Instead Republicans turned to Governor Hayes: Foner, Reconstruction, 567.
The Nation magazine described the ticket: Foner, Reconstruction, 567.
Summing up Rud Hayes, Henry Adams: Foner, Reconstruction, 567.
The neighboring tribes, Grant wrote, “are the most harmless”: J. E. Smith, 520 and 692, note 26.
Over the years, Grant had never trusted George Custer’s: J. E. Smith, 539.
they were enslaving the mass of Americans: Foner, Reconstruction, 568.
“The truth is, the Negroes are ignorant, many of them”: Foner, Reconstruction, 569.
Hayes saw the bad economy: Hoogenboom, 269.
From Harvard Yard, college president Charles Eliot spoke for them: Hoogenboom, 269.
but Democrats in the House of Representatives: Hoogenboom, 270.
Democrats were acting on the choice set out: Morris, 119.
“Are you for the Rebellion, or are you for the Union?”: Hoogenboom, 270.
“If the Republicans do not carry New York”: Hoogenboom, 272.
If what Schurz was advocating “so earnestly”: Morris, 120.
the Enforcement Act of five years earlier had contained: Hoogenboom, 272.
He predicted that if he lost: Hoogenboom, 272.
“When the annals of this Republic show the disgrace”: Haworth, 32.
“Sly Sam, the Railroad Thief”: Haworth, 42, note 1.
To make amends, Tilden sent emissaries South: Morris, 107.
There, according to the editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal: Morris, 108.
He faced an early test on the Fourth: Haworth, 131–40.
Before he set off for bed, the president told his guests: J. E. Smith, 598.
The equality amendments would be nullified: Morris, 167.
From the embassy, Sickles publicly romanced deposed queen Isabella II: Morris, 11.
“With your state sure for Hayes”: Tilden, Letters, II, 483.
But without the chairman’s room number: Morris, 16.
“Hayes has 185 electoral votes and is elected”: Haworth, 52.
He told a reporter for the Cincinnati Times that the Republicans: Morris, 167.
He issued an order that army commanders: J. E. Smith, 598.
When Grant raised the question of fraud: J. E. Smith, 598.
“A charge to keep I have, a God to glorify”: Quarles, 51.
Eliza Pinkston from Ouachita Parish: New York Times, December 30, 1876.
Senator John Sherman wrote to assure Hayes: J. E. Smith, 599.
Even a plot to lock up Republican electors: Haworth, 154–55.
Deploring the claim as an incitement to violence: Haworth, 189.
Democrats claimed that he could only report: Morris, 201.
But in Washington the frosty governor had no reserves: Haworth, 191.
He disapproved of the tactics of men like William Chandler: Hoogenboom, 276.
“The committee seems to be a good one”: Hoogenboom, 286.
“The entire nation would honor these Southern men”: Morris, 233.
CHAPTER 20. JIM CROW (1877)
bitter Democrats had yielded only after prolonging: Trefousse, Hayes, 81.
Within weeks of his inaugural address, Hayes acted: Hoogenboom, 310.
Kellar assured the president’s son, Webb: Hoogenboom, 312.
“I would rather,” Grant told her: J. E. Smith, 616.
The negotiating team he headed had returned from London: Grier, 106.
“We have a Chief Justice,” Field wrote to a friend: Grier, 107.
Waite’s approach was no more favorable to women: Grier, 109.
Writing for the Court, Bradley asked, “Can the act of a mere individual”: Schwartz, 166.
In his decisions, he warned that the rights of black citizens: Grier, 114.
He reminded them that the United States had no ruling class: Grier, 114.
“Can’t something be done,” he wondered: Trefousse, Hayes, 95.
As James Garfield complained to fellow Republicans: Trefousse, Hayes, 96–97.
A London critic found “something in his chuckle”: (London) Times, November 8, 1836, 5.
Lucius Lamar’s praise for Charles Sumner: Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 1998, 124.
A truer sentiment was expressed: Tourgee, 121.
Before Jim Crow took hold, some former slaves: Woodward, 51.
But in South Carolina, those gentlemen had already passed: Packard, 69.
Rare dissenting views came from the National Association: Wade, 134.
White confided to Thomas Dixon: Wade, 127.
A week later, Simmons, calling himself the Imperial Wizard: Wade, 147.
“Anyone who carries a hyphen about with him”: Wade, 148.
In little more than a year, Clarke could claim: Wade, 157.
“If the Klan is against the Jews”: Wade, 165.
assessed the Klan as having “all of the defects”: Wade, 204.
South Carolina governor James F. Byrnes said his state: Woodward, 145.
On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Warren spoke: Woodward, 146.
Georgia’s jubilant lieutenant governor pointed out: Woodward, 153.
In 1956, the admission of a black student, Autherine Lucy: Woodward, 156.
“We will wear you down by our capacity”: Woodward, 170.
Now he denounced the civil rights bill as “reminiscent”: United Press International (UPI), Year in Review, 1963.
“It does say,” Johnson continued, “that those who are equal”: New York Times, July 3, 1964, 9.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ackerman, Kenneth D. Boss Tweed. Falls Church, Virginia, 2011.
