The Penguin History of Early India
Page 76
Kaveripattinam 343
Kavirajamarga 345
Kerala 331-2, 368
Khajuraho 474, 475, 480
Khandagiri 268
Kharavela, king of Kalinga xiv, 211-13, 226
kharoshthi script 157
Khojas 332
Khyber Pass 40
kingdoms, kingship 150-54, 232;
beyond Ganges heartland 412-18;
frequently named after territories 453-4
kings, and their titles 335, 452-3
knowledge, categories and techniques of preserving, and methods of advancing xxvii-xxviii;
systems of 306-11;
technical and guilds (shrenis) 307
Koliyas 147
Konarak, Sun temple xv, 475, 476
Kosala 151, 152, 155
Kosambi, D. D. 22-3, 447;
Introduction to the Study of Indian History 22;
Myth and Reality 22
Kosi r. 42
Kot Diji 77, 88
Krishiparashara 455
Krishna Mishra 473;
his Prabodhachandrodaya 473
Krishna III (Rashtrakuta ruler) 334, 408
Kshatrapas 224-5
Kshatriya caste 121, 124, 128-9, 148-9, 176, 261, 419, 420, 421, 447, 453, 462-3
Ktesias (Greek physician) 7, 157
Kumara Gupta 286
Kumarapala xv, 413, 484
Kurnool 71
labour 373, 451-2;
slave 373;
servile 451;
bonded 373, 452;
see also slaves, slave labour
Lakshmana era 469
land: ownership of 7, 185, 246;
the most tangible form of wealth 272;
grants of various kinds and their consequences 291, 292-4, 337-8, 371-2, 448, 449, 450-51;
grants engraved on copper plates 339-40;
tenure and tax 339-40;
tax on and its produce 378-9;
division and inheritance of 452
landholders, their various designations 451
languages, regional 48, 393
learning and literature in AD 800-1300 466-74
Lilavati 471-2
Lingayat (Virasaiva) 399-400
linguistics xxii-xxiii
literature xxviii, 311-13, 344-7
Lokayata 166
Macaulay, Thomas 5, 6
Madhva 401, 484
Magadha xiv, 151, 152, 154-6
Magadhi 163, 164
Magha: Shishupalavadha 311
Mahabalipuram, Mamallapuram 330, 331, 359
Mahabharata xxii, 37, 98, 100-102, 466
mahajanapadas 138
Maharashtri 470
Mahatmyas 480
Mahavamsa 467
Mahavira xiv, 149, 166
Mahavira-charita 472
Mahendravarman I xv, 329-30, 344
Mahinda 180
Mahipala 411
Mahmud of Ghazni xv, 425-34
Maine, Henry 7
Maitrakas of Valabhi 287, 288
Majumdar, R. C. 16
Makran coast 42
Malavas 211
Mallas 147
Mamluk 438
mandala, doctrine of 406
mandapika 458
Manimegalai 343, 345, 347
mantriparishad 16
Mappilas (Malabar Muslims) 332, 439
Marathi 396
Marco Polo 383-4
markets 458-9
Marx, Karl 8
Marxist interpretations of history 22-3
Masudi (Arab traveller) 411
mathas 344-5, 348, 472
Mathura 221, 268, 269
Mattavilasa-prahasana 329
Maues, Shaka king xiv, 220
Maukharis of Kanauj 287-8
Maurya empire 156, 175-208;
routes in Ganges Plain and the peninsula 183;
political economy 184-90;
taxation and land revenue 187-8;
agrarian economy 188;
trade 188;
standard of living 189;
social divisions and categories 190-93;
administration 194-200;
decline and break up 204-8;
bureaucracy 206
Mauryas xiv, 156, 175-8
Mauss, Marcel 9
Max Müller, F. 12-13;
India, What Can It Teach Us? 12;
Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas 12
medical system (Indian) 258
Megasthenes 62, 177-8, 186, 188, 190, 254
Meghna r. 42
Mehrgarh 77
Menander xiv, 215
merchants 298-9
Merutunga 472
Mesopotamia 80
Mihirakula 287
Mill, James 5, 7;
History of British India 5-6, 7;
his periodization of Indian history 5
Mimamsa 308, 469
mining 299
Mirabai, 354-5
Mithradates II 220
Mitra r. 16
mlechchhas 294, 301, 312, 348, 408, 413, 465
Mohenjo-daro 13, 53;
and Harappa 79;
see also Indus civilization
Momigliano, Arnaldo 28
monasteries 268, 270-71, 306, 472, 481
