29. The Nation, 9 October 1886.
30. Máire Uí Ráine, ‘Ceantar na nOileán’, in G. Ó Tuathaigh, L. Ó Laoire and S. Ua Súilleabháin (eds), Pobal na Gaeltachta: a scéal agus a dhán (Indreabháin, 2000), pp. 383–94; Browne, ‘Ethnography of Garumna and Lettermullen’, p. 240.
31. Browne, ‘Ethnography of Garumna and Lettermullen’.
32. 1F, ‘Notes of evidence’, depositions of Denis Duvally and Michael Connolly.
33. Ibid., depositions of John Clarke Drew and Richard George Jago.
34. 1F, Connolly and Duvally depositions; Fitzpatrick, ‘Rural labourers’, pp. 90–2.
35. 1F, Connolly deposition; the 1871 census recorded ninety-eight inhabited houses on Lettermullen.
36. 1F, Duvally deposition.
37. 1F, Connolly and Jago depositions.
38. 1F, Duvally and Jago depositions.
39. Ibid.; Galway Vindicator, 23 August 1873.
40. 1F, Peacock, Drew and Jago depositions.
41. 1F, ‘The Queen versus Drew and Jago’, evidence of Steven Mulkerrin; depositions of Jago, Drew, George Bond, James McDonough and John Kelly.
42. 1F, Mitchell Henry to Lord Hartington, chief secretary for Ireland, 18 February 1873; Lord Hartington to Burke, 14 May 1873; Galway Vindicator, 23 August 1873; K. Villiers-Tuthill, Beyond the Twelve Bens: a history of Clifden and district, 1860–1923 (Galway 1986), pp. 51–6.
43. 1F, Patrick John O'Loughlin to Chief Secretary's Office, 15 May 1873.
44. 1F, Statement of 2nd Head Constable Mullen: enclosure in correspondence with chief secretary's office, 24 May 1873.
45. 1F, Patrick John O'Loughlin to chief secretary's office, 15 May 1873. The jurors were: Thomas Mahon (foreman), Pat Davies, James Folan, Pat Folan, Pat Fitzpatrick, James Green, John Green, Pat Hynes, Midie Lee, Bartley Mulkerrins, Colman Mulkerrins and John Nee. Beartla King identified several as relatives of the deceased.
46. 1F, St Clair Ruthven to constabulary office, Dublin Castle, 17 February 1873.
47. Beartla King interview; S. MacGiollarnáth, Annála beaga ó Iorrus Aithneach, Dublin, 1941, pp. 256: ‘He was a sporting and a drinking man; as a dancer, he was unsurpassed.’
48. 1F, St Clair Ruthven to constabulary office, Dublin Castle, 7 March 1873.
49. 1F, Patrick John O'Loughlin to under-secretary, Dublin Castle, 28 March 1873; J. Scully, R.M. to attorney-general, 24 April 1873.
50. 1F, St Clair Ruthven to constabulary office, Dublin Castle, 8 May 1873.
51. 1F, Information sworn by Michael Cloherty and Joseph Semple, 15 May 1873; Semple, Peacock and Bond depositions.
52. 1F, Deposition of John Smith.
53. 1F, Semple deposition.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. 1F, Drew deposition.
57. 1F, Capt. Norman Bedingfield to the Admiralty, 13 May 1873.
58. 1F, J. Scully to Chief Secretary's Office, 17 May 1873.
59. 1F, St Clair Ruthven to Chief Secretary's Office, 18 June 1873; Galway Vindicator, 2 August 1873.
60. Galway Express, 12 July 1873.
61. Tuam Herald, 2 August 1873.
62. Galway Vindicator, 2 August 1873.
63. 1F, cited in Duvally deposition.
64. 1F, Galway Assizes, 28 July 1873, transcription of evidence.
65. Ibid.; Galway Vindicator, 30 July 1873.
66. Galway Vindicator, 23 August 1873.
67. Ibid., 20 August 1873.
68. Ibid., 23 August 1873.
69. 1F, O'Dowd report to Board of Trade.