———. The Gold Ring: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, and Black Friday, 1869. New York, 1988.
Adams, Russell L. Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago, 1963.
Allen, Felicity. Jefferson Davis: Unconquerable Heart. Columbia, Missouri, 1999.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Nothing Like It in the World. New York, 2000.
Appendix to Diplomatic Correspondence of 1865: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Late President of the United States of America. Washington, D.C., 1866.
Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Conflict & Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1995.
Baggett, James Alex. The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 2003.
Baker, Bruce E. What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South. Charlottesville, Virginia, 2007.
Bay, Mia. To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York, 2009.
Beale, Howard K. The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. New York, 1958.
Beatty, Jack. Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900. New York, 2007.
Belz, Herman. Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era. New York, 1978.
Benson, T. Lloyd. The Caning of Senator Sumner. Belmont, California, 2004.
Bentley, George R. A History of the Freedman’s Bureau. Philadelphia, 1955.
Beth, Loren P. John Marshall Harlan: The Last Whig Justice. Lexington, Kentucky, 1992
Bigelow, John. The Life of Samuel J. Tilden. New York, 1895.
Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name. New York, 2009.
Blount, Roy, Jr. Robert E. Lee. New York, 2003.
Blue, Frederick J. Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics. Kent, Ohio, 1987.
Boatner, Mark M., III. The Civil War Dictionary. New York, 1991.
Bolden, Tonya. W. E. B. DuBois. New York, 2008.
Boles, John B. Black Southerners 1619–1869. Lexington, Kentucky, 1983.
Bonekemper, Edward H., III. McClellan and Failure. Jefferson, North Carolina, 2007.
Brands, H. W. The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace. New York, 2012.
Brodie, Fawn M. Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South. New York, 1959.
B
rown, Thomas J., ed. Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States. New York, 2006.
Buckmaster, Henrietta. The Fighting Congressmen. New York, 1971.
Bumgardner, Edward. The Life of Edmund G. Ross: The Man Whose Vote Saved a President. Kansas City, Missouri, 1949.
Burt, John. Lincoln’s Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas and Moral Conflict. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2013.
Cadwallader, Sylvanus. Three Years With Grant. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1996.
Carpenter, John A. Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1964.
Carter, Dan T. When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South: 1865–1867. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 1985.
Chadwick, Bruce. 1858: Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant and the War They Failed to See. Naperville, Illinois, 2008.
———. Lincoln For President. Naperville, Illinois, 2009.
Chalmers, David M. Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan. Durham, North Carolina, 1987.
Chamlee, Roy Z., Jr. Lincoln’s Assassins. Jefferson, North Carolina, 1990.
Chase, Salmon P. Inside Lincoln’s Cabinet: The Civil War Diaries of Salmon P. Chase. New York, 1954.
Cimbala, Paul A. The Freedmen’s Bureau. Malabar, Florida, 2005.
Cooper, William J., Jr. Jefferson Davis, American. New York, 2000.
Davis, Jefferson. The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 2 vols. New York, 1990.
Davis, William C. The Deep Waters of the Proud. New York, 1982.
———. Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour. New York, 1991.
Denton, Lawrence M. William Henry Seward and the Secession Crisis. Jefferson, North Carolina, 2009.
Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion. Charlottesville, Virginia, 2001.
Dickerson, Donna L. The Reconstruction Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1865 to 1877. Westport, Connecticut, 2003.
Dixon, Thomas, Jr. The Clansman. Lexington, Kentucky, 1970.
Dodd, William E. Jefferson Davis. Lincoln, Nebraska, 1997.
Dodge, Grenville M. Personal Recollections. Council Bluffs, Iowa, 1914.
Donald, David Herbert. Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War. Naperville, Illinois, 2009.
———. Charles Sumner & The Rights of Man. New York, 1970.
———. “We Are Lincoln Men.” New York, 2004.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York, 2004.
Downs, Gregory P. Declarations of Dependence. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2011.
Downs, Jim. Sick From Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering During the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York, 2012.
Drabelle, Dennis. The Great American Railroad War. New York, 2012.
Dray, Philip. Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Boston, 2008.
Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. New York, 2007.
———. Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880, New York, 1998.
Dunning, William Archibald. Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction. Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1969.
Eaton, John. Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War. With Ethel Osgood Mason. New York, 1907.
Farina, William. Ulysses S. Grant, 1861–1864: His Rise from Obscurity to Military Greatness. Jefferson, North Carolina, 2007.
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau. New York, 2010.
Faust, Drew Gilpin. This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War. New York, 2009.
Fellman, Michael. Citizen Sherman: A Life of William Tecumseh Sherman. New York, 1995.
———. The Making of Robert E. Lee. New York, 2000.
Fitzgerald, Michael W. Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South. Chicago, 2007.
Flagel, Thomas R. History Buff’s Guide to the Civil War. Naperville, Illinois, 2010.
Flood, Charles Bracelen. 1864 Lincoln at the Gates of History. New York, 2009.
Foner, Eric. The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York, 2010
———. Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. New York, 2006.
———. Politics and Ideology in the Age of Civil War. New York, 1980.
———. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877. New York, 2002.
