by Daniel Wolff
115 Robert Taylor, etc. Ibid., July 2, 1941.
residents complained Ibid., July 5, 1941.
"members of Holy Name" Ibid., July 7, 1941.
116 lead car Ibid.
116 $8 million Ibid., May 12, 1941.
beach erosion Victor Gellineau, director and chief engineer, Report by Board of Commerce and Navigation, New Jersey, on the erosion and protection of New Jersey beaches, MacCrellish &. Quigley, Trenton, NJ (see reports for 1922, 1924, and 1930).
indebtedness Asbury Park Evening Press, November 6, 1933.
city's promotional brochure The Story of Asbury Park: The Record of Progress and Achievement, 1916-31, reprinted by the Asbury Park Historical Society (2003).
reacted slowly Asbury Park Evening Press, July 9, 1941.
117 "an enigma" Ibid., April 9, 1967.
rarely seen on the streets Hetrick obit, "ostensibly" Asbury Park Evening Press, April 9, 1967.
Hetrick's employer New York Times, October 9, 1935.
Utilities like UP&LL See a "brief history " of the electricity industry by Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), chairman of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, http://energy.senate.gov/news/dem_release.cfm7id=177741.
for UP&LL data See the annual reports of the Utilities Power &. Light Corporation, 1927-34.
118 "radical nature" Ibid., 1934, 3.
"the savior" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 6, 1933.
Asbury's New Deal Ibid., November 8, 1933.
119 losing even more money Ibid., November 3, 1933.
"close connections" Ibid., June 15, 1933.
Waxey Gordon Ibid., May 12, 1933.
"south of Asbury" Hetrick obit.
120 "city-wide upheaval" Asbury Park Evening Press, October 11, 1933.
outside fiscal experts Ibid., October 11, 1933.
Osgoodby Ibid., November 2, 1933.
121 Burley Ibid, "rotten" Ibid.
"How is it possible" Ibid. November 3, 1933.
Croce Ibid., November 2, 1933.
122 "dictator" Ibid.
three months behind Ibid.
"floaters" Ibid., October 11, 1933.
Tom Brown's taproom Ibid., November 9, 1933.
"A decisive expression" Ibid., November 3, 1933.
"Almost from the minute" Hetrick obit.
"the failure" New York Times, January 16, 1934.
Capibianco Asbury Park Evening Press, April 1, 1934, and July 27, 1934.
"genius for organization" Hetrick obit 123 April Fools' Final Report of the Special Committee, December 17, 1934, Chairman W. Stanley Naughright.
Calandriello Ibid., 4.
Crook Ibid.
"a startling lack" Ibid., 2.
Phillips Ibid., 12.
"protection money" Ibid, fined $100 Ibid., 31-32.
124 Hurley Ibid., 53.
slot machines Ibid., 57.
$10,000 Ibid., 73-75.
Berkeley-Carteret Ibid., 12.
125 Mattice Ibid., 13.
never called Ibid.
no liquor Asbury Park Evening Press, July 2, 1934.
"marked with intense" Ibid., July 3, 1934.
126 Morro Castle story See Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan Witts, Shipwreck: The Strange Fate of the Morro Castle (New York: Dell, 1973).
Old Vienna Garden Cafe' Author's collection.
"as an entertainment attraction" New York Times, September 12, 1934.
127 "base, vicious" Asbury Park Press, October 26, 1975.
"bereaved families" New York Times, September 13, 1934.
J. Whitfield Brooks Ibid., September 12, 1934.
terrazzo floors Ibid.
128 "circumstances were peculiar" Ibid.
"inefficiency in office" New York Times, December 19, 1934.
creditors Ibid., December 1, 1934.
"something not kosher" Asbury Park Evening Press, January 8, 1935.
New Jersey Supreme Court Ibid., March 7, 1935.
"uncertain" New York Times, March 8, 1935.
"vicious measure" Asbury Park Evening Press, March 9, 1935.
129 "ridiculously low" Ibid., March 15, 1935.
"to know as much as Hetrick" Ibid., March 11, 1935.
Mayor Dennis died Ibid., March 18, 1935.
Knuckles Ibid., April 5, 1935.
"cast aside" Ibid., March 22, 1935.
fired the city manager Ibid., April 2, 1935.
"cutthroat" Ibid., March 28, 1935, and April 2, 1935.
"Open Letter" Ibid., April 3, 1935.
130 four-to-one Ibid., April 11, 1935.
"virtually dictatorial" Ibid., July 6, 1935.
