The Penguin History of Early India

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The Penguin History of Early India Page 76

by Romila Thapar


  Kaveripattinam 343

  Kavirajamarga 345

  Kerala 331-2, 368

  Khajuraho 474, 475, 480

  Khandagiri 268

  Kharavela, king of Kalinga xiv, 211-13, 226

  kharoshthi script 157

  Khojas 332

  Khyber Pass 40

  kingdoms, kingship 150-54, 232;

  beyond Ganges heartland 412-18;

  frequently named after territories 453-4

  kings, and their titles 335, 452-3

  knowledge, categories and techniques of preserving, and methods of advancing xxvii-xxviii;

  systems of 306-11;

  technical and guilds (shrenis) 307

  Koliyas 147

  Konarak, Sun temple xv, 475, 476

  Kosala 151, 152, 155

  Kosambi, D. D. 22-3, 447;

  Introduction to the Study of Indian History 22;

  Myth and Reality 22

  Kosi r. 42

  Kot Diji 77, 88

  Krishiparashara 455

  Krishna Mishra 473;

  his Prabodhachandrodaya 473

  Krishna III (Rashtrakuta ruler) 334, 408

  Kshatrapas 224-5

  Kshatriya caste 121, 124, 128-9, 148-9, 176, 261, 419, 420, 421, 447, 453, 462-3

  Ktesias (Greek physician) 7, 157

  Kumara Gupta 286

  Kumarapala xv, 413, 484

  Kurnool 71

  labour 373, 451-2;

  slave 373;

  servile 451;

  bonded 373, 452;

  see also slaves, slave labour

  Lakshmana era 469

  land: ownership of 7, 185, 246;

  the most tangible form of wealth 272;

  grants of various kinds and their consequences 291, 292-4, 337-8, 371-2, 448, 449, 450-51;

  grants engraved on copper plates 339-40;

  tenure and tax 339-40;

  tax on and its produce 378-9;

  division and inheritance of 452

  landholders, their various designations 451

  languages, regional 48, 393

  learning and literature in AD 800-1300 466-74

  Lilavati 471-2

  Lingayat (Virasaiva) 399-400

  linguistics xxii-xxiii

  literature xxviii, 311-13, 344-7

  Lokayata 166

  Macaulay, Thomas 5, 6

  Madhva 401, 484

  Magadha xiv, 151, 152, 154-6

  Magadhi 163, 164

  Magha: Shishupalavadha 311

  Mahabalipuram, Mamallapuram 330, 331, 359

  Mahabharata xxii, 37, 98, 100-102, 466

  mahajanapadas 138

  Maharashtri 470

  Mahatmyas 480

  Mahavamsa 467

  Mahavira xiv, 149, 166

  Mahavira-charita 472

  Mahendravarman I xv, 329-30, 344

  Mahinda 180

  Mahipala 411

  Mahmud of Ghazni xv, 425-34

  Maine, Henry 7

  Maitrakas of Valabhi 287, 288

  Majumdar, R. C. 16

  Makran coast 42

  Malavas 211

  Mallas 147

  Mamluk 438

  mandala, doctrine of 406

  mandapika 458

  Manimegalai 343, 345, 347

  mantriparishad 16

  Mappilas (Malabar Muslims) 332, 439

  Marathi 396

  Marco Polo 383-4

  markets 458-9

  Marx, Karl 8

  Marxist interpretations of history 22-3

  Masudi (Arab traveller) 411

  mathas 344-5, 348, 472

  Mathura 221, 268, 269

  Mattavilasa-prahasana 329

  Maues, Shaka king xiv, 220

  Maukharis of Kanauj 287-8

  Maurya empire 156, 175-208;

  routes in Ganges Plain and the peninsula 183;

  political economy 184-90;

  taxation and land revenue 187-8;

  agrarian economy 188;

  trade 188;

  standard of living 189;

  social divisions and categories 190-93;

  administration 194-200;

  decline and break up 204-8;

  bureaucracy 206

  Mauryas xiv, 156, 175-8

  Mauss, Marcel 9

  Max Müller, F. 12-13;

  India, What Can It Teach Us? 12;

  Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas 12

  medical system (Indian) 258

  Megasthenes 62, 177-8, 186, 188, 190, 254

  Meghna r. 42

  Mehrgarh 77

  Menander xiv, 215

  merchants 298-9

  Merutunga 472

  Mesopotamia 80

  Mihirakula 287

  Mill, James 5, 7;