70. 1F, St Clair Ruthven deposition.
71. 1F, Drew deposition.
72. Beartla King interview; The Nation, 9 October 1886.
73. The Nation, 22 January 1876.
74. 1F, ‘Notes of evidence’, deposition of Joseph A. Peacock.
75. 1F, ‘Notes of evidence’, deposition of the Rev. Roderick Quinn.
76. For the ‘battle of Carraroe’, see M. Davitt, The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, or the story of the Land League revolution (London, 1904), pp. 213–19; for Nolan–Trench, see G. Moran, A Radical Priest in Mayo: Fr Patrick Lavelle, 1825–86 (Dublin 1994), pp. 136–42.
Chapter 8
1. This last title seems to have been a stock appellation applied liberally to various urban workmen combinations; see, for example, Connaught Journal, Monday 3 January 1825.
2. Forestallers were traders allegedly monopolising supplies, in this case of potatoes, and thus profiteering.
3. J. Bohstedt and D. E. Williams, ‘The diffusion of riots: the patterns of 1766, 1795, and 1801 in Devonshire’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 19, no. 1 (Summer 1988), pp. 1–24. They examine how and why riots spread and explain the ‘copycat’ phenomenon.
4. The Nation, 29 April 1876.
5. Limerick Evening Post, 25 June, 29 June, 2 July 1830.
6. The Nation, 29 April 1876; Limerick Chronicle, 9 July 1892.
7. Freeman's Journal, 10, 11 April 1877; Munster News, 11, 14 April 1877; Belfast Newsletter, 10 April 1877.
8. W. R. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, being reminiscences and anecdotes (London, 1893), pp. 31–42.
9. Discussed in D. S. Sandhu, Faces of violence (New York, 2001), p. 92.
10. See J. McGrath, ‘Socio-economic conditions in St Mary's parish, Limerick’ (unpublished MA thesis, Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick), Chapter 4; the majority of city GAA clubs were weakened by the Parnellite split and the IRB v. clergy struggle. Many junior rugby clubs did exist in the early 1890s but lacked a competition to take part in. The city had two senior rugby clubs and two senior GAA clubs active in this period.
11. J. E. Walsh, Rakes and Ruffians (Dublin, 1979), pp. 12–14. The definition of the word ‘rake’ sometimes applied solely to the upper class, but in the Limerick context merchants’ sons were sometimes classed as rakes.
12. Sarah McNamara, ‘Coping with crisis: the middle-class agenda in pre-Famine Limerick’, paper presented at the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland Annual Conference, 7 November 2008.
13. K. Hannan, ‘Garryowen’, Old Limerick Journal, vol. 1 (December 1979), pp. 36–8; The Nation [1842–1897], 7 August 1847. Fr Costelloe referred to Johnny O'Connell and the Garryowen Boys here saying, most likely in jest, that they could sweep all opponents aside in an election. The Garryowen Boys were also present to welcome Daniel O'Connell into Limerick in 1828; see Freeman's Journal, 12 July 1828.
14. Munster News, 3 August 1892. I am indebted to Sarah McNamara for economic details of those involved in the 1830 food riot.
15. Limerick Evening Post, 22, 29 June, 2 July 1830.
16. Freeman's Journal, 10, 11 April 1877; Munster News, 11, 14 April 1877; Belfast Newsletter, 10 April 1877.
17. Limerick Evening Post, 12, 16, 23 March, 9 April, 11, 21 May, 18 June 1830.
18. Before the 1830 riot, newspapers gave few hints of growing social unrest apart from a few solitary references to more thefts of food.
19. Limerick Evening Post, 10 June 1828.
20. Munster News, 6, 9 July 1892; Limerick Chronicle, 7, 9, 16 July 1892.
21. J. Bohstedt, ‘The myth of the feminine food riot’, in H. B. Applewhite and D. G. Levy (eds), Women in the Age of the Democratic Revolution (Michigan, 1990), pp. 24–6; he has detailed many earlier cases of this in Britain.