131 private letters New York Times, July 14, 1936.
Supreme Court See Faitoute Iron and Steel v. Asbury Park, 316 U.S. (1942).
Hurley Asbury Park Evening Press, July 9, 1935.
minstrel show Ibid., July 3, 1935.
"Young people" Ibid., July 6, 1935.
ejecting the owner Ibid., July 3, 1935.
"traditional footballs" New York Times, October 26, 1935.
132 $160,000 Asbury Park Evening Press, July 1, 1941.
electrical workers union Nick Mahalic, History of Local 400, http://
www.chorusandverse.com /content /200208 /2002081 l_JohnLuraschi.htm. Army of Unoccupation Jon Blackwell, "1936: An Army' Seizes the Capital," Trentonian, http://capitalcentury.com/1936.html.
"bled its people white" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 7, 1941.
313 properties Ibid.
Tumen and Tumen Ibid.
133 prospect of war Ibid., July 9, 1941.
old KKK headquarters Asbury Park Press, December 12, 1949.
"indifference" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 2, 1941.
Mattice Ibid.
"vicious" Ibid., May 2, 1941, and May 7, 1941.
"Boss rule" Ibid., May 4, 1941.
"broke" Ibid., May 6, 1941.
meters Ibid., May 2, 1941.
134 Hetrick's rally Ibid., May 6, 1941.
tulips Ibid., May 8, 1941, and May 7, 1941.
"A vote for Hetrick" Ibid., May 12, 1941.
1930 census See "West Side Story: Profile of a Black Community" Asbury Park Press special report, May 2, 1982.
thirty-five hundred Negroes Ibid.
"definitely blighted" Ibid.
Fleming Asbury Park Evening Press, April 19, 1941.
135 first Negro housing project "West Side Story."
"Mr. Nick" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 3, 1941.
"women of the street" Ibid., May 8, 1941.
Minnie Lopez Ibid., May 12, 1941.
denied the mayor Ibid., July 12, 1941.
"over $600 a day" Ibid., May 12, 1941.
MACHINE LOSES Ibid., May 14, 1941.
fired nine employees Ibid., July 2, 1941.
136 "emergency" spending Ibid., July 1, 1941.
"The hand that held" Ibid., October 13, 1941.
Mattice bolted Ibid., November 3, 1941.
"The gang" Ibid.
"the remains" Ibid.
137 requisitioned New York Times, August 28, 1942.
"Sentamentalist" See Will Friedwald, liner notes to Frank Sinatra and the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra: Love Songs, RCA Victor, 090206-68701-2.
FOURTH OF JULY, 1956
140 Negro population and employment figures See Joseph A. Clarke, Migration and Housing Among the Negro Population of Asbury Park, NJ (Trenton, NJ: The Urban Colored Population Commission, 1945).
African-American scientist See interview with William J. Jones by the New Jersey Historical Commission, http://www.infoage.org/jones.html . "During the war years" Clarke, Migration and Housing.
colored patrol themselves Interview with Thomas S. Smith by June West, under the auspices of the Monmouth County Library Headquarters, 1999, http://www.visitmonmouth.com/oralhistory/bios/SmithThomas.htm.
141 Smock family Asbury Park Evening Press, September 2, 1911.
Some observers thought Ibid., June 8, 1944.
"There was no sle
ight" Ibid.
"a conservative economic government" Ibid., February 10, 1956.
under investigation Ibid., November 1, 1947.
Indictments New York Times, May 2, 1947.
142 "All of our actions" Asbury Park Evening Press, September 3, 1947.
"similar to that" Ibid.
Nine million Kenneth T. Jackson Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 238.
Housing starts Ibid., 233.
slums Asbury Park Evening Press, March 7, 1956.
Catalina ranch Ibid., July 1, 1955.
Oldsmobile Ibid., July 5, 1955.
New Jersey Turnpike Ibid., July 1, 1955.
Garden State Ibid.
143 Detroit Ibid.
"City dwellers by the thousands" July 2, 1955.
The next day Ibid., July 3, 1955.
Asbury police Ibid., July 5, 1955.
Photos of the beach Ibid.
widening of feeder roads Ibid., June 10, 1955.
Convention Hall Ibid., July 2, 1955.
Monroe Ibid., July 1, 1955.
1956 survey Ibid., May 3, 1957.
"major beachfront improvement" Ibid.
merry-go-round lease Ibid., January 10, 1956.
resign Ibid.
144 "no specific complaint" Ibid., February 10, 1956.
