author, 7 February 2005.

  [>] "automatically become alphas": L. David Mech, "Alpha Status, Dominance, and Division of Labor in Wolf Packs," Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (1999), 1197.

  [>] "This enhances their nutritional condition": Jane M. Packard, "Wolf Behavior: Reproductive, Social, and Intelligent," in Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 57.

  [>] "who, in the wild, are 'contemporaries'": Constance Perin, "Dogs as Symbols in Human Development," in Interrelations Between People and Pets, ed. Bruce Fogle (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1981), 80.

  [>] "permitted by their owners": John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller, Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 415.

  [>] "instituted a benevolent reign": Douglas W. Smith and Gary Ferguson, Decade of the Wolf(Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2005), 78–82.

  [>] "the hallmarks of the syndrome": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome; http://www.mental-health-matters.com/articles/article.php?artID=469; http://web2.airmail.net/ktrig246/out_of_cave/sss.html.

  [>] "$15 billion Americans spent": Animal Feed Manufacturers Association: http://www.afma.co.za/AFMA_Template/1,2491,6552_1^5,00.html; Number of U.S. Dog Owners: http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=177303.

  [>] "reversal of millions of years of evolution": Kevin Behan, Natural Dog Training (Xlibris Corporation, 2001), 316.

  [>] "left out in the wild": Jon Katz, Katz on Dogs (New York: Villard, 2005), 92.

  258 "only females and their pups used them": L. Boitani et al., "Population Biology and Ecology of Feral Dogs in Central Italy," in The Domestic Dog, ed. James Serpell (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 222.

  [>] "her mate will only occasionally": Jane M. Packard, "Wolf Behavior: Reproductive, Social, and Intelligent," in Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 50.

  [>] "They sleep in the open": L. David Mech, The Wolf (Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1970), 121, 190–191; Douglas W. Smith, head of Yellowstone Wolf Project, e-mail communication, 3 May 2006.

  [>] "The calmest moments her dogs": Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Hidden Life of Dogs (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), 108–121.

  [>] "who may not reach full adulthood": L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani, "Wolf Social Ecology," in Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, ed. L. David Mech and Luigi Boitani (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 7.

  [>] "Dogs who had a strong dependent relationship": J. Topâl, A. Miklósi, and V. Csányi, "Dog–Human Relationship Affects Problem Solving Behavior in the Dog," Anthrozoös 10 (4) (1997), 214–224.

  [>] "living creatures are not a bunch of machines": Karen Pryor, Don't Shoot the Dog (New York: Bantam Books, 1999), 94.

  CHAPTER 14: White Muzzle

  PAGE

  [>] "love what it loves": Mary Oliver, "Wild Geese," in Dream Work (New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), 14.

  [>] "according to one dog—human age comparison": A. LeBeau, "L'age du chien et celui de l'homme. Assai de statistique sur la mortalité canine," Bulletin de l'Academie Veterinaire de France, vol. 26 (1953), 229–232.

  [>] "It factors in a dog's weigh
t and breed": Gary J. Patronek, David J. Waters, and Lawrence T. Glickman, "Comparative Longevity of Pet Dogs and Humans: Implications for Gerontology Research," Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 3, vol. 52A (1997): B171–178.

  [>] "Veterinary AP (acupuncture)": American Veterinary Medical Association Guidelines for Alternative and Complementary Veterinary Medicine, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 6, vol. 209 (15 September 1996).

  [>] "the use of 'nutraceuticals'": Kurt Schulz, The Pet Lover's Guide to Canine Arthritis & Joint Problems (St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Saunders, 2006), 140–141, 90–109.

  283 "use more energy when they're hot": Barnard S. Hershhorn, Active Years for Your Aging Dog (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1978), 12.

  CHAPTER 15: What Do Dogs Want?

  PAGE

  [>] "They know the same": Barry Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978), 86.

  [>] "they want each other": Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Hidden Life of Dogs (New York: Pocket Books, 1993), 134–135.

  [>] "Johannsen was an early champion": Alice E. Johannsen, The Legendary Jackrabbit Johannsen (Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press, 1993).

  [>] "What happens among cells": Antonio Damasio, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 109.

  CHAPTER 16: A Looser Leash

  PAGE

  [>] "Ten thousand people live in the valley": http://info.chamonix.com/infoGeoEn.php.

  [>] "a national law mandating": "Divagation des Chiens et des Chats et Mise en Fourrière," May 2006, http://www.carrefourlocal.org/vie_locale/cas_pratiques/police/divagation.html.

  [>] "an animal-welfare organization that was founded in 1845": Société Protectrice des Animaux Web site, "Un Peu d'Histoire," http://www.spa.asso.fr/association/histoire.asp.

  [>] "[L]eash laws may be short-circuiting": Temple Grandin, Animals in Translation (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005), 160.

  [>] "Off-leash areas are essential": "Benefits of Off-Leash Recreation," San Francisco SPCA, 2002.

  [>] "FIDO believes": "FIDO's Mission," http://www.fidobrooklyn.org/mission/mission.html.

  [>] "4.7 million dog bites": "Nonfatal Dog Bite–Related Injuries Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments—United States, 2001," Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5226a1.htm.

  [>] "most comprehensive review of dog bites": Linda S. Shore, "The Question of Dogs, Off-leash Recreation, and Safety: A Review of the Literature on Dog Bites," http://www.dogexpert.com/Literature/Offleashsafety.htm.

  [>] "increase in dysfunctional canine behavior": Nicholas H. Dodman, If Only They Could Speak (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002); Patricia B. McConnell, The Other End of the Leash (New York: Ballantine Books, 2002).

  312 'Incidence of depression and psychosis": Kristina Sundquist, Gölin Frank, and Jan Sundquist, "Urbanization and Incidence of Psychosis and Depression," The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 184 (2004): 293–298.

  [>] "without environmental enrichment": Nicholas H. Dodman, The Dog Who Loved Too Much (New York: Bantam Books, 1996), 228–229.

  CHAPTER 18: Through the Door

  PAGE

  [>] "do not write biographies of animals": Raymond Gaita, The Philosopher's Dog (New York: Random House, 2002), 79.

  [>] "before euthanizing a dog": Barnard S. Hershhorn, Active Years for Your Aging Dog (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1978), 216.

  Index