22. Ibid., p. 28.
23. Ibid., p. 38.
24. Limerick Reporter, 19 February 1841; Limerick City Election. Minutes of evidence taken before the Select Committee on Limerick City Election Petition; with the proceedings of the committee 1859, p. 118, HC, 1859 (147) iv, 112.
25. Limerick City Election Petition, pp. 46–9.
26. Ibid., pp. 118–21.
27. Limerick Leader, 12 September 1895.
28. Munster News, 25 May 1859; N. Z. Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), p. 161.
29. Fenians had a level of support from som
e clergy, toleration from others, but Limerick clergy were consistently strongly against combination; see also On combinations of trades, Knowsley Pamphlet Collection (1831).
30. Freeman's Journal, 1 June 1822; Bishop Touhy, the Catholic bishop of Limerick, addressed a long and powerful letter to the tradesmen of Limerick in 1822 castigating the ‘Union of Trades and combination oaths’ and the pan-trade dimension of the union: ‘Nothing but the suggestion of Satan could invent such wicked and diabolical oaths; for what has the tailor to do with the mason, or the broguemaker with the carpenter?’
31. E. McKay, ‘The Limerick municipal elections: January 1899’, Old Limerick Journal, 36 (Winter 1999), p. 6.
32. Shortly after the 1899 municipal elections, most of the corporation marked their election to office by attending a mass in St John's cathedral. Daly left, however, after the bishop made direct and uncomplimentary references to him in the sermon. A few other councillors, some of them bakers employed by Daly, left with him.
33. E. J. Larkin, The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism (Dublin, 1997), p. 107.
34. E. R. Norman, The Catholic Church and Ireland in the Age of Rebellion: 1859–1873 (London, 1965), p. 89.
35. Munster News, 27 August 1890.
36. Limerick Leader, 25, 27 September 1895.
37. In this period, St Mary's Band played for St John's Temperance Society, rather than the local Sarsfield Band.
38. Limerick Chronicle, 29 November 1892; Munster News, 13 July, 26, 30 November 1892, 15 July 1895. Anti-Parnellites argued that priests had taken little part in the 1892 and 1895 elections (a claim bolstered by the absence of priests in the local press during the election campaign, apart from Fr Bannon, and by the fact that, of the votes cast for the anti-Parnellite parliamentary candidate in 1895, only one was cast by an illiterate voter. Apart from that, a St Mary's priest sought to quell a riotous group of his parishioners with little success.
39. The Nation, 7, 14, 21 August 1847; The Anglo-Celt, 6 August 1847.
40. L. Fenton, The Young Ireland Rebellion in Limerick (Cork, 2010), pp. 80–2.
41. Limerick Star, 30 June, 3, 14, 17 July, 4, 7 August 1835, 18 November 1836.
42. Munster News, 12, 19 May 1858; K. T. Hoppen, ‘Tories, Catholics, and the general election of 1859’, Historical Journal, vol. 13, no. 1 (March 1970), pp. 61–2.
43. Munster News, 22 May 1858.
44. Ibid., 11, 14 April 1877.
45. Belfast Newsletter, 10 April 1877; Freeman's Journal, 10, 11 and 21 April 1877.
46. N. Z. Davis, ‘The rites of violence’, Past and Present, no. 59 (1973), pp. 51–91.
47. The one Protestant Limerick artisan during this period who came to any sort of prominence was John Lucas, an Englishman, who made a name for himself in the 1840s with his wholehearted support of repeal.
48. Limerick Star and Evening Post, 14 March 1834.
49. Munster News, 12 May 1858.
50. Limerick City Election Petition, 1859, pp. 52–5.
51. T. E. C. Leslie, ‘Trades’ unions and combinations in 1853’, Dublin Statistical Society, no. 74 (1853), pp. 1–15.
52. R. Dawson, Red Terror and Green (London, 1920), pp. 87–8.
53. Limerick Gazette, 15 August 1820.
54. Limerick Reporter, 29 July 1851.
55. My previous research supports this theory, and has shown the domination of certain names (McNamara, Hayes, Clancy) in the 1901 and 1911 census for St Mary's parish, suggesting a Clare origin for most.