"Coney Island type venue" Ibid., May 3, 1957.
for description of Coney Island amusements See Judith A. Adams and Edwin J. Perkins, The American Amusement Park Industry: A History of Technology and Thrills (Boston: Twayne, 1991), 44.
145 "catchpenny game" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 5, 1956.
for history of pinball See Edward Trapunski, Special When Lit: A Visual and Anecdotal History of Pinball (New York: Doubleday Dolphin, 1979).
146 "Pinball feeds on" Ibid.
big new department stores Ibid.
$8,000 a year Asbury Park Evening Press, April 4, 1946 147 the state of New Jersey ruled For a history of gaming laws in New Jersey, see the New Jersey Law Revision Commission memorandum from its staff, re "Games of Chance," November 6, 2000.
Judge confirmed Asbury Park Evening Press, June 8, 1955.
Lembke Ibid.
"disguised with a phony 'skill'" Ibid., July 1, 1956
"the immediate dollar" Ibid., June 28, 1956.
"If Asbury Park's prosperity" Ibid.
148 local clergyman Ibid., July 9, 1956.
Toms River man Ibid., July 8, 1956.
Another concessionaire Ibid.
Beach Merchants' Association Ibid., July 3, 1956.
Billy Graham Ibid., September 2 and 3, 1955.
Long Branch Ibid., July 5, 1956.
"Everyone will sell hot dogs" Ibid., July 9, 1956.
history of Palace Amusements personal communication with Bob Crane, savetillie.com.
149 for "teenagers" Asbury Park Evening Press, June 7, 1955.
For Amusement Only Ibid., July 9, 1956.
"dark rides" personal communication with Bob Crane, savetillie.com.
"denigrate" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 3, 1957.
150 "Wildwood" Ibid., July 7, 1955.
for Haley history See James Miller, Flowers in the Dust Bin: The Rise of Rock and Roll 1947-1977 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999).
151 the Rediker brothers Asbury Park Sun, March 12, 1946.
kicked off with Ibid.
"We can show the youngsters" John Swenson, Bill Haley: The Daddy of Rock and Roll (New York: Stein & Day, 1983), 88.
152 $1.50 Asbury Park Sun, July 1, 1955.
$250 lease Ibid., July 11, 1956.
"This newspaper" Asbury Park Evening Press., March 24, 1956.
153 even deeper poverty For a profile of the West Side, see Asbury Park Evening Press three-part series, March 7, 8, and 9, 1956.
Asbury Park Village Clarke, Migration and Housing.
"official skeleton" Asbury Park Evening Press three-part series, slumlords Ibid.
154 Cuba's Asbury Park Evening Press, July 2, 1956.
"Jolly Farmer" Ibid., July 7, 1956.
"I fell in love" Miller, Flowers in the Dust Bin, 113.
155 white cheerleader sweaters Ibid.
156 "unlawful" Ibid., March 12, 1946.
civil rights law Ibid., March 10, 1946.
"three hundred white folks" Author's interview with David Parreott Jr.
Freddie Price Asbury Park Evening Press, July 12, 1956.
twenty-seven hundred Ibid., July 2, 1956.
"reserved policemen" Ibid., July 3, 1956.
"Boardwalk crowds" Ibid.
157 "When they started singing" Ibid., July 11, 1956.
custodian Ibid., July 2, 1956 Rediker said Ibid.
ordered the doors closed Ibid.
seventy-five thousand Ibid.
158 support Ibid.
"Convention Hall Riot" Ibid, "roving cars" Ibid.
159 "only the prompt" Ibid., July 3, 1956.
Twenty-five were injured Ibid., July 2, 1956.
"hot music and cold beer" Ibid., July 3, 1956.
"From the information I got" Ibid., July 2, 1956.
Of the eight kids arrested Ibid., July 3, 1956.
"definitely not" Ibid., July 2, 1956.
"mass fighting" Ibid.
160 "Whereas psychologists" Ibid., July 3, 1956.
"rock and roll and the rest" Ibid., July 11, 1956.
winning ticket Ibid., May 15, 1957.
"the best showing" Ibid.
161 the batting cage Ibid., May 29, 1957.
Bamberger's Ibid., March 6, 1956.
write off Kenneth T. Jackson, "All the World's a Mall: Reflections on the Social and Economic Consequences of the American Shopping Center,"
American Historical Review 101 (October 1996): 1111-21.
"dead" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 5, 1956.
hadn't been self-sustaining Ibid., May 7, 1957.
"Here," its founder See Disney Paper Resource Center, http://disneypaper.tripod.com.