monks/monkhood 482
monsoon 50, 53
Montesquieu 7
Mookerjee, R. K. 16
mosques 481
Mount Meru 38
Muhammad Bhaktiyar Khilji 434
Muhammad Ghuri 433, 434-5
Multan, temple and mosque 412-3
Munroe 7
Muslim community as defined today 439
Naga cult 271
Nagabhata 408
Nagarjuna 259
Nagarjunakonda 228, 259, 268, 269, 270
Nalanda 344, 472, 481
Nammalvar 352, 353, 355
Nanda dy xiv, 155-6, 176
Nandivarman II 331, 333
Narmada r. 44
Narasimha-varman II 330, 331
Nationalist historians 16
Natya-shastra 311, 312, 473
nauvittaka, nakhuda (ship-owning merchants) 459
Nayanars 355, 395
Nearchus (Greek Admiral) 158-9
Needham, Joseph 28
neolithic sites 74-9, 88
Nepal 417
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. 16
Northern India, new kingdoms 405-12
Northern Mountains 39-41
numismatics and bilingual coin-legends 11
Nyaya 308, 469
Ojha, H. C. 16
Olcott, Colonel 15
Old Indo-Aryan 104
Onesicritus 158
oral literature/tradition xxii, 10, 98
Oriental Despotism xxiv, 6, 7, 17, 19
Oriental Renaissance, German scholars and English poets 4
Orientalists 4, 29
Oriya 470
Padma r. 42
palaeolithic and mesolithic sites 71-4
Palas 407, 409-11
Pali 164;
texts and Buddhism 11
Pallavas xv, 326, 328-31, 333
Panchatantra 253, 312
panchayat 451
Panduvamshis 327
Pandyas 229, 232, 233, 327, 328, 331, 364
Panini 163, 258;
Ashtadhyayi 163
Parantaka I and Chola power xv, 364
Parishishtaparvan 472
Parsis 332-3
Parthians 40, 219
pasamda (heretic) 484-5
Pashupata sect 275, 350
pastoralists 57-9, 217;
some turn to trade and military force 426
Pataligrama 155, 160
Pataliputra 155, 237
Patanjali: Mahabhashya 258
Paumacariyam of Vimalasuri 211, 313
peasant uprising 373, 444
Peninsular India 44-5;
coastal areas and maritime activities 46-7
periodization of Indi
an history 18-19, 21, 29-32
Periplus 227, 229, 241, 242, 252
Persians 2, 435
Persian Achaemenid Empire 6-7
Peshawar 40, 221
philosophical and religious changes in pensinsular India 348-57
philosophical thinking 308-9
Phule, Jyotiba 14
pida (pain, burden of tax) 452
pilgrimage and sacred sites 48-9, 272
Pliny 236, 242-3
population 53-4
political economy, AD 300-700 290-97
Poros (Puru) 158
ports 236
poverty 302
Prabandhachintamani 472
Prabhakaravardhana 288
Prabhavati Gupta 285, 295-6
Prabodhachandrodaya 485
Prakrit 11, 163-4, 312, 470
prashasti of Rudradaman 224-5
Pratiharas 407, 408-9, 411, 426
Prinsep, James 11
Prithviraja III xv, 433-4, 436, 452
Proto-Dravidian 13
Proto-Indo-Aryan 108
puja form of worship, evolution of 276-7
Pulakeshin I xv
Pulakeshin II xv, 289
Puranas 3, 98-100, 275, 319, 466, 467;
Vishnu 99, 467;
Matsya 99
Puranic Hinduism xxviii-xxix, 135, 275, 278, 318-19, 320, 325, 355, 357, 417, 479-80, 482-4
Purushapura 221
Pushkalavati 142
Pushyabhutis of Thanesar 287, 288
Pushyamitra 210
Qutb-ud-din Aibak xv, 434, 438
race, ‘race science’
and Indology 12-15
Rajagriha 141, 145
raja-guru (of the Cholas) 366
Rajaraja I xv, 365-6
Rajashekhara 473;
Karpuramanjari 470, 473
Rajatarangini 1, 34, 415, 468;
see also Kalhana
Rajendra III, last Chola king xv, 425
Rajendra Chola xv, 365, 366, 411, 425
Rajghat 141, 160
Rajputs 418-21;
various clans 433;
creation of Rajput states 446
Rama Gupta 285
Ramanuja xv, 350, 368, 401, 484
Ramapala xv, 410, 468;
his biography, Ramacharita 410
Ramayana of Valmiki 17, 98, 100, 102-4, 466
Rashtrakutas xv, 333-4, 364, 369, 407, 408, 410, 411, 426
Ravi r. 42
Ravivarman Kulashekhara 368
Raychaudhuri, H. C. 16
religion(s) xx, xxvii, 9;