  History of British India 5-6, 7;

  his periodization of Indian history 5

  Mimamsa 308, 469

  mining 299

  Mirabai, 354-5

  Mithradates II 220

  Mitra r. 16

  mlechchhas 294, 301, 312, 348, 408, 413, 465

  Mohenjo-daro 13, 53;

  and Harappa 79;

  see also Indus civilization

  Momigliano, Arnaldo 28

  monasteries 268, 270-71, 306, 472, 481

  monks/monkhood 482

  monsoon 50, 53

  Montesquieu 7

  Mookerjee, R. K. 16

  mosques 481

  Mount Meru 38

  Muhammad Bhaktiyar Khilji 434

  Muhammad Ghuri 433, 434-5

  Multan, temple and mosque 412-3

  Munroe 7

  Muslim community as defined today 439

  Naga cult 271

  Nagabhata 408

  Nagarjuna 259

  Nagarjunakonda 228, 259, 268, 269, 270

  Nalanda 344, 472, 481

  Nammalvar 352, 353, 355

  Nanda dy xiv, 155-6, 176

  Nandivarman II 331, 333

  Narmada r. 44

  Narasimha-varman II 330, 331

  Nationalist historians 16

  Natya-shastra 311, 312, 473

  nauvittaka, nakhuda (ship-owning merchants) 459

  Nayanars 355, 395

  Nearchus (Greek Admiral) 158-9

  Needham, Joseph 28

  neolithic sites 74-9, 88

  Nepal 417

  Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 16

  Northern India, new kingdoms 405-12

  Northern Mountains 39-41

  numismatics and bilingual coin-legends 11

  Nyaya 308, 469

  Ojha, H. C. 16

  Olcott, Colonel 15

  Old Indo-Aryan 104

  Onesicritus 158

  oral literature/tradition xxii, 10, 98

  Oriental Despotism xxiv, 6, 7, 17, 19

  Oriental Renaissance, German scholars and English poets 4

  Orientalists 4, 29

  Oriya 470

  Padma r. 42

  palaeolithic and mesolithic sites 71-4

  Palas 407, 409-11

  Pali 164;

  texts and Buddhism 11

  Pallavas xv, 326, 328-31, 333

  Panchatantra 253, 312

  panchayat 451

  Panduvamshis 327

  Pandyas 229, 232, 233, 327, 328, 331, 364

  Panini 163, 258;

  Ashtadhyayi 163

  Parantaka I and Chola power xv, 364

  Parishishtaparvan 472

  Parsis 332-3

  Parthians 40, 219

  pasamda (heretic) 484-5

  Pashupata sect 275, 350

  pastoralists 57-9, 217;

  some turn to trade and military force 426

  Pataligrama 155, 160

  Pataliputra 155, 237

  Patanjali: Mahabhashya 258

  Paumacariyam of Vimalasuri 211, 313

  peasant uprising 373, 444

  Peninsular India 44-5;

  coastal areas and maritime activities 46-7

  periodization of Indi
an history 18-19, 21, 29-32

  Periplus 227, 229, 241, 242, 252

  Persians 2, 435

  Persian Achaemenid Empire 6-7

  Peshawar 40, 221

  philosophical and religious changes in pensinsular India 348-57

  philosophical thinking 308-9

  Phule, Jyotiba 14

  pida (pain, burden of tax) 452

  pilgrimage and sacred sites 48-9, 272

  Pliny 236, 242-3

  population 53-4

  political economy, AD 300-700 290-97

  Poros (Puru) 158

  ports 236

  poverty 302

  Prabandhachintamani 472

  Prabhakaravardhana 288

  Prabhavati Gupta 285, 295-6

  Prabodhachandrodaya 485

  Prakrit 11, 163-4, 312, 470

  prashasti of Rudradaman 224-5

  Pratiharas 407, 408-9, 411, 426

  Prinsep, James 11

  Prithviraja III xv, 433-4, 436, 452

  Proto-Dravidian 13

  Proto-Indo-Aryan 108

  puja form of worship, evolution of 276-7

  Pulakeshin I xv

  Pulakeshin II xv, 289

  Puranas 3, 98-100, 275, 319, 466, 467;

  Vishnu 99, 467;

  Matsya 99

  Puranic Hinduism xxviii-xxix, 135, 275, 278, 318-19, 320, 325, 355, 357, 417, 479-80, 482-4

  Purushapura 221

  Pushkalavati 142

  Pushyabhutis of Thanesar 287, 288

  Pushyamitra 210

  Qutb-ud-din Aibak xv, 434, 438

  race, ‘race science’

  and Indology 12-15

  Rajagriha 141, 145

  raja-guru (of the Cholas) 366

  Rajaraja I xv, 365-6

  Rajashekhara 473;