56. F. Lane, ‘The band nuisance’, Saothar: Journal of the Irish Labour History Society, no. 2 (1999), pp. 17–31.
57. B. M. Walker, Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922 (Dublin, 1978), pp. 291–3, 361.
58. J. Ridden, ‘Making good citizens: national identity, religion and liberalism among the Irish elite, c.1800–1850’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of London (1998), pp. 178–9, 181. Rice was disillusioned by the political capacity of forty-shilling freeholders, even though his patron Lord Limerick exerted such a strong influence on this class: ‘I place no kind of reliance [on Catholics] as constituents unless indeed their own interests should compel them to come in.’
59. Limerick Chronicle, 7 August 1830.
60. Limerick City Election Petition, 1859, pp. 120–1. O'Donnell would not corroborate this allegation under questioning, but did admit that the mob aided the election victory.
61. Ibid., pp. 120–1.
62. Limerick Reporter, 29 July 1851.
63. United Irishman, 22 April 1848; Freeman's Journal, 3 May 1848. The Mitchel article described O'Connell as ‘the great aider and abettor of the English plunderers … throughout his life the upholder of “middle class” rule, in all its phases, crimes, huxteries and hypocrisies; and, on all other occasions, the mortal enemy of working man, tiller and artificer.’
Chapter 9
1. Mobilisation order to Limerick City Battalion, NLI, MS 31179, Florence O'Donoghue Papers.
2. NAI, CO 904/101, CI, MR, September 1916. [CO = Colonial Office, CI = County Inspector, MR = monthly return]
3. NAI, CO 904/101, IG, MR, November 1916. [IG = Inspector-General]
4. NAI, BMH, WS 1420: Patrick Whelan, p. 13. [WS = witness statement]
5. M. Brennan, The War in Clare, 1911–21 (Dublin, 1980), p. 21.
6. Limerick Chronicle, 23 January 1917; Limerick Leader, 29 January 1917; NAUK, CO 903/19, ‘Confidential print’, 1917, Chief Secretary's Office, Judicial Division, Intelligence Notes, pp. 9–10.
7. Limerick Chronicle, 3, 10 February 1917.
8. Limerick Leader, 3 February 1917.
9. See ibid., 20 October 1916, 8, 10, 12, 16 January 1917; Limerick Chronicle, 9, 11, 16, 18, 20 January 1917.
10. NAUK, War Office 35/94, Report by Weldon to Headquarters, Southern District, Cork, 18 January 1917; Report by Grandage to Headquarters, Southern District, Cork, 19 January 1917.
11. NAI, CO 904/102, CI; IG, MR, February 1917; Limerick Leader, 23 February 1917; Limerick Chronicle, 24 February 1917.
12. NAI, CO 904/102, CI; IG, MR, March 1917; NAUK, CO 903/19, ‘Confidential print’, 1917, p. 10; Limerick Chronicle, 31 March 1917; Limerick Leader, 6, 13, 23 April 1917.
13. Ernest Blythe to Madge Daly, 27 March 1917, University of Limerick's Special Collections, Daly Papers: Box 1, Folder 4.
14. Imperial War Museum, J. H. M. Staniforth Papers: ‘Kitchener's soldier, 1914–18. The letters of J. H. M. Staniforth’, 67/41/1, Staniforth to his parents, 14 March 1917, p. 195.