discussions, debates on 164;
intermingling of 270-79;
formulations 317-21;
and ideologies in south India 397-402;
monuments 402-4;
mutations 482-9
rice 52, 142
Rig-Veda 13, 42, 105-10, 111, 112, 114;
see also Vedic corpus
river systems in Indo-Gangetic Plain 42-3
rock engravings and paintings 74
routes and trading centres 234-44;
see also under trade
Roy, Rammohun 19
Rudradaman xiv, 224, 227
Rudrammadevi (Kakatiya queen) 367
Rudrasena II 285
samantas 446
samsara, doctrine of 130-31, 278
Samudragupta xiv, 16, 283-5, 300, 365
Sanchi 263, 270
Sandhyakaranandin’s Ramacharita 468
Sandrocottos 177
Sanghas, nuns and monks at 251, 262, 270-71
Sanghao 71
Sanskrit 2, 3, 12, 17, 48, 345, 394, 396;
Vedic 108, 163;
classical 312;
technical works in 471;
used in Buddhist and Jaina centres of learning 472
Sarasvati r. 42
Sarayu r. 42
Sarvastivada 171, 273
Satakarni (Satavahana king) 226
Satavahanas xiv, 225-9, 328, 408
Satpura Range 44
sati 304;
memorials 342, 423-4
Satiyaputras 229
Sayana, commentator on Rig-Veda 107
scripts 162-3
sculpture 263, 268, 314-17
Scythians 217, 219
segmentary state, theory of 370-71
Senas 433, 434, 461
serfdom 444
settlement pattern 50
Shabaras 55, 329
Shailodbhava dy 418
Shaiva Kalamukhas 485
Shaivism 318, 350-51, 364, 395, 482
Shaka era xiii, 221, 468
Shakas 40, 217, 218-21, 223-4, 226, 286, 328, 440
Shakta 482
Shakti-Shakta cult 318, 486
Shakyas 147, 149
Shalankayanas 228, 327
Shangam literature 229, 231-2
Shankaracharya xv, 349-50, 401, 484
Sharabapuriyas 327
Shashanka 289
Shauraseni 163
Shilaharas 334, 369
Shilappadigaram 343, 345, 346-7
ships (Indian) 301
Shishunaga 155
Shiva 277
Shramana group of religions xxviii, 355, 356, 484
Shravana Belgola 381
Shravasti 14, 145
shresthi (setthi) 161, 252, 459
Shrivijaya 365-6
Shudraka: Mrichchha-katika 311
Shunga dy xiv, 210
Shvetambara/clad-in-white Jaina 166
Silk Route 41, 222, 238, 255
Simhavishnu xv
Sind 411, 488
Skanda Gupta xiv, 286
Slave dy (Mamluk) 438
Slave Mode of Production 24
slaves, slave labour 185-7, 303
Smith, Vincent 16-17
Social Darwinism 12
societies, categories of 54-62;
cattle-keepers 58;
forest-dwellers 56-7;
hunter-gatherers 54, 55-7, 59;
pastoralists, 54, 57-9;
peasants 54, 59-60;
townsmen 54, 61-2
Somantha temple 428-31
Somavamshis 418
states, emergence, formation and pattern of xxvi, 24-5, 138
Sthala-puranas 480
stridhana 262
stupas 249-50, 261-2, 263-7, 268, 313, 481
Subandhu: Vasavadatta 312
Sugandha 416
Surya (sun-god) 488-9
Sushruta 258
Sutlej r. 42
sutradharas 476
Sutrakritanga 166
Syrian Christians 369
Tai Tsung 289
Tajiks, Arabs referred to as such in Sanskrit inscriptions 440
Tamil 2, 13, 345-7;
literature 393
Tamilaham 229, 326, 327
Tamluk 237
Tantras 485
Tantrins 416
Tantrism 485, 486
Tarain, battle of xv, 434
Taranatha 410
taxes, variety of 458
Taxila 40, 142, 145, 157, 160
Telugu 345, 396
temples 314-17, 357-62, 386-9, 474-80;
murals 358-9;
and formal education in Sanskrit 392;
Chola 402;
various roles and functions of 427-8, 478-9
Tessitori, L. P. 10
textiles 300
textual sources xxiii-xxiv, 98
Thanesar 288, 456
Thar desert 44
Theophrastus (Greek botanist): History of Plants 258
Theosophists 15
Theravada Buddhism 171, 181, 273
Tibet 40, 41
time and cosmology 310-11
Tirukkural 231
Tista r. 42
Tod, James 10
Tolkappiyam 231
Tondainadu 328
Toramana 287
towns 161, 381-2;
centrality of 343;
other terms used for: mahanagara, nagara, p
attana, pura townsmen 146
trade (commercial activities), early 160-64;