  Karpuramanjari 470, 473

  Rajatarangini 1, 34, 415, 468;

  see also Kalhana

  Rajendra III, last Chola king xv, 425

  Rajendra Chola xv, 365, 366, 411, 425

  Rajghat 141, 160

  Rajputs 418-21;

  various clans 433;

  creation of Rajput states 446

  Rama Gupta 285

  Ramanuja xv, 350, 368, 401, 484

  Ramapala xv, 410, 468;

  his biography, Ramacharita 410

  Ramayana of Valmiki 17, 98, 100, 102-4, 466

  Rashtrakutas xv, 333-4, 364, 369, 407, 408, 410, 411, 426

  Ravi r. 42

  Ravivarman Kulashekhara 368

  Raychaudhuri, H. C. 16

  religion(s) xx, xxvii, 9;

  discussions, debates on 164;

  intermingling of 270-79;

  formulations 317-21;

  and ideologies in south India 397-402;

  monuments 402-4;

  mutations 482-9

  rice 52, 142

  Rig-Veda 13, 42, 105-10, 111, 112, 114;

  see also Vedic corpus

  river systems in Indo-Gangetic Plain 42-3

  rock engravings and paintings 74

  routes and trading centres 234-44;

  see also under trade

  Roy, Rammohun 19

  Rudradaman xiv, 224, 227

  Rudrammadevi (Kakatiya queen) 367

  Rudrasena II 285

  samantas 446

  samsara, doctrine of 130-31, 278

  Samudragupta xiv, 16, 283-5, 300, 365

  Sanchi 263, 270

  Sandhyakaranandin’s Ramacharita 468

  Sandrocottos 177

  Sanghas, nuns and monks at 251, 262, 270-71

  Sanghao 71

  Sanskrit 2, 3, 12, 17, 48, 345, 394, 396;

  Vedic 108, 163;

  classical 312;

  technical works in 471;

  used in Buddhist and Jaina centres of learning 472

  Sarasvati r. 42

  Sarayu r. 42

  Sarvastivada 171, 273

  Satakarni (Satavahana king) 226

  Satavahanas xiv, 225-9, 328, 408

  Satpura Range 44

  sati 304;

  memorials 342, 423-4

  Satiyaputras 229

  Sayana, commentator on Rig-Veda 107

  scripts 162-3

  sculpture 263, 268, 314-17

  Scythians 217, 219

  segmentary state, theory of 370-71

  Senas 433, 434, 461

  serfdom 444

  settlement pattern 50

  Shabaras 55, 329

  Shailodbhava dy 418

  Shaiva Kalamukhas 485

  Shaivism 318, 350-51, 364, 395, 482

  Shaka era xiii, 221, 468

  Shakas 40, 217, 218-21, 223-4, 226, 286, 328, 440

  Shakta 482

  Shakti-Shakta cult 318, 486

  Shakyas 147, 149

  Shalankayanas 228, 327

  Shangam literature 229, 231-2

  Shankaracharya xv, 349-50, 401, 484

  Sharabapuriyas 327

  Shashanka 289

  Shauraseni 163

  Shilaharas 334, 369

  Shilappadigaram 343, 345, 346-7

  ships (Indian) 301

  Shishunaga 155

  Shiva 277

  Shramana group of religions xxviii, 355, 356, 484

  Shravana Belgola 381

  Shravasti 14, 145

  shresthi (setthi) 161, 252, 459

  Shrivijaya 365-6

  Shudraka: Mrichchha-katika 311

  Shunga dy xiv, 210

  Shvetambara/clad-in-white Jaina 166

  Silk Route 41, 222, 238, 255

  Simhavishnu xv

  Sind 411, 488

  Skanda Gupta xiv, 286

  Slave dy (Mamluk) 438

  Slave Mode of Production 24

  slaves, slave labour 185-7, 303

  Smith, Vincent 16-17

  Social Darwinism 12

  societies, categories of 54-62;

  cattle-keepers 58;

  forest-dwellers 56-7;

  hunter-gatherers 54, 55-7, 59;

  pastoralists, 54, 57-9;

  peasants 54, 59-60;

  townsmen 54, 61-2

  Somantha temple 428-31

  Somavamshis 418

  states, emergence, formation and pattern of xxvi, 24-5, 138

  Sthala-puranas 480

  stridhana 262

  stupas 249-50, 261-2, 263-7, 268, 313, 481

  Subandhu: Vasavadatta 312

  Sugandha 416

  Surya (sun-god) 488-9

  Sushruta 258

  Sutlej r. 42

  sutradharas 476

  Sutrakritanga 166

  Syrian Christians 369

  Tai Tsung 289

  Tajiks, Arabs referred to as such in Sanskrit inscriptions 440

  Tamil 2, 13, 345-7;

  literature 393

  Tamilaham 229, 326, 327

  Tamluk 237

  Tantras 485

  Tantrins 416

  Tantrism 485, 486

  Tarain, battle of xv, 434

  Taranatha 410

  taxes, variety of 458

  Taxila 40, 142, 145, 157, 160

  Telugu 345, 396

  temples 314-17, 357-62, 386-9, 474-80;

  murals 358-9;

  and formal education in Sanskrit 392;