15. Ibid., Staniforth to his parents, 30 April 1917, p. 198.
16. Ibid., Staniforth to his parents, 4 March 1917, p. 192.
17. Limerick Chronicle, 5 April 1917; Limerick Leader, 6 April 1917.
18. Limerick Chronicle, 24 April 1917.
19. Ibid., 21, 23 April 1917; CI, Limerick; IG, MR, April 1917, CO 904/102.
20. Limerick Leader, 25 April 1917.
21. Ibid., 8 June 1917; NAI, BMH, WS 456: Liam Manahan, p. 25.
22. NAI, CO 904/103, CI, MR, June 1917; Limerick Chronicle, 14 June 1917; Limerick Leader, 15 June 1917.
23. NAI, CO 904/23, Sinn Féin Movement.
24. NAI, CO 904/103, CI, MR, June 1917.
25. NAI, CO 904/103, CI; IG, MR, June 1917; Factionist, 28 June 1917; Limerick Chronicle, 26 June 1917.
26. NAI, CO 904/103, CI, MR, July 1917.
27. NAI, BMH, WS 1700: Alphonsus J. O'Halloran, p. 25.
28. Limerick Leader, 25 July 1917.
29. Ibid., 13 August 1917.
30. NAI, CO 904/104, IG, MR, September 1917; Crime Branch Special (CBS) ‘Personality file’ on Edward Punch, CO 904/213/363.
31. The Times, 6 October 1917.
32. NAI, CO 904/213/363, CBS ‘Personality file’ on Edward Punch.
33. NAI, CO 904/104, CI, MR, September 1917; Limerick County Council minutes, 29 September 1917, Limerick City and County Archives; Richard Mulcahy quoted in R. Mulcahy, ‘The development of the Irish Volunteers, 1916�
��1922’, An Cosantóir, vol. 40, no. 2 (February 1980), p. 37; J. Augusteijn, ‘From public defiance to guerrilla warfare: the radicalisation of the Irish Republican Army, 1916–21 – a comparative analysis’ (PhD thesis, University of Amsterdam, 1994), p. 4; Limerick Leader, 24, 28 September, 1, 5, October 1917; Limerick Chronicle, 25, 27 September, 2 October 1917.
34. NAI, CO 904/104, CI; IG, MR, October 1917; Limerick Leader, 15, 24, 29 October, 7, 14 November 1917.
35. NAI, CO 904/104, CI, MR, December 1917.
36. F. O'Donoghue, ‘The reorganisation of the Volunteers’, Capuchin Annual (1967), pp. 380–5; Mulcahy, ‘The development of the Irish Volunteers’, p. 37.
37. NAI, BMH, WS 1419: Michael Conway, p. 3.
38. Factionist, 24 May 1917.
39. Ibid., 17 May 1917.
40. Ibid., 14 June 1917.
41. Limerick Leader, 20 July 1917; Factionist, 9 August 1917; Compensation claim of Michael Gleeson, NAI, Department of Finance, 392/192.
42. Limerick Chronicle, 19 July 1917; Limerick Leader, 20 July 1917.
43. M. Harnett, Victory and Woe: the West Limerick Brigade in the War of Independence, ed. James Joy (Dublin, 2002), p. 23.
44. Limerick Leader, 6 March 1918.
45. BMH, WS 1419: Michael Conway, pp. 4–5.
46. Nationality, 23 March 1918.
47. Limerick Leader, 20 March 1918.
48. Ibid., 27 February, 20 March 1918.
49. NAI, CO 904/105, CI, MR, March 1918.
50. Limerick Leader, 15 April, 31 May, 10 June 1918. The presence of the defendants at the making of the resolutions was not proved. A number of the defendants stated that they did not support the resolutions.
51. Ibid., 15, 17, 22, 24 April 1918; Limerick Chronicle, 16, 25 April 1918; Nationality, 20 April 1918.
52. NAI, CO 904/105, CI, MR, April 1918.
53. NAI, CO 904/106, CI, MR, July 1918.
54. Harnett, Victory and Woe, pp. 25–7; Volunteer, ‘West Limerick activities’, in J. MacCarthy (ed.), Limerick's Fighting Story from 1916 to the Truce with Britain (Tralee, 1965), pp. 228–9.
55. Nationality, 19 October 1918.
56. NAI, CO 904/107, CI, MR, November 1918; Fr Tomas Wall to Madge Daly, 6 November 1918, University of Limerick's Special Collections, Daly Papers: Box 1, Folder 39; Limerick Leader, 6 November 1918.
Riotous Assemblies Page 28