extension of 245;
and piracy 383-4;
overseas 382-4;
and merchants’
associations 384-5;
various activities connected with 459-60;
decline of in post-Gupta period 456
Traikutakas 228
transportation 49, 160
travelling (to distant lands) 301
‘tribal societies’ 45
Tripitaka 171
Turks 7, 40, 287, 425, 432, 434-8;
also called ‘Turushka’ 428, 440
Turkish sultans 368, 406, 411
Udayagiri 268
Ujjain 141, 145
untouchables 303
Upper Indus Valley 40
urban centres, urbanization 42-4, 78-9, 89, 139-46, 233, 245, 297-302, 343, 456-62
uttarapatha 41
Vaghelas 413
Vaishali 141, 145, 160
Vaishnavism 318, 350, 351, 364, 395, 482
Vajrayana Buddhism 318, 386
Vakatakas 228, 285-6, 327, 328, 408
Vakpati’s Gaudavaho 470
Valabhi 166
valangai (right-hand caste) 391
Valmiki 102
Vansina, Jan 28
Varahamihira xv, 306, 307, 440, 455;
Brihatsamhita 455
Varanasi 456
varna 63-5, 112, 261, 391;
see also caste, jatis
varna-ashrama-dharma 207
Vasishthiputra xiv, 227
vav (stepwell) 476
Vedanta 309, 469
Vedic Brahmanism xxviii, 135, 170, 274-6, 278, 310, 318, 323-5, 351, 355, 362, 364, 389, 398
Vedic corpus xiii, 14-15, 98, 104-7, 272;
societies in 110-36;
preservation of text 469
Vedic tradition in peninsular India 348-50
Vikrama-Chalukya era xiii, 469
Vikramankadeva-charita 394
village-level administration in Chola period 373-7
Vindhya Mountains 44
viragal (hero-stones) 341-2
Vishakhadatta: Mudrarakshasa 176, 311
Vishnu 277
Vishnu-Jagannath 480
Vishnugupta 185
Vishnukundins 327
Vishnuvardhana xv, 368
vishti, forced labour or tax 444
Voltaire 7
Vrijji confederacy 138, 147-8, 149, 155
Vrishnis 138, 148
vyaghraraja (tiger chief) 422
Watchtel, Nathan 28
Weber, Max 8-9
Wheat 51
Wheeler, Mortimer 69
Wilkins, Charles 3
Wilson, Horace Hyman 3
Wittfogel, Karl 8
women 118;
status in peninsular India, 291-2
Yadavas 364, 367, 368
Yamuna r. 42, 42, 49, 90, 111
Yashovarman 406
Yavanas 159-60, 217, 440;
trade with 241-3, 244, 260
Yueh-chih, Yue-zhi 217, 219, 220-21
Zoroastrians 332-3, 425
Acknowledgements
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders. The publishers shall be happy to make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their attention. The author would like to thank the following for permission to use copyright material in this book: extract from The Universal History of Numbers by George Ifrah published by the Harvill Press and used by permission of the Random House Group Ltd; extract from R. Parthasarathy’s translation of The Tale of an Anklet by permission of Columbia University Press; extract from S. Radhakrishnan’s translation of The Principle Upanisads by permission of HarperCollins Publishers; extracts from Nilakantha Sastri’s The Colas and Romila Thapar’s Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by permission of Oxford University Press, New Delhi; extract from Ronald Latham’s translation of The Travels of Marco Polo by permission of Penguin Books Ltd; extracts from A. K. Ramanujam’s translations of Hymns for the Drowning by permission of Princeton University Press; extracts from A. L. Basham’s The Wonder that was India by permission of Macmillan Publishers; extracts from Indira V. Peterson’s Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints by permission of the author; illustration of Nagara-style temple by permission of Michael Meister; Circular Deri temple plan by permission of Vidya Dehejia; Circular Devi temple plan by permission of Nilakanta Sastri and A. K. Ramanujan.