162 "visualize a vital, growing" Asbury Park Evening Press, May 6, 1957.
"social stagnation" Ibid., October 8, 1960.
FOURTH OF JULY, 1970
164 "a series of extraordinary" Dr. Robert M. Fogelson and Dr. Robert B.
Hill, "Who Riots? A Study of Participation in the 1967 Riots," in Supplemental Studies for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disobedience (New York: Praeger, 1968).
two white cops roughed up Tom Hay den, Rebellion in Newark: Official Violence and Ghetto Response (New York: Random House, 1967).
"The spirit and the feeling" Amiri Baraka, The Autobiography of Leroi Jones (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1984), 367.
165 "a city in open rebellion" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 15, 1967.
"The line between the jungle" Hayden, Rebellion in Newark, 38.
"planned, open insurrection" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 17, 1967.
35 percent "West Side Story."
"Yea, I paid attention" Author's interview with Gregory Holland, June 6, 1997.
special meeting For all quotes, see minutes of "Special Meeting," July 17, 1967, author's collection courtesy David Parreott Jr.
166 Howard University Monmouth County Historical interview with Thomas Smith.
"Tell Tommy" Author's interview with Donald Hammary and David Parreott Jr. August 12, 1997.
"It has been next to impossible" Asbury Park Sunday Press, July 16, 1967.
167 "standpat" Fletcher Knebbel, "A Cop Named Joe," Look, July 27, 1971, 15-19.
168 Mesnikoff Author's interview with Norman Mesnikoff, June 10, 1997.
"riffraff theory" Fogelson and Hill, "Who Riots?" 222.
169 At about that time Asbury Park Evening Press, July 18, 1967.
Detroit New York Times, July 23, 1997.
"civil unrest" Fogelson and Hill, "Who Riots?" 244.
"the greatest wave of urban violence" Howard Zinn, Postwar America:
1947-1971 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973), 132.
110 U.S. cities I. F. Stone, Polemics and Prophecies: 1967-1970 (New York:
Random House, 1970), 96.
170 silent protest Asbury Park Evening Press, April 10, 1968.
Mattice elected Ibid., May 27, 1969.
A TRADITIONAL 4TH Asbury Park Evening News, July 2, 1970.
a hundred deaths Ibid.
a million drafted See Selective Service System History and Records, http://www.sss.gov/lotter2.htm.
New Jersey's population Thomas P. Norman, ed., New Jersey Trends (New Brunswick: Institute of Environment Statistics, Rutgers University, State University of New Jersey, 1974).
171 30 percent Knebbel, "Cop Named Joe."
Mrs. Jay's Asbury Park Evening Press, July 7, 1970.
172 Monterey Hotel New York Times, November 24, 1963.
a thousand cars Asbury Park Evening Press, July 18, 1967.
"We may not know much" Ibid., July 7, 1970.
Mitch Ryder Ibid., July 2, 1967.
173 1 EAT THE GREEN MERMAID Jim Wheelock, "Growin' Up— Pt. 1, Early Asbury Park," memoir, author's collection.
Head Shop Asbury Park Evening Press, July 16, 1967.
174 "At first glance" Wheelock, "Growin' Up."
Built into one whole wall John Davidson, "John Luraschi," http://
www.chorusandverse.com /content /200208 /2002081 l_JohnLuraschi.htm. www.chorusandverse.com /content /200208 /2002081 l_JohnLuraschi.htm.
Margaret Potter Robert Santelli, "Remembering the Upstage," Back-streets, Fall 1987.
Van Zandt Author's interview with Steve Van Zandt, July 23, 1997.
"it was a place for the local musicians" Santelli, "Remembering."
a local reporter Joan Pikula, "Vibrating Steel Mill," Asbury Park Evening Press, April 20, 1970.
175 "glory hog" Davidson, "John Luraschi."
"his desire and" Santelli, "Remembering," 19.
"do these blues songs" Author's interview with David Sancious, October 1, 1997.
178 Tony Blair Asbury Park Evening Press, June 5, 1968.
181 fifty policemen Knebbel, "Cop Named Joe."
"I need some back-up" Hammary interview.
out at a club Author's interview with Thomas Smith, June 10, 1997.
182 "large groups of teenagers" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 6, 1970.
"I seen more people" "West Side Story."
seventy-five teenagers Asbury Park Evening Press, July 6, 1970.
"just like a party" Ibid.
183 "I've been here twenty years" Asbury Park Evening Press, July 6, 1970.
the local market Parreott interview.