———. A Short History of Reconstruction. New York, 1990.
Foreman, Amanda. A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War. New York, 2010.
Frankel, Noralee. Break Those Chains at Last: African Americans 1860–1880. New York, 1996.
Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction After the Civil War. Chicago, Illinois, 1961.
Freehling, William W. The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854. New York, 1990.
Freeman, Douglas Southall. R. E. Lee: A Biography. 4 vols. New York, 1934–35.
Fremon, David K. The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, 2000.
Giddings, Paula J. Ida: A Sword Among Lions. New York, 2008.
Ginzberg, Eli, and Alfred S. Eichner. The Troublesome Presence: American Democracy and the Negro. New York, 1966.
Goldman, Robert M. Reconstruction & Black Suffrage: Losing the Vote in Reese & Cruikshank. Lawrence, Kansas, 2001.
Goodwin, Doris Kearns. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. New York, 2005.
Goolrick, William K. Rebels Resurgent. Alexandria, Virginia, 1985.
Gordon-Reed, Annette. Andrew Johnson. New York, 2011.
Graham, Lawrence Otis. The Senator and the Socialite. New York, 2006.
Grant, Julia. The Personal Memoirs of Julia Dent Grant. New York, 1975.
Grant, Ulysses S. Papers, John Y. Simon, ed. Carbondale, Illinois, 1967–.
———. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1996.
———. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant/Selected Letters 1839–1865. New York, 1990.
Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America. New York, 2008.
Guttridge, Leonard F., and Ray A. Neff. Dark Union: The Secret Web of Profiteers, Politicians and Booth Conspirators that Led to Lincoln’s Death. Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.
Hale, Edward Everett, Jr. William H. Seward. Philadelphia, 1910.
Hamilton, Holman. Jefferson Davis Before His Presidency. Lexington, Kentucky, 1978.
Harrington, Arthur Elliot. Edmund G. Ross: A Man of Courage. Franklin, Tennessee, 1997.
Harris, Alexander. A Review of the Political Conflict in America. New York, 1876.
Hartranft, John Frederick. The Lincoln Assassination Conspirators. Edward Steers, Jr., and Harold Holzer, editors, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 2009.
Haskins, James. Pinckney Benton Steward Pinchback. New York, 1973.
Haworth, Paul Leland. The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. Ithaca, New York, 2012.
Hendrick, Burton J. Lincoln’s War Cabinet. New York, 1946.
Hoch, Bradley R. Thaddeus Stevens in Gettysburg: The Making of an Abolitionist. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 2005.
Hodes, Martha. White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-Century South. New Haven, Connecticut, 1997.
Holzer, Harold. Lincoln, President-Elect. New York, 2008.
Hoogenboom, Ari. Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior & President. Lawrence, Kansas, 1995.
Horowitz, Robert F. The Great Impeacher: A Political Biography of James M. Ashley. New York, 1979.
Howard, Oliver Otis. Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major-General, United States Army: Pt. 1. Preparation for Life. Pt. 2. The Civil War. Nabu Public Domain Reprints, 1907.
Hurst, Jack. Born to Battle: Grant and Forrest—Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga.
New York, 2012.
———. Men of Fire: Grant, Forrest, and the Campaign that Decided the Civil War. New York, 2007.
———. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography. New York, 1993.
Isaacson, Walter. Profiles in Leadership: Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness. New York, 2010.
Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. New York, 2004.
Johnson, Andrew. Papers. Vols. 8, 9. Knoxville, Tennessee, 1989, 1991.
Kastler, Shane E. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Redemption. Gretna, Louisiana, 2010.
Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage. New York, 2003.
Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights. New York, 2004.
Korngold, Ralph. Thaddeus Stevens: A Being Darkly Wise and Rudely Great. New York, 1955.
Kremer, Gary R. James Milton Turner and the Promise of America. Columbia, Missouri, 1991.
Krug, Mark M. Lyman Trumbull: Conservative Radical. New York, 1965.
Latham, Frank. The Great Dissenter: Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan. New York, 1970.
Lawson, Elizabeth. The Gentleman from Mississippi. New York, 1960.
Lemann, Nicholas. Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. New York, 2006.
Maihafer, Harry J. The General and the Journalists: Ulysses S. Grant, Horace Greeley, and Charles Dana. Washington, D.C., 2001.
Mantell, Martin E. Johnson, Grant, and the Politics of Reconstruction. New York, 1973.
Martinez, J. Michael. Carpetbaggers, Cavalry and the Ku Klux Klan. Lanham, Maryland, 2007.
McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen. New Haven, Connecticut, 1968.
McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. New York, 1960.
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. New York, 1988.
———. Crossroads of Freedom. New York, 2002.
McVeigh, Rory. The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2009.
Means, Howard. The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation. New York, 2006.
Meltzer, Milton. Thaddeus Stevens and the Fight for Negro Rights. New York, 1967.
Morris, Roy, Jr. Fraud of the Century. New York, 2003.
Muller, John. Frederick Douglass in Washington, D.C. Charleston, South Carolina, 2012.
Nevins, Allan. Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration. New York, 1937.
After Lincoln Page 43