  Chola 402;

  various roles and functions of 427-8, 478-9

  Tessitori, L. P. 10

  textiles 300

  textual sources xxiii-xxiv, 98

  Thanesar 288, 456

  Thar desert 44

  Theophrastus (Greek botanist): History of Plants 258

  Theosophists 15

  Theravada Buddhism 171, 181, 273

  Tibet 40, 41

  time and cosmology 310-11

  Tirukkural 231

  Tista r. 42

  Tod, James 10

  Tolkappiyam 231

  Tondainadu 328

  Toramana 287

  towns 161, 381-2;

  centrality of 343;

  other terms used for: mahanagara, nagara, p
attana, pura townsmen 146

  trade (commercial activities), early 160-64;

  extension of 245;

  and piracy 383-4;

  overseas 382-4;

  and merchants’

  associations 384-5;

  various activities connected with 459-60;

  decline of in post-Gupta period 456

  Traikutakas 228

  transportation 49, 160

  travelling (to distant lands) 301

  ‘tribal societies’ 45

  Tripitaka 171

  Turks 7, 40, 287, 425, 432, 434-8;

  also called ‘Turushka’ 428, 440

  Turkish sultans 368, 406, 411

  Udayagiri 268

  Ujjain 141, 145

  untouchables 303

  Upper Indus Valley 40

  urban centres, urbanization 42-4, 78-9, 89, 139-46, 233, 245, 297-302, 343, 456-62

  uttarapatha 41

  Vaghelas 413

  Vaishali 141, 145, 160

  Vaishnavism 318, 350, 351, 364, 395, 482

  Vajrayana Buddhism 318, 386

  Vakatakas 228, 285-6, 327, 328, 408

  Vakpati’s Gaudavaho 470

  Valabhi 166

  valangai (right-hand caste) 391

  Valmiki 102

  Vansina, Jan 28

  Varahamihira xv, 306, 307, 440, 455;

  Brihatsamhita 455

  Varanasi 456

  varna 63-5, 112, 261, 391;

  see also caste, jatis

  varna-ashrama-dharma 207

  Vasishthiputra xiv, 227

  vav (stepwell) 476

  Vedanta 309, 469

  Vedic Brahmanism xxviii, 135, 170, 274-6, 278, 310, 318, 323-5, 351, 355, 362, 364, 389, 398

  Vedic corpus xiii, 14-15, 98, 104-7, 272;

  societies in 110-36;

  preservation of text 469

  Vedic tradition in peninsular India 348-50

  Vikrama-Chalukya era xiii, 469

  Vikramankadeva-charita 394

  village-level administration in Chola period 373-7

  Vindhya Mountains 44

  viragal (hero-stones) 341-2

  Vishakhadatta: Mudrarakshasa 176, 311

  Vishnu 277

  Vishnu-Jagannath 480

  Vishnugupta 185

  Vishnukundins 327

  Vishnuvardhana xv, 368

  vishti, forced labour or tax 444

  Voltaire 7

  Vrijji confederacy 138, 147-8, 149, 155

  Vrishnis 138, 148

  vyaghraraja (tiger chief) 422

  Watchtel, Nathan 28

  Weber, Max 8-9

  Wheat 51

  Wheeler, Mortimer 69

  Wilkins, Charles 3

  Wilson, Horace Hyman 3

  Wittfogel, Karl 8

  women 118;

  status in peninsular India, 291-2

  Yadavas 364, 367, 368

  Yamuna r. 42, 42, 49, 90, 111

  Yashovarman 406

  Yavanas 159-60, 217, 440;

  trade with 241-3, 244, 260

  Yueh-chih, Yue-zhi 217, 219, 220-21

  Zoroastrians 332-3, 425

  Acknowledgements

  Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. The publishers shall be happy to make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their attention. The author would like to thank the following for permission to use copyright material in this book: extract from The Universal History of Numbers by George Ifrah published by the Harvill Press and used by permission of the Random House Group Ltd; extract from R. Parthasarathy’s translation of The Tale of an Anklet by permission of Columbia University Press; extract from S. Radhakrishnan’s translation of The Principle Upanisads by permission of HarperCollins Publishers; extracts from Nilakantha Sastri’s The Colas and Romila Thapar’s Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by permission of Oxford University Press, New Delhi; extract from Ronald Latham’s translation of The Travels of Marco Polo by permission of Penguin Books Ltd; extracts from A. K. Ramanujam’s translations of Hymns for the Drowning by permission of Princeton University Press; extracts from A. L. Basham’s The Wonder that was India by permission of Macmillan Publishers; extracts from Indira V. Peterson’s Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints by permission of the author; illustration of Nagara-style temple by permission of Michael Meister; Circular Deri temple plan by permission of Vidya Dehejia; Circular Devi temple plan by permission of Nilakanta Sastri and A. K. Ramanujan.

 

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